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1、HumananatomyHumananatomy1运动系统解剖学Basic Concepts of Anatomy nDefinition: human anatomy, the oldest science dealing with the structures and functions of bodyqGross anatomy: nsystematic anatomy nregional anatomyq Applied anatomyq Clinical anatomy2运动系统解剖学人体解剖学发展简史人体解剖学发展简史HippcratesHippocrates-希波克拉底希波克拉底
2、（公元前（公元前460377）古）古希腊名医、解剖学鼻祖。希腊名医、解剖学鼻祖。3运动系统解剖学GalenGalen- 伽林伽林（130200）古希腊名医、解剖学家，著医经，对血液流动、神经分支和脑、心等器官有具体描述。4运动系统解剖学Vesalius-(15141564) 现代解剖学的现代解剖学的奠基人，奠基人，1543年出版了人体构造这年出版了人体构造这一划时代的解剖学巨著。一划时代的解剖学巨著。Vesalius5运动系统解剖学HarveyHarvey-(15781657)解剖生理学家，发现了血液循解剖生理学家，发现了血液循环的原理，确定血液是在一个环的原理，确定血液是在一个封闭的管道内循
3、环。著有血封闭的管道内循环。著有血液循环论、动物的发生液循环论、动物的发生两书。开创了动物实验研究的两书。开创了动物实验研究的道路。道路。6运动系统解剖学我国人体解剖学的发展历程我国人体解剖学的发展历程n公元前300200黄帝内经已有对人体解剖的记载。n两宋时代五脏六腑、存真图描述了解剖学知识。n王清任（17681831）编著的医林改错更为详细的描述了解剖学知识。n19492003年我国解剖学工作者队伍迅速成长，编写了多套具有我国特色的解剖学教材和解剖学图谱，对我国解剖学事业的发展做出了巨大的贡献。7运动系统解剖学人体解剖教学特点人体解剖教学特点n人体解剖学的教学包括讲授和实地解剖。主要讲授各
4、人体解剖学的教学包括讲授和实地解剖。主要讲授各系统的总论和各解剖操作区的重点内容。实地解剖采系统的总论和各解剖操作区的重点内容。实地解剖采取分组形式，在教师指导下，按照解剖操作指导，参取分组形式，在教师指导下，按照解剖操作指导，参照图谱由学生亲自动手解剖尸体，部分内容观察标本照图谱由学生亲自动手解剖尸体，部分内容观察标本和模型。同时，密切结合活体的观察和触摸，并适当和模型。同时，密切结合活体的观察和触摸，并适当的结合一些临床病例讨论以增强对解剖学内容的理解的结合一些临床病例讨论以增强对解剖学内容的理解和记忆。和记忆。n教学大纲所列教学内容按要求程度的不同，分为教学大纲所列教学内容按要求程度的不
5、同，分为“掌掌握内容握内容”和和“了解内容了解内容”两级。掌握内容为重点内容，两级。掌握内容为重点内容，学生必须通过反复学习与思考达到牢固掌握、熟练描学生必须通过反复学习与思考达到牢固掌握、熟练描述、准确指认和联系实际应用的程度。了解内容则要述、准确指认和联系实际应用的程度。了解内容则要求学生达到一般的认识和了解。求学生达到一般的认识和了解。8运动系统解剖学 Descriptive anatomical termsnThe anatomical position: ( (解剖学姿势解剖学姿势) ) The body is upright, legs together, and directed
6、 forwards. The palms are turned forward, with the thumbs laterally.9运动系统解剖学The terms of the direction ( (方位术语方位术语) )nsuperior 上上, inferior 下下nanterior (ventral) 前前 ( 腹侧腹侧 ) posterior (dorsal) 后后 ( 背侧背侧 )nmedial 内侧内侧, lateral 外侧外侧ninternal 内内, external 外外nsuperficial 浅浅, profound 深深nproximal 近侧近侧, di
7、stal 远侧远侧nulnar 尺侧尺侧, radial 桡侧桡侧ntibial 胫侧胫侧，fibular 腓侧腓侧10运动系统解剖学 Anatomical axes and planes （轴与面）（轴与面）nAxis 轴：轴：qVertical axis 垂直轴垂直轴qSagittal axis 矢状轴矢状轴qCoronal axis 冠状轴冠状轴nPlane面面:qSagittal plane 矢状面矢状面qCoronal plane 冠状面冠状面qHorizontal plane 水平面水平面 或transverse plane 横切面横切面11运动系统解剖学The Locomotor
8、 System 运动系统运动系统n运动系统由运动系统由bone 骨骨、joints关节关节和和muscles 骨骼肌骨骼肌组成，占成人组成，占成人体重体重60%q骨起杠杆作用骨起杠杆作用q关节是运动的枢纽关节是运动的枢纽q骨骼肌是动力器官骨骼肌是动力器官n功能功能: q support 支持支持qProtection 保护保护qLocomotion 运动运动 12运动系统解剖学Introduction of the osteology 骨学总论骨学总论nBones in adult are 206 in number.nClassification of bone Bones are clas
9、sified according to their position and shape nThe position can be:qskull 颅骨qbones of trunk 躯干骨qappendicular skeleton 四肢骨nTypes of shape include: qlong bone 长骨长骨qshort bone 短骨短骨qflat bone 扁骨扁骨 qirregular bone不规则骨不规则骨 13运动系统解剖学n Long bones (found in limbs): qDiaphysis or shaft 骨干骨干, which is hollow (c
10、alled medullary cavity 骨髓腔骨髓腔), filled with bone marrowqTwo endsepiphysis 骺骺 articular surface 关节面关节面, metaphysis干骺端干骺端, epiphysial cartilage 骺软骨骺软骨, and epiphysial line 骺线骺线nShort bones: cuboidal in shape, e.g. carpal bones14运动系统解剖学nFlat bones: thin, nIrregular bones: have any irregular or mixed sh
11、ape, e.g. vertebrae, pneumatic bones含气骨* Sesamoid bones籽骨: develop within tendon15运动系统解剖学General structures of bone骨的构造骨的构造nBone substance 骨质骨质qcompact bone 骨密质骨密质qspongy bone 骨松质骨松质 呈海绵状，由trabeculae骨小梁构成In the flat bones of the skull, the layers of compact bone are called the outer plate and inner
12、plate外板和和内板, while the layer of spongy bone is called the diplo 板障板障 16运动系统解剖学nPeriosteum 骨膜骨膜: qOuter or fibrous layer qInner layer is vascular and provides the underlying bone with nutrition. It also contains osteoblasts(成骨细胞) Endosteum骨内膜 is a single-cellular osteogenic layer lining the inner sur
13、face of bone.nBone marrow 骨髓骨髓qRed marrow 红骨髓红骨髓: haematopoietic 造血qYellow marrow黄骨髓黄骨髓: fatty 17运动系统解剖学 Chemical composition and physical properties化学成分和物理性质nOrganic material有机质有机质： 主要是骨胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架，赋予骨的弹性和韧性。n Inorganic salts无机质无机质： 主要是碱性磷酸钙。赋予骨硬度和脆性 Organic materialInorganic saltsChildren 1 1
14、Adult 3 7Old 1 418运动系统解剖学Bones of trunk 躯干骨躯干骨nComposition: vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum and ribs Vertebrae 椎骨椎骨nThere are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows:nCervical vertebrae 颈椎颈椎 C.7nThoracic vertebrae 胸椎胸椎 T.12nLumbar vertebrae 腰椎腰椎 L.5nSacral vertebrae 骶椎骶椎 S.5 sacrum 骶骨骶骨nCoc
15、cygeal vertebrae 尾椎尾椎 Co.34 coccyx尾骨尾骨19运动系统解剖学General features of vertebraenVertebral body 椎体椎体nVertebral arch 椎弓椎弓qpedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根椎弓根: sup. and inf. Vertebral notch 椎上、下切迹椎上、下切迹 qlamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板椎弓板nprocess (7): qspinous process 棘突棘突qtransverse process 横突横突qsup. and inf.
16、articular processes 上、下关节突上、下关节突nVertebral foramen 椎孔椎孔 nVertebral canal 椎管椎管nIntervertebral foramen 椎间孔椎间孔20运动系统解剖学Regional variations of vertebraeCervical vertebraenVertebrae Body: small nVertebral foramen: larger and triangularnSpinous processes: short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6,and longer
17、 in C7nTransverse processes: short and bifid, transverse foramen横突孔横突孔nArticular processes: horizontal 21运动系统解剖学nAtlas寰椎寰椎 (C1) qBody and spinous process absent, consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral massesqGroove for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟椎动脉沟22运动系统解剖学nAxis枢椎枢椎 (C2): distinguish
18、ed by dens齿突齿突 which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas23运动系统解剖学nCarotid tubercle: 颈动脉颈动脉结节结节: anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6nVertebra prominens 隆椎隆椎(C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in coun
19、ting cervical and thoracic spinous processes24运动系统解剖学Thoracic vertebrae nVertebrae Body ： heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹上、下肋凹nVertebral foramen： smaller, rounder nSpinous processes： long, point obliquely downward nTransverse processes： transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹横突肋凹 nArticul
20、ar processes: coronal 25运动系统解剖学nVertebrae Body： larger, kidney-shape nVertebral foramen: larger and triangular nSpinous processes: projects horizontally nTransverse processes: long nArticular processes: sagittal 26运动系统解剖学Sacrum nAnterior surface: promontory岬岬, anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔骶前孔(four pa
21、irs) nPosterior surface: median sacral crest 骶正中嵴骶正中嵴, posterior sacral foramina (four pairs), sacral hiatus骶管裂孔骶管裂孔，sacral cornu 骶角骶角nLateral part: auricular surface耳状面耳状面, sacral tuberosity骶粗隆骶粗隆27运动系统解剖学Transsacral (epidural) anasthesiaCornua palpationSacral hiatus28运动系统解剖学Sternum nManubrium ster
22、ni 胸骨柄胸骨柄: jugular notch 颈静脉切迹颈静脉切迹, clavicular notch 锁切迹锁切迹nBody of sternum 胸骨体胸骨体 nXiphoid process Sternal angle 胸骨角胸骨角: the junction of manubrium and body, which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally, and lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly29运动系统解剖学 Sternal angle 胸骨角胸骨角 which connects
23、2nd costal cartilage laterally, and lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly30运动系统解剖学Ribs肋肋: 12 pairnGeneral featuresqRibs 17 called true ribs真肋真肋qRibs 810 called false ribs 假肋假肋qRibs 1112 called floating ribs 浮肋浮肋31运动系统解剖学 Characteristics of “typical” ribnPosterior end: costal head 肋头肋头, costal
24、 neck肋颈肋颈, costal tubercle肋肋结节结节 nShaft: costal angle肋角肋角, costal groove 肋沟肋沟nAnterior end32运动系统解剖学Atypical ribnFirst rib: tubercle for scalenus anterior前斜角肌结节前斜角肌结节, sulcus for subclavian artery and vein 锁骨下锁骨下动、静脉沟动、静脉沟n11th and 12th ribs lack costal necks, tubercles and angles33运动系统解剖学TheBonesofL
25、imbsTheBonesofLimbs山山东大学医学院大学医学院解剖教研室解剖教研室李振李振华34运动系统解剖学Bones of upper limbsComposition:nShould girdle 上肢带骨上肢带骨clavicle锁骨锁骨，scapula肩胛骨肩胛骨nBones of free upper limb 自由上肢骨自由上肢骨qHumerus肱骨肱骨 in armqRadius桡骨桡骨 and ulna尺骨尺骨 in forearmqCarpal腕骨腕骨, metacarpals掌骨掌骨 and phalanges指骨指骨 in hand35运动系统解剖学 Clavicle
26、锁骨锁骨n“S” shaped, medial 2/3 convex forward and lateral 1/3 convex backwardnSternal end胸骨端胸骨端 medially and acromial end肩峰端肩峰端 laterally 36运动系统解剖学Scapula 肩胛骨肩胛骨nThree bordersqSuperior: coracoid process 喙突喙突 , scapular notch 肩胛切迹qLateral (axillary) border腋缘腋缘qMedial (vertebral) border脊柱缘脊柱缘nThree angle
27、sqSuperior: opposite to the 2nd rib qInferior: opposite to the 7th rib or 7th intercostals spaceqLateral: glenoid cavity关节盂关节盂, supra- and infraglenoid tubercles 盂上、下结节nTwo surfacesqAnterior surface concave: subscapular fossa肩胛下窝肩胛下窝qPosterior surface: supra- and infraspinous fossae冈上、下窝冈上、下窝, spine
28、 of scapula 肩胛冈肩胛冈, acromion 肩肩峰峰37运动系统解剖学 Humerus 肱骨肱骨nUpper end: head of humerus肱骨头肱骨头, anatomical neck解剖颈解剖颈, greater and lesser tubercles大、小结节大、小结节, crests of greater and lesser tubercle, 大、小结节大、小结节嵴嵴，intertubercular groove结节间沟结节间沟, surgical neck外科颈外科颈nShaft: deltoid tuberosity三角肌粗隆三角肌粗隆on later
29、al surface, and a groove for radial nerve桡神经沟桡神经沟 on posterior surfacenLower end: lateral and medial epicondyles内、外上髁内、外上髁, capitulum 肱骨肱骨小头小头, trochlea 肱骨滑车肱骨滑车, coranoid fossa 冠突窝冠突窝and radial fossa 桡窝桡窝 (anteriorly) and olecranon fossa鹰嘴鹰嘴窝窝 (posteriorly), and sulcus for ulnar nerve 尺神经沟尺神经沟38运动系
30、统解剖学RadiusnUpper end: head of radius桡骨头桡骨头, neck of radius桡骨颈桡骨颈, radial tuberosity 桡骨粗隆桡骨粗隆, and articular circumference环状关节面nShaft：interosseous border骨间骨间缘缘nLower end: styloid process 茎突茎突laterally, ulnar notch尺切迹尺切迹 medially, and carpal articular surface腕关节面腕关节面 inferiorly39运动系统解剖学Fracture of the
31、 distal end pf the radius 40运动系统解剖学UlnarnUpper end: olecranon鹰嘴鹰嘴 coronoid process 冠突冠突 trochlear notch滑车切迹滑车切迹 radial notch 桡切迹桡切迹 ulnar tubersity尺骨粗隆尺骨粗隆 nLower end styloid process 尺骨茎突尺骨茎突 head of ulna 尺骨头尺骨头41运动系统解剖学Carpal bones 腕骨腕骨nProximal row (lateral to medial) scaphoid手舟骨手舟骨, lunate月骨月骨, t
32、riquetral三角骨三角骨 and pisiform豌豆骨豌豆骨nDistal row (lateral to medial) trapezium大大多角骨多角骨, trapezoid小多角骨小多角骨, capitate头状骨头状骨 and hamate钩骨钩骨Metacarpal bones掌骨掌骨nNumbered one to five from thumb to little fingernStructure of eachbase (proximally), shaft, and head (distally)Phalanges of fingers 指骨指骨nConsist o
33、f 14 two for first digit (thumb) and three for each of other four digitsnStructure of each base (proximally), shaft, and trochlea of phalanx (distally), tuberosity of distal phalanx远节指骨粗隆远节指骨粗隆42运动系统解剖学Bones of Lower LimbComposition: nPelvic girdle: hip bone髋骨髋骨nBones of free lower limb:qFemur股骨股骨 i
34、n thigh ( patella髌髌骨骨)qTibia胫骨胫骨 and fibula腓骨腓骨 in leg qTarsals跗骨跗骨, metatarsals跖骨跖骨, phalanges of toes趾骨趾骨 in foot43运动系统解剖学Hip bone Consisting of three fused bones, ilium, ischium, pubisnIlium髂骨髂骨qBody of ilium 髂骨体髂骨体 to form superior 2/5 of acetabulum髋臼髋臼qAla of ilium 髂骨翼髂骨翼: iliac crest 髂嵴髂嵴, ant
35、erior superior iliac spine 髂前上棘髂前上棘， anterior inferior iliac spine 髂前下棘髂前下棘, tubercle of iliac crest髂结节髂结节, posterior superior iliac spine 髂后上棘髂后上棘，posterior inferior iliac spine 髂后下棘髂后下棘, greater sciatic notch 坐骨大切迹坐骨大切迹, gluteal surface 臀面臀面，iliac fossa 髂窝髂窝, arcuate line弓状线弓状线, auricular surface
36、耳状面耳状面, iliac tuberosity 髂髂粗隆粗隆, 44运动系统解剖学nIschium 坐骨坐骨qBody of ischium 坐骨体坐骨体to form posterior and inferior 2/5 of acetabulum, ischial spine坐骨棘坐骨棘, lesser sciatic notch 坐骨小切迹坐骨小切迹qRamus of ischium 坐骨支坐骨支, ischial tuberosity 坐骨结节坐骨结节nPubis 耻骨耻骨qBody of pubis 耻骨体耻骨体to form anterior and inferior 1/5 o
37、f acetabulum, iliopubic eminence 髂耻隆起髂耻隆起qSuperior ramus of pubis 耻骨上支耻骨上支: pecten of pubis 耻骨梳耻骨梳, pubic tubercle 耻骨结节耻骨结节, pubic crest 耻骨嵴耻骨嵴, symphysial surface耻耻骨联合面骨联合面qInferior ramus of pubis耻骨下支耻骨下支: obturator foramen 闭孔闭孔nAcetabulum 髋臼髋臼formed by bodies of ischium, ilium and pubis Lunate sur
38、face月状面月状面, acetabular fossa髋臼窝髋臼窝, acetabular notch髋臼切髋臼切迹迹45运动系统解剖学 Femur 股骨股骨nUpper end: femoral head股骨头股骨头, fovea of femoral head 股骨头凹, neck of femur 股骨颈股骨颈, greater trochanter 大转大转子子，lesser trochanter 小转子小转子, intertrochanteric line 转子间线转子间线, intertrochanteric crest 转子间嵴转子间嵴nShaft: linea aspera
39、粗线粗线, gluteal tuberosity 臀肌粗隆臀肌粗隆, pectineal line耻骨耻骨肌线肌线 ，popliteal surface 腘面腘面 nLower end: medial and lateral condyles内、外侧髁内、外侧髁， medial and lateral epicondyles内、外上髁内、外上髁, adductor tubercle 收肌结节收肌结节， intercondylar fossa髁间窝髁间窝, patellar surface髌面46运动系统解剖学Fracture of the femoral neck47运动系统解剖学Tibia
40、胫骨胫骨nUpper end: medial and lateral condyles 内、外侧髁内、外侧髁, intercondylar eminence 髁髁间隆起间隆起, fibular articular surface 腓关节面, tuberosity of tibia胫骨粗隆胫骨粗隆 nShaft: interosseous border 骨间缘骨间缘, soleal line 比目鱼肌比目鱼肌线线nLower end: fibular notch腓切腓切迹迹, medial malleolus 内踝内踝48运动系统解剖学 Fibula 腓骨nUpper end: fibular
41、head 腓骨头腓骨头, neck of fibula 腓骨颈nShaft: interosseous border骨间缘骨间缘nLower end: lateral malleolus 外踝外踝Patella 髌骨髌骨ntriangular sesamoid bone49运动系统解剖学Tarsal bones 跗骨跗骨Consist of seven short bones arranged in three rownPosterior row talus 距骨距骨, calcaneus 跟骨跟骨nIntermediate row navicular bone 足舟骨足舟骨nAnterior
42、 row medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms 内侧、中间和外侧楔骨内侧、中间和外侧楔骨, cuboid bone 骰骨骰骨50运动系统解剖学 Metatarsal bones 跖骨跖骨nConsist of five elongated bones, numbered one to five medial to lateralnStructure of each base (proximally), shaft, and head (distally) in eachPhalanges of toes 趾骨趾骨nConsist of 14t
43、wo for first toe (hallux) and three for each of other four toesSurface landmarks: trochlea of talus距骨滑车距骨滑车, calcaneal tuberosity 跟骨结节跟骨结节, tuberosity of navicular bone 舟骨粗隆舟骨粗隆, and tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone第五跖骨粗隆第五跖骨粗隆51运动系统解剖学SkullSkull颅颅山山东大学医学院解剖教研室大学医学院解剖教研室李振李振华52运动系统解剖学The skull is
44、 composed of 23 bones, which may be divided into the cerebral cranium and facial cranium nCerebral cranium 脑颅脑颅(8) larger, upper and posterior part, contains and protects the brainqSingle bones: include frontal bone 额骨额骨, ethmoid bone 筛骨筛骨, sphenoid bone 蝶骨蝶骨, occipital bone 枕骨枕骨qPaired bones: inclu
45、de temporal bone 颞骨颞骨 parietal bone 顶骨顶骨 53运动系统解剖学nBones of facial cranium 面颅面颅(15) smaller, lower, and anterior part, contains bones that surrounded the eye, nose and mouthqSingle bones: include mandible下颌骨下颌骨, vomer 犁骨犁骨 hyoid bone舌骨舌骨qPaired bones: include maxilla 上颌骨上颌骨, nasal bone 鼻骨鼻骨, lacrima
46、l bone 泪骨泪骨, palatine bone 腭骨腭骨, zygomatic bone 颧骨颧骨, inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲下鼻甲54运动系统解剖学Frontal boneZygomatic boneNasal boneMaxilla MandibleSphenoid bone parietal bone Temporal boneOccipital bone55运动系统解剖学面颅上颌为中心，上鼻泪，下下颌，面颅上颌为中心，上鼻泪，下下颌，外颧内甲后犁腭，舌骨颈前单落脚外颧内甲后犁腭，舌骨颈前单落脚。56运动系统解剖学 Mandible下颌骨下颌骨nBody
47、of mandible qSuperior border: alveolar arch 牙槽弓 qInferior border: base of mandible下颌底qOuter surface: mental protuberance 颏隆凸, mental foramen 颏孔颏孔qInner surface: mental spine颏棘, digastric fossa二腹肌窝nRamus: has two vertical processes separated by mandibular notch下颌切迹qCoronoid process 冠突qCondylar proces
48、s 髁突髁突nhead of mandible 下颌头下颌头 nneck of mandible 下颌颈下颌颈qMandibular foramen 下颌孔下颌孔， mandibular lingula下颌小舌qAngle of mandible下颌角下颌角qMasseteric tuberocity 咬肌粗隆咬肌粗隆57运动系统解剖学The skull as a whole 颅的整体观颅的整体观Skull viewed from above (superior view)nBones: frontal额, paired parietal顶, occipital枕nSutures: qcoro
49、nal冠状缝冠状缝, qsagittal 矢状缝矢状缝, qlambdoid人字缝人字缝nparietal tuber 顶结节， parietal foramen顶孔Internal surface of the calvaria nsulcus for superior sagittal sinus上矢状窦沟上矢状窦沟ngranular foveola 颗粒小凹颗粒小凹 narterial grooves 动脉沟Skull viewed from behind nexternal occipital protuberance 枕外隆凸枕外隆凸nsuperior nuchal line上项线5
50、8运动系统解剖学Internal view of base of skull 颅底内面观颅底内面观Base of skull forms three fossae nAnterior cranial fossa 颅前窝颅前窝nMeddle cranial fossa 颅中窝颅中窝nPosterior cranial fossa 颅后窝颅后窝59运动系统解剖学Anterior cranial fossa 颅前窝颅前窝nFormed by orbital part of frontal bone, cribriform plate of ethmoid, and lesser wings of s
51、phenoidnStructures: qfrontal crest额嵴额嵴 qforamen cecum 盲孔盲孔 qcrista galli 鸡冠鸡冠 qcribriform plate 筛板筛板 qcribriform foramina 筛孔筛孔60运动系统解剖学Meddle cranial fossa 颅中窝颅中窝nFormed by the body and greater wings of sphenoid, petrous part of temporalnStructures:qbody of sphenoid bone 蝶骨体蝶骨体 qhypophysial fossa 垂体
52、窝垂体窝 qoptic canal 视神经管视神经管 qanterior clinoid process 前床突前床突 qtuberculum sellae 鞍结节鞍结节 qdorsum sellae 鞍背 qposterior clinoid process 后床突后床突 qsella turcica 蝶鞍蝶鞍 61运动系统解剖学Meddle cranial fossa 颅中窝颅中窝qcarotid sulcus 颈动脉沟颈动脉沟 qsuperior orbital fissure 眶上裂眶上裂qforamen rotundum 圆孔圆孔 qforamen ovale 卵圆孔卵圆孔 qfor
53、amen spinosum 棘孔棘孔qsulcus for middle meningeal artery 脑膜中动脉沟脑膜中动脉沟qforamen lacerum 破裂孔破裂孔 qinternal opening of carotid canal 颈脉管内口颈脉管内口qtrigeminal impression 三叉神经压迹三叉神经压迹qtegmen tympani 鼓室盖鼓室盖 62运动系统解剖学Posterior cranial fossa 颅后窝颅后窝nFormed by occipital and the petrous part of temporalnStructures: qf
54、oramen magnum 枕骨大孔枕骨大孔 qclivus 斜坡斜坡 qinternal opening of hypoglossal canal 舌下神经管内口舌下神经管内口 qinternal occipital protuberance 枕内隆凸枕内隆凸qinternal occipital crest枕内嵴 qsulcus for transverse sinus 横窦沟横窦沟 qsulcus for sigmoid sinus 乙状窦沟乙状窦沟 qjugular foramen 颈静脉孔颈静脉孔 qinternal acoustic pore 内耳门内耳门qinternal aco
55、ustic meatus 内耳道内耳道63运动系统解剖学Skull seen from below (inferior view)nalveolar arch 牙槽弓牙槽弓nbony palate 骨腭骨腭nmedian palatine suture 腭正中缝腭正中缝nincisive foramina 切牙孔切牙孔nincisive canal 切牙管切牙管ngreater palatine foramen 腭大孔腭大孔nposterior nasal apertures 鼻后孔鼻后孔npterygoid process 翼突翼突noccipital condyle 枕髁枕髁nextern
56、al opening of hypoglossal canal 舌下神经管外口舌下神经管外口nexternal opening of carotid canal 颈动脉管外口颈动脉管外口nstyloid process 茎突茎突nstylomastoid foramen 茎乳孔茎乳孔nmandibular fossa 下颌窝下颌窝narticular tubercle 关节结节关节结节64运动系统解剖学 Lateral view of the skull 颅侧面观颅侧面观nexternal acoustic pore 外耳门外耳门 nmastoid process 乳突乳突 nzygomati
57、c arch 颧弓颧弓 ntemporal fossa 颞窝颞窝 npterion 翼点翼点npterygomaxillary fissure 翼上颌裂翼上颌裂 npterygopalatine fossa 翼腭窝翼腭窝 nsphenopalatine foramen 蝶腭孔蝶腭孔 65运动系统解剖学Skull viewed from the front (anterior view)颅的前面观颅的前面观nFrontal region: qfrontal squama 额鳞额鳞 qfrontal tuber 额结节 qsuperciliary arch 眉弓眉弓 qglabella 眉间66运
58、动系统解剖学Orbit 眶眶pyramid-shaped paired cavitiesnBase: supraorbital notch 眶上切迹眶上切迹 infraorbital foramen 眶下孔眶下孔nApex: optic canal 视神经管视神经管nWalls qSuperior: fossa for lacrimal gland 泪腺窝泪腺窝qMedial: fossa for lacrimal sac 泪囊窝泪囊窝qInferior: infraorbital fissure 眶下裂眶下裂 qinfraorbital groove 眶下沟眶下沟 qinfraorbital
59、 canal 眶下管眶下管67运动系统解剖学Bony nasal cavity 骨性鼻腔骨性鼻腔nRoof: cribriform plate of ethmoidnFloor: bony palate nLateral wall qThree nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) 上、中、下鼻甲上、中、下鼻甲qNasal meatus underlying each concha (superior, middle and inferior) 上、中、下鼻道上、中、下鼻道qSphenoethmoidal recess蝶筛隐窝蝶筛隐窝 ab
60、ove superior nasal conchanAnterior piriform aperture 梨状孔梨状孔nPosterior posterior nasal aperture 鼻后孔鼻后孔 communicates with pharynx68运动系统解剖学Paranasal sinuses 鼻旁窦鼻旁窦nFrontal sinus 额窦额窦qLies in frontal bone, deep to superciliary archqDrain to anterior part of middle meatus69运动系统解剖学nMaxillary sinus 上颌窦上颌窦q
61、Largest paired sinus, lie in the body of maxilla;qOpening into middle nasal meatus 70运动系统解剖学nEthmoidal cellules 筛窦筛窦q Lie in ethmoidal bone, contains large number of air cells, divided into anterior, middle and posterior groupsqAnterior and middle groups drain into middle nasal meatus, while posteri
62、or group drains into superior nasal meatusnSphenoidal sinus 蝶窦蝶窦qLies in body of sphenoid boneqDrain into sphenoethmoidal recess71运动系统解剖学General characters of the skull at birthnThe skull at birth is large in proportion to rest of the skeleton 1/4 (adult 1/7)nThe facial portion equals about one eigh
63、t that of the cranium in size, whereas in adult it is one half (1/4)nMany bones consist of more than one piecenCranial frontanelles unossified membrane between the bones at the angles of parietalqAnterior frontanelle closes during middle of 2nd yearqPosterior frontanelle closes by the end of 2nd month after birthqMastoid fontanelleqSphenoidal fontanelle 72运动系统解剖学
