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1、实用英语翻译第二章实用英语翻译第二章 第二章英汉句式结构的差异句子主干的确立 英汉句式结构的差异英汉句式结构的差异 (句子重心位置(句子重心位置)所谓 重心就是传达新信息、主要信息的句子成分。一般说来英语的重心多落在前面,汉语的重心多落在后面。英语民族思维方式主要为直线型,他们通常把重要信息(主语及其行为)置于次要信息之前。具体说来,在叙事时往往先说事件本身,再说事件背景,先说最近发生的,再说先前发生的事;在句子中同时有叙事和表态部分时,表态部分被视作重要信息,置于叙事之前;在表达逻辑思维时,通常是判断或结论等在前,条件、前提或事实等在后。例如: 英汉句式结构的差异英汉句式结构的差异 (句子重
2、心位置(句子重心位置)1.Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.(先事件,后背景)2.Its good youre so considerate.(先表态,后叙事)3.He had to stay in bed because he was ill.(先论断,后事实)4. I would appreciate it if you could help me.(先结论,后条件) 英汉句式结构的差异英汉句式结构的差异 (句子重心位置(句子重心位置
3、)汉民族的思维方式多为螺旋式,汉语句子是按照逻辑和时间顺序,将重要信息放在句尾。例如:1.改革开放以来,中国发生了巨大的变化。(先背景,后事件)2.有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?(先叙事,后表态)3.下雨了,运动会只得取消了。(先因,后果)4.如果你愿意,我可以教你。(先条件,后结论)英汉句式结构的差异英汉句式结构的差异 句子扩展模式句子扩展模式英语和汉语句子扩展模式也各不相同。一般来说,英语基本句式倾向于向右扩展,汉语句式则倾向于向左延伸。1.He worked. 2.He worked hard.3.He worked hard with a computer.4.He worked hard
4、with a computer in the lab.英汉句式结构的差异英汉句式结构的差异 句子扩展模式句子扩展模式5.He worked hard with a computer in the lab for ten months.6.He worked hard with a computer in the lab for ten months in order to complete a project.7.He worked hard with a computer in the lab for ten months in order to complete a project las
5、t year.英汉句式结构的差异英汉句式结构的差异 句子扩展模式句子扩展模式而汉语倾向于向左延伸。例如: 1.小鸟飞走了。 2.可爱小鸟飞走了。 3.一群可爱小鸟飞走了。 4.树林里一群可爱小鸟飞走了。 5.我看见树林里一群可爱小鸟飞走了。 6.刚才我看见树林里一群可爱小鸟飞走了。 7.我告诉他刚才我看见树林里一群可爱小鸟飞走了。汉译英中句子主干的确立句子主干的确立句子主干的确立句子的主干包括主语和谓语。主语和谓语的确立是构建译文句子总体框架的关键一环,值得重视。否则很容易出现中国式英语,甚至导致错误的译文。例如:1.你的学习取得了很大的进步,但不能因此而骄傲自满。原译:Your study
6、has made good progress, but should not get conceited and arrogant.改译:You had made good progress in your study, but you should not get conceited and arrogant.句子主干的确立句子主干的确立2. 把他添上,名单就全了。原译:Add him, the list will be complete.改译:his addition will complete the list.句子主干的确立句子主干的确立主语的确立谓语的确立句子主干的确立(定语译为主语
7、)句子主干的确立(定语译为主语)汉译英时,经常可以将修饰原文主语和或主题的定语(有时也包括修饰其他成分的定语)译成主语。这类定语通常以“的”字结尾。例如:1.王晓的英语讲得很好。Wang Xiao speaks good English.2.该厂产品的特点是工艺精美,经久耐用。The products of this factory are characterized by their fine workmanship an durability.任何新生事物的成长都是要经历艰难曲折的。All new things have to grow up through twists and turn
8、s. 句子主干的确立句子主干的确立(谓语)动词译为主语(谓语)动词译为主语汉语动词使用的频率明显高于英语。英语经常用名词性词语表达汉语动词所包含的意义。因此,汉译英时,经常把动词转换为名词,并且在适当情况下将(谓语)动词取作译文的主语。例如:1.徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。Xu Beihongs drawings of horses are exceptionally good.2.他看见这张照片就会想起30年前的往事。The sight of the photo reminds him of what happened 30 years ago. 句子主干的确立句子主干的确立(谓语)动词译为主语(
9、谓语)动词译为主语3.医生迅速到达,并仔细检查了病人,因此病人很快就康复了。The doctors prompt arrival and careful examination of the patient brought about his speedy recovery.4.在那些日子里,只要一提到她已故丈夫的名字,她就伤心欲哭。In those days even the mention of her dead husbands name brought her to the verge of tears. 句子主干的确立句子主干的确立 (表语译为主语)(表语译为主语)在英译由主语和表语
10、构成的汉语句子时,经常以 原来的主语作表语,以远来的表语作表语。但是有时为了体现英译树式特点或出于上下文考虑,将主语和表语对换,即把原来的主语译作表语,把原来的表语译作主语。1.他真心爱的人是你。You are the girl he is truly in love with. 2.最近最具有扩张性的国家是他们,而不是我们。They, not we, have been the most expensive power of recent times. 句子主干的确立句子主干的确立 (宾语译为主语)(宾语译为主语)在有些情况下,原文中作宾语的名词性词语经常译作主语。尤其是由于汉语被动语态的使
11、用频率大大低于英语,所以很多汉语主动语态译成英语时,需要进行语态转换,从而使原文的宾语一般也就随之转换为译文的主语。例如:1.有人听到呼救的声音。Voices were heard calling for help.2.用塑料可以制成各种各样的生活必需品。All sorts of necessaries of life can be made of plastics.句子主干的确立句子主干的确立 (宾语译为主语)(宾语译为主语)3.现在遗传工程已经取得了很大进展。Up to now much progress has been made in genetic engineering.4.热烈欢
12、迎世界各地客商到此建立和发展贸易关系。Customers from various parts of the world are warmly welcomed to establish and develop business contracts. 句子主干的确立句子主干的确立 (谓语的确立谓语的确立)汉语谓语成分具有开放性,几乎可以由各种词类和语言单位充当。英语谓语则相对具有封闭性,通常只能由动词充当。因此按照英语的语言规范正确地确立译文句子的谓语非常重要,以下几点应予以重视。1.构成成分2.形态变化3.时、体、语气等的表达4.语态标志5.与主语、宾语的搭配句子主干的确立句子主干的确立 (
13、谓语的确立谓语的确立)汉语除了用动词作谓语外,还经常由名词、形容词、数词及介词短语等充当谓语。在将这些谓语翻译成英语时,一般必须在其前面添加“be”或其他系动词,否则译文句子就不合英语语法。1.昨天星期天。Yesterday was Sunday.2.他儿子今年12了。His son is twelve this year.3.图表在下一页。The diagram is(appears)on the following page.4.据天气预报报道,明天晴。Tomorrow is going to be fine according to the forecast.5.这位年轻的主持人真帅!T
14、he young host is (looks) really handsome!句子主干的确立句子主干的确立 (谓语的确立谓语的确立)形态变化)形态变化汉语谓语没有形态的变化,英语谓语有形态的变化,其人称和数随主语和数的不同而不同。例如:我(你、他)讲的的确是事实。I am (you are/ he is) really telling the truth.他(们)比美国人还具有美国人的特点。He is (they are) more American than the Americans.句子主干的确立(句子主干的确立(谓语的确立谓语的确立) 时、体、语气等的表达时、体、语气等的表达汉语谓
15、语动词没有时态变化,表达动词的时态借助动词排列先后顺序或依靠词汇手段体现时间的先后。英语谓语才则有时态、语态、语气的变化,谓语动词的时态含义除通过时间状语表达外,还经常体现在谓语动词的时态变化上。例如:1.这个问题我们一直在提,今后还要提。We have been talking about this issue all along, and we shall go on talking about it.2.假如我们的经济在五年不发展,或者是低速发展,会产生什么影响?If our economy stagnated for five years or developed at only a
16、low rate, what effects would be produced?句子主干的确立(句子主干的确立(谓语的确立谓语的确立) 语态标志语态标志汉语少被动语态,英语多被动语态。以有人、人们、大家、人家等泛称作主语 主动句以及含有据说、据传、据报道、据猜测、据悉等词语的句子译成英语时,谓语动词往往采用被动式。例如:1.据报道,核电站正在筹建。It is reported that nuclear power plants are under preparation for construction.2.人们公认物质是在不断运动和不断变化之中。It is generally accept
17、ed that matter is in constant motion and in constant change.句子主干的确立(句子主干的确立(谓语的确立谓语的确立) 与主语、宾语的搭配与主语、宾语的搭配汉语和英语在思维方式及思维表达上差异很大。汉语常用人称主语,英语常用非人称主语。因此,两种语言在谓语才同句子的其他主干成分的搭配上经常存在不一致现象。翻译时应该成分重视。例如:1.假如他死了,他的孩子会这样呢?原译:What will his child become of if he dies?改译:What will become of his child if he dies?翻
18、译练习翻译练习将下列句子翻译成英语,注意选择恰当的成分作主语。1.懒惰的人不会成功。2.他今天的举止有些反常。3.前天他遇上了一件不可思议的事情。4.当今世界上主要有两个问题,一个是和平问题,一个是发展问题。5.在这部小说里看来没有什么更为有趣的东西了。答案参考答案参考1.laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed.2.There is something strange about his behavior today. 3.A most inconceivable thing happened to her the day before
19、yesterday.4.In todays world, there are two major issues: one is peace and the other is development.5.There appears to be nothing more interesting in this novel.翻译练习翻译练习将下列句子翻译成英语,注意确立正确的谓语。1.实施新规则时出现了许多问题。2.爱说谎的人,即便在他讲真话的时候,也没人相信。3.这本诗集已经译成了几十种外文。4.又一座立交桥将于10月底通车。5.即将举行的英语考试据说相当难,所以我们应当做好成分准备。参考答案参考
20、答案1.Many problems arose (came up) in the implementation of the new regulations.2.Liars are not believed even when they tell the truth.3.The collection of poems has been translated into dozens of foreign languages.4.Another flyover will be opened to traffic by the end of October.5.The coming English examination is said to be rather difficult, so we should get well prepared for it.结束语结束语谢谢大家聆听!谢谢大家聆听!36