《中南大学四级辅导-快速阅读理解.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《中南大学四级辅导-快速阅读理解.ppt(62页珍藏版)》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、四级辅导冲刺点评四级辅导冲刺点评之之快速阅读快速阅读四级考试:第一部分:听力(时间:35minutes)(分值:249分)对话(短对话和长对话)(形式为多项选择)短文(短文理解和短文听写)(形式为分别为多项选择和复合式听写)第二部分:阅读(时间:40minutes)(分值:249分)快速阅读(15minutes)(形式为是非判断/多项选择+句子填空或其他)仔细阅读(25m)(篇章阅读理解和篇章词汇理解)(形式为分别为多项选择和选词填空)第三部分:综合测试(时间:20minutes)(分值:70分)完型填空或改错(15m)(形式分别为多项选择和错误辨认并改正)篇章问答或句子翻译(5m)(形式为简
2、短回答或汉译英)第四部分:写作(时间:30minutes)(分值:142分) outlinen快速阅读 Reading comprehension (skimming and scanning)n仔细阅读 Reading comprehension (reading in depth)篇章层次的词汇理解 选词填空 Section A Banked cloze选择题型的篇章阅读理解 Section B reading comprehension一、进行快速阅读的必要条件 进行英语快速阅读的必要条件是:基本知识、语言基础、阅读技能、快速阅读不是一种孤立的能力,它必须以了解一定的基本知识为先决条件,
3、以具备一定的词汇和基本语法为基础,还要掌握一些重要的阅读技能。语言基础知识主要指词汇量和句型结构。要有一定的词汇量。这包括两部分,一是公共部分,二是专业部分。我认为公共英语部分至少要达到4,000个单词量,而专业部分最好要有1,500个词汇量。要有一定的句型分析能力。英语文章最大的语法难点是句型,句型中的难点是定语从句。一个句子很长,往往是由于定语从句连环套在作怪,定语中套着定语。这样的连环从句表达专业概念非常严谨,却给我们阅读带来困难。因此,我们要能够进行层次分析,准确把握各从句之间的关系,才能提高阅读速度。同时,要了解词性的变化,名词的动用和动词的名用。至于时态等其它的语法现象对我们具备一
4、定语法知识的参试人员来说,基本上构不成多大障碍。二二 难度难度快速阅读的文章虽长(快速阅读的文章虽长(1200字,字,仔细阅读平均每篇仔细阅读平均每篇330个字),但个字),但是从内容上说,主要探讨环境、社是从内容上说,主要探讨环境、社会、教育、能源等,大都是通俗易会、教育、能源等,大都是通俗易懂的说明文,没有学术色彩和思想懂的说明文,没有学术色彩和思想深度;从语言上来说,遣词造句都深度;从语言上来说,遣词造句都比较简单。比较简单。三三 阅读过程中的障碍阅读过程中的障碍 1.阅读行为习惯的影响(1)出声读。(2)逐字读。(3)默读。(4)指读。(5)回读。四四 快速阅读题型解析快速阅读题型解析
5、快快速速阅阅读读要要求求考考生生在在15分分钟钟内内完完成成一一篇篇1200字字 左左 右右 的的 文文 章章 和和 后后 面面 的的1 0道道 题题 。前面前面7个题是判断正误(包括个题是判断正误(包括NOTGIVEN)或者选择题,后)或者选择题,后3个是填空题个是填空题(答答案基本都是原文中出现的原词案基本都是原文中出现的原词)。该题型。该题型需要通过略读和寻读法,乃至文章逻辑关需要通过略读和寻读法,乃至文章逻辑关系、标点符号等方面的综合运用,实现对系、标点符号等方面的综合运用,实现对随后的题目有效的判断和填写。随后的题目有效的判断和填写。注意考注意考试时间和填卡。试时间和填卡。Direc
6、tions:In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, mark Y(for YES)if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N(for NO)if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG(
7、for NOT GIVEN)if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Directions:In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 17,choose the
8、best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C),and D).For questions 810,complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.五 快速阅读的方法阅读不同类型的文章可以采用不同的策略和方法。在快速阅读中,略读和扫读是经常用到的阅读方法,对学生来说并不陌生,掌握也不困难。通过略读把握文章的大意,通过扫读(寻读)确定细节信息或通过精读详细理解信息。快速阅读的方法Skimming略读(或称为跳跃式阅读)重点在于快速了解文章的中心思想。略读的方法是首先
9、看一下标题(在有标题的情况下)。接着读第一段,抓住中心思想。再浏览一下其他段落的首句和末句。最后读完结尾段。Scanning是扫读或查阅,是快读或速读的一种。寻读的重点在于有目标地去找出文中某些特定的信息。寻读时,要以很快的速度扫视文章,确定所查询的信息范围。同时明确查询信息的特点。精读(readingfordetail)是指阅读文章特定的词汇和仔细思考文章中的句子。在阅读过程中运用这种技巧能够准确完成细节问题。通常来说,考生首先必须略读或扫读文章以确定考点在文章中的具体定位,再通过细节阅读,确定题目答案。略读和寻读巧妙搭配略读和寻读巧妙搭配注意一些注意一些“信号词信号词”1.以下词组提示下文
10、所涉及的重要信息:以下词组提示下文所涉及的重要信息:Themain/importantpoint/conclusion/reasonThepointtonotehere2.以下词组提示了下文的结构框架:以下词组提示了下文的结构框架:Therearethreemajorreasons3.but和和however表示对比,常常用来提示重要信息,表示对比,常常用来提示重要信息,例如:例如:Therisingbirthrateisnotduetoincreasedfertility,buttoasharpdeclineinthedeathrate.4.在文中提问可以突出问题后的答案,提示读者答案在文中
11、提问可以突出问题后的答案,提示读者答案中有重要信息,例如:中有重要信息,例如:Whyisapipedwatersupplysoimportant?Diseaseduetocontaminatedwaterisacommoncauseofdeathinchildhood.5.有时,为了保证读者完全理解自己的观点,有时,为了保证读者完全理解自己的观点,作者会在文中反复提出自己的观点,例如:作者会在文中反复提出自己的观点,例如:Deathcontrolcanbeachievedautonomously.Inotherwords,thedeathratecanbecutwithoutanythinge
12、lsechanging.6.文章的结论通常是非常重要的,因此,读者文章的结论通常是非常重要的,因此,读者要在文中寻找提示结论的要在文中寻找提示结论的“信号词信号词”,例如:,例如:ThereforetheresultInconclusionwecanconcludeOneoftheprimaryconclusions7.举例是为了帮助读者理解某一个观点,因此,举例是为了帮助读者理解某一个观点,因此,文中的例子不是浏览文章时的重要信息。在文中的例子不是浏览文章时的重要信息。在阅读过程中,以下词组提示读者下文是举例阅读过程中,以下词组提示读者下文是举例部分信息。部分信息。Forexample/in
13、stancelikeSuchastheseincludeToillustrateamongtheseare有时,作者也会用破折号或括号来提示举例信息,例如:Thedevelopingcountriesaredependentoncropssugar,coffee,cacao,cotton.Precipitating/violent/unexpectedfactorsarethosewhichreducethefoodsupply(droughts,floods,wars,epidemics)在段落浏览时,看到信号词后,应不断对下文信息作出相应的判断,如:研读法以辅助研读法以辅助除了在阅读理解中
14、运用略读法和寻读法之外,有时还需要仔细阅读文章的某一特定部分,力求对其有较深的理解,或对其进行归纳、总结、推断等,这时就需要对这部分进行仔细阅读,理解作者的言外之意。这种仔细的阅读方法就是研读法(studyreading),通常适用于推断型阅读理解试题。这种方法在快速阅读中使用并不多,但它对于快速阅读的解题方法来说绝对是一个有力的补充。结合三种方法,注意速度变换。六六 解题步骤解题步骤题目设置的顺序与文章的先后顺序大体一致。做题顺序,先看文章标题,直到文章主要内容,然后看题,在小题部分的定位词先圈出来,在回原文找。如何分配时间第一步:浏览skim(0.5-2分钟)1. 分析大标题(brains
15、torm the title(5-10秒)目的:调动脑细胞,主动预测文章内容。2.分析小标题(tidy the subtitles)(20-25秒)目的:了解文章内容,把握总体结构,然后总结文章结构,帮助答题时定位。Practice2006.12.SixSecretsofHigh-EnergyPeople1.Dosomethingnew.2.Reclaimlifesmeaning.3.Putyourselfinthefunzone.4.Bidfarewelltoguiltandregret.5.Makeupyourmind.6.Givetoget.TheresanenergycrisisinA
16、merica,andithasnothingtodowithfossilfuels.Millionsofusgetupeachmorningalreadywearyoverthedayholds.“Ijustcantgetstarted,”peoplesay.Butitsnotphysicalenergythatmostofuslack.Sure,wecouldalluseextrasleepandabetterdiet.Butintruth,peoplearehealthiertodaythanatanytimeinhistory.Icanalmostguaranteethatifyoulo
17、ngformoreenergy,theproblemisnotwithyourbody.1. TheenergycrisisinAmericadiscussedheremainlyreferstoashortageoffossilfuels.5. Evensmallchangespeoplemakeintheirlivescanhelpincreasetheiremotionalenergy.ProtectYourPrivacyWhenJob-huntingOnlineIdentitytheftandidentityfraudaretermsusedtorefertoalltypesofcri
18、meinwhichsomeonewrongfullyobtainsandusesanotherpersonspersonaldatainsomewaythatinvolvesfraudordeception,typicallyforeconomicgain.1. RobertEllisSmithbelievesidentitytheftisdifficulttodetectandonecanhardlydoanythingtopreventit.3. Identitytheftisaminoroffenceanditsharmhasbeensomewhatoverestimated.第二步:审
19、题(审题)(前7道)examine&tidythequestions(1分钟)同时根据题目设想一下文章可能涉及的内容,以及所使用的词汇量的类型、与范围,乃至题目涉及到的关键性的词汇。诸如,大写字母,时间,数字等用词,这些词汇都是在阅读文章查询信息过程中重要的提示。第三步:答题scan&answer(12-13.5分钟)前七道(9-10.5分钟)后三道(3分钟)提醒:后三道题需要更强的概括能力,而且还得书写英文,小心名词的单复数,动词的语法变化,相对难一些,所以,要给足三分钟的时间。时间的分配不是绝对的,具体问题具体分析。利用定位词答题比较容易定位的词是:A.不能用中心思想词定位,因为整篇文章都
20、说的是它。B.时间、数字、地点、大写字母的单词,人名,地名等专有名词容易定位。C.比较长,难的名词容易定位,好找。D.定位词找23个就行,多了也记不住。最好是位置不同的两个词。Practice 例如:试题中:1 National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.2 General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two lane highways of America.3 It was in the 1950s tha
21、t the American government finally took action to build a national high way system.以上三题中,第一题的“1921”,第二题的“General Eisenhower”, 第三题的“1950s”都是一些比较明显的查询定位点,一方面阅读题目,可以知道文章内容涉及到了公路建设方面的话题,另一方面还提示我们在阅读文章时候要留意相关的特殊信息点。1.overthepastthreedecades,theenrollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreased_.2.intheUnitedStates,
22、howmanyofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born?3.HowdoYaleandHarvardpreparetheirundergraduatesforglobalcareers?七 出题规律yes的题是原句的同义词,反义词互换no的题u正面冲突(contradict)u偷梁换柱(pilfer)u曲解原文(twist)u改变原文的条件、范围、频率、可能性等u将原文中不确定的或未经证实的内容作为正确的或客观的来表述NG题:(l)无中生有(2)以个别代替整体,即将原文所举例子的特殊现象推广为普遍现象(3)随意
23、比较原文中提到的两个事物(4)将原文具体化,即题目中涉及的范围小于原文涉及的范围(5)原文中作者或某个人物的目标、目的、愿望、誓言等内容,在题目中作为客观事实陈述如果在选择题中则为不正确选项。与原文正面冲突的情况占90%。举例:UnitedStatesrankssomewhereinthemiddleofthemajorcountriesinlandfilldisposal.Question:comparedwithothermajorindustrializedcountries,Americaburiesamuchhigherpercentageofitssolidwasteinlandf
24、ills.practiceThereisanenergycrisisinAmerica,andithasnothingtodowithfossilfuels.Question:theenergycrisisinAmerica.referstoashortageoffossilfuels.andby1921therewere387,000milesofpavedroads.Manywerebuiltusingadequatedrainage.Beyondthat,therewerenonationalstandardsforsize,weight,restrictions,orQuestion:
25、nationalstandardsforpavedroadswereinplaceby1920.ThetrashproductionintheUnitedStateshasalmosttripledsince1960.thistrashishandledinvariousways.About27percentofthetrashisrecycledorcomposted,16percentisburnedand57percentisburiedinlandfills.Theamountoftrashburiedinlandfillshasdoubledsince1960.theUnitedSt
26、atesrankssomewhereinthemiddleofthemajorcountries(UnitedKingdom,Canada,Germany,FranceandJapan)inlandfilldisposal.TheUnitedKingdomrankshighest,buryingabout90percentofitssolidwasteinlandfills.2.MostofthetrashthatAmericansgenerateendsupinlandfills.偷梁换柱的情况占5%。举例:原文:atypicalcancerpatienthaspredictableatti
27、tude.Shefeelsdepressed,upset,andangry.Questionhaveobservedthatatypicalpatientfeelsdepressed,impatientandangry.practiceJapanhaseffectivelyrunoutoflow-wageworkersand,insomecases,beyondwesterntechnologicalstandards.Question:thetechnologicalstandardsinmanyareasofJapanseconomyaresuperiortothoseinthewest.
28、曲解原文的情况占5% 举例:原文:theymustbeabletolistentodelegatesandtotranslateatthesametime!Thisisadifficultbutveryimportantjob.Onesmallmistakecouldcausemanyproblems.Question:translationfortheUNGeneralAssemblyisaveryimportantjobbecausetheymustbeabletolistenandtranslateatthesametime,另外,包含绝对词(must,all,never。)的命题一般是
29、NO,包含相对词(may,can,possibly。)的命题一般是yes。IntheUnitedStates,takingcareoftrashandbuildinglandfillsarelocalgovernmentresponsibilities.Beforeacityorotherauthoritycanbuildalandfill,anenvironmentimpactstudymustbedoneontheproposedsitetodetermine:6.IntheUnitedStatesthebuildingoflandfillsisthejobofbothfederaland
30、localgovernments.选择题难点:选择题难点:如何排除干扰项如何排除干扰项1.干扰项原文未提及Televisionisanattractivemediumforadvertisingbecauseitdeliversmassaudiencestoadvertisers.WhenyouconsiderthatnearlythreeoutoffourAmericanshaveseenthegameshowWhoWantstoBeaMillionaire,youcanunderstandthepoweroftelevisiontocommunication.Buttelevisionis
31、anexpensivemedium,andnotalladvertiserscanaffordtouseit.(2008.6)1.televisionisanattractiveadvertisingmediuminthat_A.IthaslargeaudiencesB.itappealstohousewivesC.IthelpsbuildupacompanysreputationD.Itisaffordabletomostadvertisers2.把与原文其他内容相关,与题干不相关的信息作为选项。把与原文其他内容相关,与题干不相关的信息作为选项。Oftheforcesshapingeduca
32、tionnoneismoresweepingthanthemovementacrossborders.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateof3.9percent,from8000,000in1975to2.5millionin2004.mosttravelfromonedevelopednationtoanother,buttheflowfromdevelopingtodevelopedcountriesisgrowingrapidly.
33、Andthenumbercrossingbordersforundergraduatestudyisgrowingaswell,to8percentoftheundergraduatesatAmericasbestinstitutionsand10percentofallundergraduatesintheU.K.intheUnitedStates,20percentofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born,andinChinamanynewlyhiredfacultymembersatthetoprese
34、archuniversitiesreceivedtheirgraduateeducationabroad.3.IntheUnitedStates,howmanyofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born?A.10%B.20%C.30%D.38%3.干扰项与题干不匹配原文同上Question:Overthepastthreedecades,theenrollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreased_A.by2.5millionB.By800,000C.Atanannualrateof3
35、.9percentD.Atanannualrateof8percent文中没有提到的(NG)Mostofusgrown-upsareseriouslyfun-deprived.High-energypeoplehavethesameday-to-dayworkastherestofus,buttheymanagetofindsomethingenjoyableineverysituation.ArealestatebrokerIknowkeepsherselfamusedonthejobbymentallyredecoratingthehousessheshowstoclients.“Ilov
36、eimaginingwhateventhemostrun-downhousecouldlooklikewithalittletenderlovingcare,”shesays.“Itsachallenge-andtheleastdesirablepropertiesareusuallythemostfun.”(2006.12.)7.Thereal-estatebrokertheauthorknowsistalentedinhomeredecoration.正确选项Foralandfilltobebuilt,theoperatorshavetomakesurethattheyfollowcert
37、ainsteps.Inmostpartsoftheworld,thereareregulationsthatgovernwherealandfillcanbeplacedandhowitcanoperate.Thewholeprocessbeginswithsomeoneproposingthelandfill.5.Inmostcountriestheselectionofalandfillsiteisgovernedbyrulesandregulations.后三道(3分钟)答题。答题时请注意,你填的基本都是原文,但他出的题目可未必,很可能包含同义词替换,例如2006年6月的第十题:thei
38、nterstatesystemwasrenamedafterEisenhowerinrecognitionof_定位词localizer:rename和Eisenhower,答案:hisvisionandleadership。原文:thehighwaysystemwasofficiallyrenamedforEisenhowertohonorhisvisionandleadership.(honor=inrecognitionof)文章首尾命题 2006.12.TheresanenergycrisisinAmerica,andithasnothingtodowithfossilfuels.Mi
39、llionsofusgetupeachmorningalreadywearyoverthedayholds.“Ijustcantgetstarted,”peoplesay.Butitsnotphysicalenergythatmostofuslack.Sure,wecouldalluseextrasleepandabetterdiet.Butintruth,peoplearehealthiertodaythanatanytimeinhistory.Icanalmostguaranteethatifyoulongformoreenergy,theproblemisnotwithyourbody.
40、1.TheenergycrisisinAmericadiscussedheremainlyreferstoashortageoffossilfuels.各段首尾命题 2008.6.Televisionsisanattractivemediumforadvertisingbecauseitdeliversmassaudiencestoadvertisers.WhenyouconsiderthatnearlythreeoutoffourAmericanshaveseenthegameshowWhoWantstoBeaMillionaire,youcanunderstandthepoweroftel
41、evisiontocommunicatewithalargeaudience.Whenadvertiserscreateabrand,forexample,theywanttoimpressconsumerswiththebrandanditsimage.1.Televisionisanattractiveadvertisingmediuminthat_.A.ithaslargeaudiencesB.itappealstohousewivesC.ithelpsbuildupacompanysreputationD.itisaffordabletomostadvertisersThank you
42、 very much !猜测单词的技巧猜测单词的技巧q利用同义关系和反义关系(Synonym and Antonym)q利用上下义关系(Word Relations) q利用定义和举例(Defining and Exemplifying) q利用重复信息(Rephrasing) * 重述标志有: that is, that is to say, in other words, namely, 以及破折号 一、针对性解释 针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想,在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性,利用它们猜词义比较容易。1、根据定义猜测词义如果
43、生词是句子或段落所解释的定义,理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。【例一】anthropologyisthescientificstudyofman.【例二】Inslangthetermjamconstitutesastateofbeinginwhichapersonfindshimselforherselfinadifficultsituation.定义句的谓语动词多为:be,mean,dealwith,beconsidered,tobe,referto,becalled,beknownas,define,represent,signify,constitute等。2、根据复述猜测词义虽然复述不
44、如定义那样严谨、详细,但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。1)同位语【例一】Semantics,thestudyofthemeaningofwords,isnecessaryifyouaretospeakandreadintelligently.在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接,有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号、和括号等。【例二】Capacitance,ortheabilitytostoreelectriccharge,isoneofthemostcommoncharacteristicsofelectroniccircuits.需要注意的是
45、:同位语前还常有or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,orother等副词或短语出现。2)定语从句【例如】KrabacbersuffersfromSAD,whichisshortforseasonalaffectivedisorder,asyndromecharacterizedbysevereseasonalmoodswings.3、根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。【例如】Theconsequencesofepochaleventssuchaswarsandgreatscientificdiscoveriesareno
46、tconfinedtoasmallgeographicalareaastheywereinthepast.二、 内在逻辑关系 根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系,然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。1、根据对比关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中,有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述,我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。【例一】AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquitehumbleandmodest.表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike,not,b
47、ut,however,despite,inspiteof,incontrast和while引导的并列句等。【例二】Agoodsupervisorcanrecognizeinstantlytheadeptworkersfromtheunskilledones.该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词或短语,但是通过上下文可以判断出句子前后是对比关系2、根据比较关系猜测词义同对比关系相反,比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。【例如】Greenlovestotalk,andhisbrothersaresimilarlyloquacious.表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly,like,just
48、as,also等。3、根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落中,若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。【例一】Tomisconsideredanautocraticadministratorbecausehemakesdecisionswithoutseekingtheopinionsofothers.【例二】ThereweresomanydemonstratorsintheRedSquarethathehadtoelbowhiswaythroughthecrowd.4、根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义在句子或段落中,我们可以利用熟悉的词语,根据语言环境推断生词词义。【
49、例一】Althoughheoftenhadtheopportunity,Mr.Trittwasneverabletostealmoneyfromacustomer.Thiswouldhaveendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwanttojeopardizehisfuture.【例二】Doctorsbelievethatsmokingcigarettesisdetrimentaltoyourhealth.Theyalsoregarddrinkingasharmful.外部相关因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无
50、法猜出词义。这时,就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。【例一】Husband:itsreallycoldouttonight.Wife:Sureitis.Myhandsarepracticallynumb.Howaboutlightingthefurnace?【例二】Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.三、构词法 1、根据前缀猜测词义【例一】Hefellintoaditchandlaythere,semiconscious,forafewminutes.【例二】Imilliterateaboutsuchthings.2、根据后缀猜测词义【例一】Insectici
51、deisappliedwhereitisneeded.【例二】Thenthevapormaychangeintodroplets.hooklet小钩子kinglet小国王,小王chainlet小链子booklet小册子filmlet短(电影)片3、根据复合词的各部分猜测词义【例一】Growingeconomicproblemswerehighlightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.【例二】BullfightisverypopularinSpain.综上所述,利用各种已知信息推测、判断词义是一项重要的阅读技巧。在实践中,我们可以灵活运用,综合运用上面提到的几种猜测技巧,排除生
52、词的障碍,顺利理解文章的思想内容,提高阅读速度。Foralandfilltobebuilt,theoperatorshavetomakesurethattheyfollowcertainsteps.Inmostpartsoftheworld,thereareregulationsthatgovernwherealandfillcanbeplacedandhowitcanoperate.Thewholeprocessbeginswithsomeoneproposingthelandfill.5.Inmostcountriestheselectionofalandfillsiteisgovernedbyrulesandregulations.