最新实心I02 实验心理学的科学性质PPT课件

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1、实心I02 实验心理学的科学性质q试问任何一位科学家,什么是科学的方法,他试问任何一位科学家,什么是科学的方法,他会立即显露出一本正经而又眼神诡诈的表情。会立即显露出一本正经而又眼神诡诈的表情。一本正经,是因为他觉得应该有所交代;而眼一本正经,是因为他觉得应该有所交代;而眼神诡诈,是因为他正在盘算如何掩饰无可奉告神诡诈,是因为他正在盘算如何掩饰无可奉告的事实。若是遭到嘲笑和追问,他可能吞吞吐的事实。若是遭到嘲笑和追问,他可能吞吞吐吐地说上几句吐地说上几句“归纳归纳”、“确立自然法则确立自然法则”之类的之类的话,但若真有哪位实验室人员声称其将凭借归话,但若真有哪位实验室人员声称其将凭借归纳法来确

2、立自然法则的话,人们就会开始怀疑纳法来确立自然法则的话,人们就会开始怀疑他是不想保住自己的饭碗了。他是不想保住自己的饭碗了。P. B. Medawar知识的来源n美美C. S.皮尔斯(皮尔斯(1877)q权威权威q注意凝聚注意凝聚q先验先验q科学方法科学方法n强调经验观察强调经验观察n提供帮助程序提供帮助程序好奇心:科学的源泉事实、理论和推测事实、理论和推测nFacts:由于能够看到、闻到、听到、尝到或接由于能够看到、闻到、听到、尝到或接触到而确定其真实的事物触到而确定其真实的事物 nTheory;对事物存在的可能解释对事物存在的可能解释 评估标准:简洁性、准确性和可验证性评估标准:简洁性、准

3、确性和可验证性q重力定律重力定律“好的理论好的理论”q组织自体干细胞的克隆组织自体干细胞的克隆有待进一步验证有待进一步验证q进化论进化论大量数据支持,但仍存在争议大量数据支持,但仍存在争议nSpeculation:对未知事物的猜测。它既没有足对未知事物的猜测。它既没有足够的数据支持,也无法进行科学的检验。够的数据支持,也无法进行科学的检验。好奇心好奇心:科学的源泉科学的源泉心理科学n“之所以成为科学乃是因为其目的,而不是结果:如果目的是建立自然特性之间的或多或少的普遍联系,如果对该联系的验证最终归于数据自身,这一主题就是科学。” George C. Homans,1967 n基本假设:q行为和

4、思维的真相可以通过科学分析的方法揭示出来。 q人的本质是一个系统,一个非常复杂的系统,通过科学实验和对实验结果的理性分析能够理解并解释这一系统。 n心理学家为什么总关注心理学的科学性?科学方法(scientific method)n“科学方法是由一些简单的步骤组成;只要遵循那些科学方法是由一些简单的步骤组成;只要遵循那些步骤,就一定能够获得对本质(或人类本质)的精彩步骤,就一定能够获得对本质(或人类本质)的精彩发现。发现。”?n心理学研究对科学方法的使用基于两个原则心理学研究对科学方法的使用基于两个原则 :q科学观察基于感觉经验。科学观察基于感觉经验。 q将感觉的观察组织成知识结构将感觉的观察

5、组织成知识结构 n模型来自于观察,并将在足够完整的情况下成为理论。模型来自于观察,并将在足够完整的情况下成为理论。科学方法的一大宗旨就是对理论进行检验和证伪(可科学方法的一大宗旨就是对理论进行检验和证伪(可能)。能)。 科学方法的假设科学方法的假设 norder q孩子在行走之前先爬行,对物体的感知先于认识,饥饿的动物比餍足的动物在获取食物奖励时更积极 ndeterminism q事件是由可知的并且可检验的因素决定的。q避免“迷信解释” (Superstitious causes) nEmpiricismq基于观察和实验了解某一现象 nParsimonyOccan的剃须刀q简单的解释比复杂的解

6、释(更可能正确)更适用 “占星术”的检验n迷信解释:迷信解释:“用没有逻辑或经验关联的原因解用没有逻辑或经验关联的原因解释思想和行动释思想和行动”。q“避免争执;一个富有经验的年长者会给你一个很避免争执;一个富有经验的年长者会给你一个很好的建议。好的建议。” q“适合独处,避免和脾气暴躁的人待在一起;一个适合独处,避免和脾气暴躁的人待在一起;一个远方的客户或爱人会给你打电话,并带给你意外的远方的客户或爱人会给你打电话,并带给你意外的消息。消息。” n心理学家如何检验心理学家如何检验“星座解释星座解释”的效度?的效度?“早期荷尔蒙与儿童期性别类型玩具偏好”n(Berenbaum和和Hines,1

7、992)q尽管社会学习和社会压力必然会影响儿童对玩具的尽管社会学习和社会压力必然会影响儿童对玩具的选择,但是否可能存在其它的影响因素选择,但是否可能存在其它的影响因素 ?q患过先天性肾上腺皮质增生症(患过先天性肾上腺皮质增生症(CAH)的女孩,评)的女孩,评价其玩价其玩“男孩的男孩的” 、“女孩的女孩的” 和和“中性的中性的”玩具的持续玩具的持续时间时间 q结论:早期的荷尔蒙影响对女性的性别玩具偏好有结论:早期的荷尔蒙影响对女性的性别玩具偏好有男性化效应男性化效应 实验和实验设计nexperiment ,至少操纵一个变量来研究因果关系 nexperimental design,即对控制条件的设

8、计 保持你的好奇心!“单词字母位置对成功句子阅读的作用”nK. Rayner,White,Johnson & Liversedge,2006 q一个转发邮件:剑桥的一个研究项目一个转发邮件:剑桥的一个研究项目 “Sentences in whcih lettres weer transpsoed(or jubmled up), as in the setnence you are now raeding” q结果结果:所有的位置调换都导致了更慢的阅读。特别是词所有的位置调换都导致了更慢的阅读。特别是词头位置的调换使阅读速度最慢,接着是词尾位置调换,头位置的调换使阅读速度最慢,接着是词尾位置调换

9、,然后是单词的中间位置调换。然后是单词的中间位置调换。 描述、解释、预测和控制n观察、相关和实验研究观察、相关和实验研究q科学解释:经验观察和自我校正是科学方法科学解释:经验观察和自我校正是科学方法的重要标志。的重要标志。q理论的两种功能理论的两种功能组织和预测组织和预测也被分也被分别称为描述和解释,通常会引起别称为描述和解释,通常会引起归纳法与归纳法与演绎法演绎法何者更好的争论。何者更好的争论。坎特威茨坎特威茨基础研究和应用研究n科学家科学家-实践家模式实践家模式q用基础研究的结果来开发应用研究用基础研究的结果来开发应用研究q亚当斯(亚当斯(1972),产品),产品70%源于二三十年前的基础

10、源于二三十年前的基础研究研究n双轨系统(双轨系统(Fishman & Neigher,1982; Howell,1994)qDescartes:科学的根本目的是理解事物本质:科学的根本目的是理解事物本质qBacon:科学应以改进人类生活为己任,科学结果:科学应以改进人类生活为己任,科学结果的有用性第一,知识的增长第二的有用性第一,知识的增长第二结束语n一个人可以由于各种各样的原因被科学吸引:一个人可以由于各种各样的原因被科学吸引:有生存价值的渴望,有探索新领域的激情,有有生存价值的渴望,有探索新领域的激情,有寻求秩序的希望,以及检验现有知识的动力。寻求秩序的希望,以及检验现有知识的动力。库恩(

11、库恩(Thomas S. Kuhn) nhttp:/ QuestionsStudies have shown that eyewitness testimony is valid and accurate, especially with highly stressful (i.e., memorable) events.False - Eyewitness testimony is notoriously unreliable, particularly when the observer is in a highly aroused state. As of January 7, 2006

12、 172 wrongly convicted prisoners have been released from death row because they were factually innocent of the crime. Most were committed on the basis of eye witness testimony.25 QuestionsWe use only about 10% of our brain.False - We use all or our brain all the time. Even small brain lesions can re

13、sult in significant cognitive impairment. The distributed neuronal cell loss with age amounts to up to 25% of the brain volume and accounts for many effects of cognitive aging.25 QuestionsSomeone who learns something when they are drunk will subsequently remember it better when they are drunk than w

14、hen they are sober.True - State dependent learning demonstrates the importance of the “cognitive environment” in the formation and retrieval of episodic memories. When there is a match between context, retrieval is good.25 QuestionsStudies of divided attention have demonstrated that driving while us

15、ing a cell phone is not impaired.False - Studies show that using a cell phone significantly interferes with driving. In fact, several studies show that you are more impaired when driving and talking on a cell phone than when you are driving drunk.25 QuestionsRecent evidence supports some of the clai

16、ms of Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) advocates.False - In controlled “double-blinded” studies, no systematic evidence has been obtained for ESP.25 QuestionsMemory aids do not really improve our memory.False - Mnemonic techniques work. They organize the information, make the material less susceptible

17、 to forgetting or interference, and provide a useful retrieval structure.25 QuestionsBackwards messages hidden in music influence our behavior.eslaF - There is no evidence that this information is processed, let alone influences our behavior.25 QuestionsSpeed reading techniques can dramatically impr

18、ove reading speed without sacrificing comprehension.False - Human performance is governed by the speed-accuracy tradeoff - Going faster results in lower accuracy. However, good old fashioned practice can improve the efficiency of reading.25 QuestionsFreuds free association technique tells us somethi

19、ng about the organization of memory.True - This is similar to the semantic priming studies with spreading activation. Individual differences can reflect enduring predispositions (or partial patterns of activation) that bias the semantic network in one way or another.25 QuestionsInformation can be st

20、ored in long-term memory even if you never attended to it.False - Attention is necessary for the creation of long-term (and short-term) memories. Information that falls outside of attention is lost.25 QuestionsAdvertising using subliminal perception is very effective.False - Effects of subliminal pe

21、rception are, at best, minimal. There is little evidence that stimuli presented below the observers threshold influence motives, attitudes, beliefs, or choices.25 QuestionsWe should try to avoid using heuristics (rules of thumb) during decision making.False - Heuristics help speed the decision makin

22、g process and unburden working memory. However, these simplifying rules or short-cuts do create biases in decision making.25 QuestionsThere is no basis for the claim that eating carrots will help your night visionFalse - The rods use the photopigment rhodopsin (which is made up of vitamin A, also fo

23、und in carrots). People with a vitamin A deficiency can have poor night vision which can be corrected by supplemental vitamins.25 QuestionsInfants ability to discriminate between the phonemes of language is actually better than that of adults.True - As language develops, infants loose the ability to

24、 discriminate or produce phonemes that are not in their language.25 QuestionsThere is no limit on how much information can be stored in long-term memory.True - No one has ever filled up long-term memory. There may be limits on what information is initially stored (attentional limitations), but once

25、stored, the memories are permanent (although they may not be accessible).25 QuestionsPeople who are color blind are missing one or more types of cones in the retinaTrue - Trichromatic theory suggests that normal color vision depends on three cone types with different colors made up by the ratio of a

26、ctivation of these receptors. However, some forms of color vision can also be due to damage to cortical areas.25 QuestionsThe arrangement of displays and controls in cars, airplanes, etc. is arbitrary because we can learn to use any configuration with practice.False - There are some configurations t

27、hat result in interference that simply cant be practiced away. It is up to Human Factors professionals to root out these bad design principles.25 QuestionsPeople are always biased.True - Our expectations and memories color the way that we perceive and remember the world. This accounts for many of th

28、e individual differences between people.25 QuestionsPractice always improves performance.False - Learning capitalizes on the statistical regularities of the environment. Most of the time there are consistencies in the environment that facilitate learning, but in some cases there are irregularities o

29、r inconsistencies that impede learning.25 QuestionsOur expectations influence our perceptions and memories.True - Expectations and other “top-down” processes play a major role in what we perceive and remember. Often, differences in what two observers see or remember are due to the effects of top dow

30、n processing.25 QuestionsThe difference between $500 and $1000 is psychologically greater than the difference between $10,500 and $11,000.True - The mental representation of magnitude is compressed at the high end of the scale. 500 vs. 1000 is a greater psychological difference than 10500 vs. 110002

31、5 QuestionsIf someone is blind in one eye, they will have no depth perception.False - There are pictorial cues (e.g., size, interposition, etc) and movement cues that provide depth information. The use of both eyes provides binocular cues - random dot stereograms make use of binocular visual informa

32、tion.25 QuestionsWith enough practice it is possible to do two things at the same time as well as doing each thing by itself.True - Under very specific task combinations, people can do two things (playing piano and reading a novel) as well as either in isolation. This is called “Perfect Timesharing”

33、.25 QuestionsDuring the movement of the eyes while reading, the processing of visual information is temporarily suppressed.True - This is called saccadic suppression. Not only is the processing of visual information suppressed, but higher level cognitive thoughts also appear to be put on hold.25 Que

34、stionsIt is possible to have a permanent memory that influences your behavior even though you are not consciously aware of that memory.True - The distinction between implicit and explicit memory suggests that implicit memory is very important to out everyday behavior, even though we may be unaware o

35、f these memories.案例: “空手道技术出现频率的记忆:专家空手道技术出现频率的记忆:专家和新手的比较研究和新手的比较研究”nBernard G. Bedon & Darlene V. Howard ,1992 n作者注作者注q本研究是在D. V. Howard指导下由B. G. Bedon完成的本科研究项目的一部分。我们感谢Caitlin Brune在完成论文过程中所提供的帮助,以及Jeffrey Howard对图表制作的帮助。B. G. Bedon现在是马里兰大学(大学园区)心理系的一名研究生,邮编:20742。通讯意见可送至Darlene. V. Howard;地址:华盛顿

36、乔治城大学心理系;邮编:20057; (E-mail:D_howardguvax.binet)。 n文献综述文献综述qHasher和和Zacks,1979,1984 ,频率编码是自动的,频率编码是自动的,智力或先前相关知识各异的人们对事件发生频率的判智力或先前相关知识各异的人们对事件发生频率的判断没有准确率差异。断没有准确率差异。q专家对其专业领域知识的回忆要好于新手(专家对其专业领域知识的回忆要好于新手(Ericsson,Chase和和Faloon,1980) q为进一步探究自动频率编码的证据,本实验比较了空为进一步探究自动频率编码的证据,本实验比较了空手道专家和新手对空手道动作的记忆。手道

37、专家和新手对空手道动作的记忆。 q我们预期专家会比新手回忆更多的空手道动作,因为我们预期专家会比新手回忆更多的空手道动作,因为他们已经获得了这一运动的知识结构。但我们还预期,他们已经获得了这一运动的知识结构。但我们还预期,如果频率编码是自动的,这两组在判断动作出现频率如果频率编码是自动的,这两组在判断动作出现频率时的准确率应当一致。时的准确率应当一致。 n研究方法研究方法q被试间变量(专家或新手)被试间变量(专家或新手)q被试内变量(测验类型、真实呈现频率)被试内变量(测验类型、真实呈现频率)q实验材料:自创的武术套路,含实验材料:自创的武术套路,含20个技术动个技术动作作q实验程序:指导语实

38、验程序:指导语观看套路观看套路判断频次判断频次自自由回忆由回忆n研究结果研究结果q专家组真实频率和判断频率之间的相关专家组真实频率和判断频率之间的相关.907(n=9,p.0007), 新手组新手组.909(n=9,p.0007) q专家比新手回忆更多的技术动作,两者差异专家比新手回忆更多的技术动作,两者差异统计显著统计显著t(28)=11.2,p.001。n讨论讨论q与使用其他类型刺激的研究类似(如与使用其他类型刺激的研究类似(如Hasher和和Zacks,1984),对四次以下的频数判断平均数通),对四次以下的频数判断平均数通常与真实频率几乎一致;当真实频率增加后,人们常与真实频率几乎一致;当真实频率增加后,人们判断时会倾向于低估这一频率。判断时会倾向于低估这一频率。 q“逆击逆击”动作完成速度太快,可能影响了被试判断动作完成速度太快,可能影响了被试判断q回忆任务中,避免产生动作名称的能力差异回忆任务中,避免产生动作名称的能力差异q额外询问是否使用回忆策略额外询问是否使用回忆策略

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