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1、Unit 6Fraud and Academic DishonestyFraud and Academic Dishonesty1综合学术英语教程UnitIn this unit, you willlearnabouttheconcepts“academicintegrity”and“academicdishonesty”;research “Dr. Hwang Woo Suk” on the Internet and find reliableinformation;learnwords,expressions,andsentencepatternsrelatedtothethemeandu
2、setheminwritingandspeech;learnstrategiessuchaslisteningforemphasis(listening),guessingwordmeanings from lexical clues (reading), giving evidence for arguments(discussing),andachievingcoherence(writing),etc;giveanoralpresentationonanassignedtopictotheclass.2综合学术英语教程UnitBackground Information Approach
3、ing the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercises3综合学术英语教程UnitBackground Informationabout Academic Integritythe Healthpartners Research FoundationHwang Woo Sukthe Committee on Publication EthicsScience Nature4综合学术英语教程Unitabout Academic IntegrityIntegritywithoutknowledgeiswe
4、akanduseless,andknowledgewithoutintegrityisdangerousanddreadful.SamuelJohnsonThe function of education, therefore, is to teach one to thinkintensivelyandtothinkcritically. Buteducationwhichstopswithefficiency may prove the greatest menace to society. The mostdangerouscriminalmaybethemangiftedwithrea
5、son,butwithnomorals We must remember that intelligence is not enough.Intelligencepluscharacterthatisthegoaloftrueeducation.MartinLutherKing,Jr.5综合学术英语教程UnitHwangWooSukisaSouthKoreanveterinarianandresearcher.Hewas a professor of theriogenology and biotechnology at SeoulNational University (dismissed
6、on March 20, 2006) who becameinfamousforfabricatingaseriesofexperiments,whichappearedinhigh-pro,inthefieldofstemcellresearch.UntilNovember2005,hewas considered one of the pioneering experts in the field, bestknownfortwoarticlespublishedinthejournalSciencein2004and2005 where he reported to have succe
7、eded in creating humanembryonicstemcellsbycloning.HewascalledthePrideofKoreain South Korea. On May 12, 2006, Hwang was charged withembezzlementandbioethicslawviolationsafteritemergedmuchofhisstemcellresearchhadbeenfaked.TheKoreaTimesreportedonJune10,2007,thatSeoulNationalUniversityfiredhim,andtheSou
8、thKoreangovernmentcanceledhisfinancialsupportandbarredhimfromengaginginstemcellresearch.Hwang Woo Suk6综合学术英语教程UnitHealthPartners is an integrated, nonprofit health care providerlocatedinBloomington,Minnesotaofferingcare,coverage,researchand education to its members, patients and the community.Health
9、Partnerswasfoundedin1957asGroupHealth,aconsumer-governednonprofithealthplanwithaboardofdirectorsmadeupofitsownmembersandpatients.In1992,GroupHealthmergedwithMedCentersHealthPlan,andtogethertheyformedHealthPartners.Inlate2012itwasannouncedthatHealthPartnerswouldmergewithParkNicolletHealthServicesofSt
10、.LouisParkonJanuary1,2013followingfederalapprovalthe Healthpartners Research Foundation7综合学术英语教程UnitScience, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is theacademicjournaloftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience(AAAS)andisoneoftheworldstopscientificjournals.The peer-reviewed journal, f
11、irst published in 1880, is circulatedweeklyandhasaprintsubscriberbaseofaround130,000.Becauseinstitutionalsubscriptionsandonlineaccessservealargeraudience,itsestimatedreadershipis570,400people.Themajorfocusofthejournal is publishing important original scientific research andresearchreviews,butScience
12、alsopublishesscience-relatednews,opinionsonsciencepolicyandothermattersofinteresttoscientistsandotherswhoareconcernedwiththewideimplicationsofscienceandtechnology. Unlikemostscientificjournals,whichfocusonaspecificfield,ScienceanditsrivalNaturecoverthefullrangeofscientific disciplines. According to
13、the Journal Citation Reports,Sciences2012impactfactorwas31.027.Science8综合学术英语教程UnitNatureisaprominentinterdisciplinaryscientificjournal.Itwasfirstpublishedon4November1869.ItwasrankedtheworldsmostcitedbytheScienceEditionofthe2010Journal Citation Reportsandiswidelyregardedasoneofthefewremainingacademi
14、cjournalsthatpublish original research across a wide range of scientific fields.Nature claims a readership of about 424,000 total readers. Thejournal has a circulation of around 53,000 but studies haveconcludedthatonaverageasinglecopyissharedbyasmanyas8people.Nature9综合学术英语教程UnitResearch scientists a
15、re the primary audience for the journal, butsummariesandaccompanyingarticlesareintendedtomakemanyofthemostimportantpapersunderstandabletoscientistsinotherfieldsandtheeducatedgeneralpublic.Towardsthefrontofeachissueareeditorials,newsandfeaturearticlesonissuesofgeneralinteresttoscientists, including c
16、urrent affairs, science funding, business,scientificethicsandresearchbreakthroughs.Therearealsosectionsonbooksandarts.Theremainderofthejournalconsistsmostlyofresearchpapers(articlesorletters),whichareoftendenseandhighlytechnical.Becauseofstrictlimitsonthelengthofpapers,oftentheprintedtextisactuallya
17、summaryoftheworkinquestionwithmanydetails relegated to accompanying supplementary material on thejournalswebsite.Nature10综合学术英语教程UnitThe Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) is a nonprofitorganizationwhosemissionistodefinebestpracticeintheethicsofscholarlypublishingandtoassisteditors,publishers,et
18、c.toachievethis.COPEprovidesadvicetoeditorsandpublishersonallaspectsof publication ethics and, in particular, how to handle cases ofresearchandpublicationmisconduct.Italsoprovidesaforumforitsmembers to discuss individual cases (meeting four times a yearvirtuallyandatothermeetingsaroundtheworld).COPE
19、doesnotinvestigateindividualcasesbutencourageseditorstoensurethatcases are investigated by the appropriate authorities (usually aresearchinstitutionoremployer).COPEalsooffersandeLearningcourse,fundsresearchonpublicationethics,publishesamonthlyeNewsletter (COPE Digest: Publication Ethics in Practice)
20、 andorganisesannualseminarsaroundtheworld.the Committee on Publication Ethics11综合学术英语教程Unitretractv.topull(something)backintosomethinglargerthatusuallycoversite.g.Thepilotretractedtheplaneslandinggear.n.retractionimpactn.theactorforceofonethinghittinganothere.g.Thesewarningshavebeenheardsooftenthatt
21、heyhavelosttheirimpact.resignationn.anactofgivingupajoborpositioninaformalorofficialwaye.g.Themanagerreceivedresignationsfromthreemembersofthestaff.v.resignApproaching the TopicReading 1/Language PointsReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise12综合学术英语教程Unitdetrimentaladj.causingd
22、amageorinjurye.g. There were serious concerns that the factorys waste wasdetrimentaltothelocalenvironment.taintv. to make (something) dangerous or dirty especially byaddingsomethingharmfulorundesirabletoite.g.Criticismofhersisterssingingthatwastaintedbyenvy.bottleneck n. a section of road or highway
23、 where the trafficmovesveryslowlye.g.BridgeconstructionhascreatedabottleneckonthesouthernpartofMainStreet.Reading 1Language PointsReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise13综合学术英语教程Unitfabricatev.tocreateormakeup(something,suchasastory)inordertotrickpeoplee.g.Theirplanistofabrica
24、tethehouseoutofsyntheticmaterials.fraudn.thecrimeofusingdishonestmethodstotakesomethingvaluablefromanotherpersone.g.Hewasfoundguiltyofbankfraud.modifyv.tochangesomepartsof(something)whilenotchangingotherpartse.g.Wecanhelpyoumodifyanexistinghomeorbuildanewone.n.modificationReading 1Language PointsRea
25、ding about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise14综合学术英语教程Unitcherry-pickingn.topickoracceptthebestpeopleorthingsinagroupe.g.Hollywoodsbiggeststarscancherry-pickthebestprojectsanddirectors.selectivelyadv.carefullychooseonlythebestpeopleorthingse.g.Theadvertisementselectivelytargetsmenbetwe
26、entheagesof18and24.v.selectacquisitionn.somethingorsomeoneacquiredorgainede.g.Thebigcompanysnewestacquisitionisasmallchainofclothingstores.Reading 1Language PointsReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise15综合学术英语教程Unitadmittedlyadv.ashasbeenormustbeadmittede.g.Admittedly,Ishouldn
27、othavelostmytemperlikethat.v.admitconstraintn.somethingthatlimitsorrestrictssomeoneorsomethinge.g.Lackoffundinghasbeenamajorconstraintonthebuildingsdesign.v.constrainmolecularadj.oforrelatingtoindividualorsmallcomponentse.g.Shestudiedmolecularbiologyincollege.Reading 1Language PointsReading about th
28、e TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise16综合学术英语教程Unitnarrativen.astorythatistoldorwrittene.g.Heiswritingadetailednarrativeofhislifeontheisland.v.narratestraddlev.tositorridewithalegoneithersideof(something)e.g.Themoviestraddlestoomanygenres.sloppyadj.notcarefulorneat:showingalackofcare,attenti
29、on,orefforte.g.Yourworkhasbeenverysloppylately.erroneousadj.notcorrecte.g.Anewsarticleaboutthenewvirusthatwasfilledwithmucherroneousinformation.Reading 1Language PointsReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise17综合学术英语教程Unitdiscernibleadj.todetectwiththeeyese.g.Herfacewasbarelydis
30、cernibleinthegloom.v.discernintentn.thethingthatyouplantodoorachieve:anaimorpurposee.g.ShethinksImtryingtomakethingsdifficultforher,butthatsnotmyintent.deficiencyn.alackofsomethingthatisneeded:thestateofnothavingenoughofsomethingnecessarye.g.Thebooksmajordeficiencyisitspoorplot.adj.deficientReading
31、1Language PointsReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise18综合学术英语教程Unit1)Whyhavesomanypapersbeenretractedfromhighimpactjournals?Because the pressure of an increasingly competitive researchenvironmentcanleadtoscientificmisconduct.2)Whyshouldwecombatscientificmisconduct?Becausemisc
32、onductisdetrimentaltoscientificprogressinmanyways.Approaching the TopicTask 1Reading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise19综合学术英语教程Unit3)Whatdoesthemeta-analysispublishedin2009covering18fraudsurveysimply?Itsuggeststhatscientificmisconductmaybemorecommonthanwesuspect.4) In what situa
33、tion are deficiencies resulting from poorexperimentaldesign and inadequatelycontrolled or statisticallyquestionableexperimentsconsideredmisconduct?Ifthereisdiscernibleintenttodeceive.Approaching the TopicTask 1Reading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise20综合学术英语教程Unit1)misconduct2)r
34、etract3)detrimental4)taint5)fraudulent6)fabricate7)cherry-picking8)coverageApproaching the TopicTask 2e.unacceptableorbadbehaviourbysomeoneinapositionofauthorityorresponsibilityh.takebackanofferorstatement,etc.oradmitthatastatementwasfalsem.causingharmordamagek.affectwithabadorundesirablequalityn.di
35、shonestandillegali.inventorproducesomethingfalseinordertodeceiveb.selectivelychoosing(themostbeneficialorprofitableitems,opportunities,etc.)fromwhatisavailablea.thereportingofaparticularimportanteventorsubjectReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise21综合学术英语教程Unit9)set-up10)const
36、raint11)massaging12)straddle13)sloppy14)discernible15)deficiencyApproaching the TopicTask 2o.thewayinwhichthingsareorganizedorarrangedl.stateofnothaving,ornothavingenough,ofsomethingthatisneededc.manipulating(factsorfigures)togiveamoreacceptableresultf.tostretchacrosssomethingorexistonbothsidesofsom
37、ethingd.notdonecarefullyorthoroughlyg.perceptiblej.weaknessorimperfectionReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise22综合学术英语教程Unit_(1)ThecloningresearcherWoo-SukHwangwasaccusedofthreeoffencestoday,12May._(2)TheSeoulCentralDistrictprosecutorsofficeinSouthKoreachargedWoo-SukHwangwith
38、secretlytakingKRW2.8billionandusingthefundstopurchaseacarforhimselfandgiftsforfamilymembers._(3)FiveotherresearchersonHwangsteamwerealsochargedwithvariousoffences.Approaching the TopicTask 4FalseFalseTrueReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise23综合学术英语教程UnitA German university h
39、as withdrawn the doctoral degree of theformer Bell Labs scientist who claimed a series of researchbreakthroughs,thenwasfiredtwoyearsagowhenitwasdiscoveredthathehadmanipulateddataandfabricatedresults.Thephysicist,J.HendrikSchn,33,didnotcommitanacademicoffence in his doctoral research at the Universit
40、y of Konstanz, aninvestigationtherefoundlastyear.ButonFriday,theuniversitysaidithad a legal right to withdraw a degree when the recipient behaved“unworthily”ofit.“That was interpreted here in the context of science,” said Dr.WolfgangDieterich,chairmanofthephysicsdepartmentatKonstanz. Approaching the
41、 TopicTask 51234Reading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise24综合学术英语教程UnitMr.Schn,aresearchscientistatBellLabs,LucentTechnologiesresearcharminMurrayHill,N.J.,wasanauthororco-authorofmorethan70scientificpapersonanarrayofsupposeddiscoveries,likenewsuperconductorsandtiny,molecular-scal
42、etransistors.Thetransistorsappearedparticularlyexcitingbecausetheyseemedtoworkthesamewaycurrentsilicontransistorsdo,suggestingthatthetechnologycouldbestraightforwardlytransferredtocomputerchips.Otherswereunabletoreproduceanyofthefindings.Then,inMay2002,outsidescientistsdiscoverednearlyidenticalgraph
43、sinseveralofMr.Schnspapers,eventhoughtheysupposedlyrepresenteddifferentdatafromdifferentexperiments.Fourmonthslater,aninvestigatorypanelledbyDr.MalcolmR.Beasley, a professor of applied physics at Stanford, found that Mr.Schnhadmanipulatedorfabricateddatain17papers.BellLabsfiredMr.Schnandthepublished
44、paperswerewithdrawn.Approaching the TopicTask 5567Reading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise25综合学术英语教程UnitMr. Schnapologizedformistakesbutinsistedthatthefindingswerereal.Soon after he was fired, Konstanz assembled a committee toexamineMr.Schnsthesisresearchonsolarcells.Dr.Dieteric
45、h,whowasnotpartofthatinvestigation,saidthecommitteefoundinstancesof mislabeled graphs and “some smoothing of data, which was notexplained.”ButDr. Dieterichsaid,“Onecouldnotdrawtheconclusionthatintentionally things have been presented in a wrong way,” and thecommitteedidnotaccuseMr.Schnofmisconduct.T
46、heKonstanzphysicsdepartmentthenbeganitsreview. ItaskedMr. Schn to participate, but the only reply was a letter from hislawyer,Dr.Dieterichsaid,addingthathewouldnotsaywhatwasintheletter.Approaching the TopicTask 58910Reading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise26综合学术英语教程Unit1)Whatdot
47、hepassageandnewsshare?Academicdishonesty.2) Dr. Hwangs team claimed to have done research in thecontroversial field of cloning. Whats your view on humancloningresearch?3)WhatsyouropinionontheinvestigatorypanelthatclearedMr.Schn?4)Whatcouldbethepotentialbenefitsofscientificmisconduct?5) What are the
48、potential negative influences of scientificmisconduct?Approaching the TopicTask 7Reading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise27综合学术英语教程Unitscandaln.anoccurrenceinwhichpeopleareshockedandupsetbecauseofbehaviorthatismorallyorlegallywronge.g.Therewasamajorscandalinvolvingthemayorstiesw
49、iththeMob.outstrip v. to be or become better, greater, or larger than(someoneorsomething)e.g.Thenewhoteloutstripsallotherhotelsintheareainsizeandluxury.peern.apersonwhobelongstothesameagegrouporsocialgroupassomeoneelsee.g.Hewasrespectedandadmiredbyhispeers.Reading about the TopicReading 2/Language P
50、ointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise28综合学术英语教程Unitreplicationn.ananswertoareplye.g.Wellneedtodoareplicationofthatexperimentsowecancollectmoredata.malfeasancen.illegalordishonestactivityespeciallybyapublicofficialoracorporatione.g. The investigation has uncovered evidence
51、of corporatemalfeasance.suspicion n. a feeling that someone is possibly guilty of acrimeorofdoingsomethingwronge.g. I thought the water might be making us sick, and mysuspicionswereconfirmedbythelabtests.Reading 2Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise29综合学术英语教程Uni
52、tswirlv.tomoveincirclesortocause(something)tomoveincirclese.g.Thewaterswirledaroundthedrain.outdov.todobetterthan(someoneorsomething):tobemoresuccessfulthan(someoneorsomething)e.g.Smallercompaniesoftenoutdolargeronesincustomerservice.rivaln.apersonorthingthattriestodefeatorbemoresuccessfulthananothe
53、re.g.Theteamshavebeenlongtimerivals.Reading 2Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise30综合学术英语教程Unitembryon.ahumanoranimalintheearlystagesofdevelopmentbeforeitisborn,hatched,etc.e.g.Theunbornchildatthisjunctureisknownasanembryoandisextremelysmall.hailn.precipitationi
54、ntheformofsmallballsorlumpsusuallyconsistingofconcentriclayersofcleariceandcompactsnowe.g.Hegavethemhailforrain,andflamingfireintheirland.lapsev.anoccurrenceinwhichyoufailtothinkoractintheusualorproperwayforabrieftimeandmakeamistakee.g.Heblamedtheerroronaminormentallapse.Reading 2Language PointsAppr
55、oaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise31综合学术英语教程Unitaccusev.toblame(someone)forsomethingwrongorillegal:tosaythatsomeoneisguiltyofafaultorcrimee.g.Shewasaccusedoflyingontheemploymentapplication.impoundv.touselegalpowerstogetandhold(something)e.g.Thepoliceimpoundedhercarbecauseitwasil
56、legallyparked.adherev.tosticktosomething:toattachfirmlytosomethinge.g.Tpleteandtotale.g.Iwassurprisedbytheiroutrightrejectionoftheidea.Reading 2Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise32综合学术英语教程Unitrespondentn.apersonwhogivesaresponseoranswertoaquestionthatisaskedes
57、peciallyaspartofasurveye.g.Amajorityofrespondentssaidtheydisagreedwiththemayorsplan.engagev.tohire(someone)toperformaparticularservice:topayfor(help,services,etc.)e.g.Hewasengagedasatutor.burstintov.tosuddenlybegintomakeasound,especiallytostartsinging,cryingorlaughinge.g.Theaudienceburstintoapplause
58、.Reading 2Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise33综合学术英语教程Unitdeliberateadj.tothinkaboutordiscusssomethingverycarefullyinordertomakeadecisione.g.Thejurydeliberatedfortwodaysbeforereachingaverdict.castoutv.toforcesomeoneorsomethingtogoawaye.g.Theytriedtocastoutthes
59、piritsfromthehauntedhouse.cardiologyn.thestudyoftheheartandofdiseasesthataffectthehearte.g.Heisadoctorwhospecializesincardiology.credibilityn.thequalityofbeingbelievedoracceptedastrue,real,orhoneste.g.Thenewevidencelendscredibilitytotheirtheory.adj.credibleReading 2Language PointsApproaching the Top
60、icExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise34综合学术英语教程Unitbleakadj.withoutanythingmakeyoufeelcheerfulorhopefule.g.Withnomoneyandnojob,myprospectsseemedbleak.prestigiousadj.havingprestigee.g.Thereisanutritionalstudythathasbeenpublishedbyaprestigiousmedicaljournal.n.prestigeunderscorev.toemphasize(somethi
61、ng)orshowtheimportanceof(something)e.g.Thesefailuresunderscorethedifficultyofwhatwereattemptingtodo.Reading 2Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise35综合学术英语教程UnitPart Para(s)Main IdeaIATheauthorpointsoutthattheHwangWooSukscandalisonlythetipoftheicebergofacademicmis
62、conduct.IIB-NThe author cites some examples to prove thattherearepowerfulundercurrentsofmisbehaviorandoutrightfakeryinthescientificcommunity.IIIO-QThefederalgovernmentandjournaleditorstakemeasurestocombatacademicmisconduct.IVR-SInspiteofvariousmeasurestocombatacademicdishonesty, fraud is still on th
63、e rise in thescientificcommunity.Reading 2Text AnalysisApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise36综合学术英语教程Unit1)Whatsthemainideaofthearticle?Thecasesofscientificmisconducthaveincreased,whichhighlightstheneedforbettersafeguardsagainstscientificmisconduct.2)Whatcomposethetriplesafety
64、nettobaracademicdishonestyandbadresearch?Peerreview,therefereesystemandreplication.3) Whathas theUnitedStatesdone over thelasttwo decadestocombatscientificmisconduct?Inadditiontothetriplesafetynet,theUnitedStateshasaddedextraprotections,includingnewlawsandgovernmentinvestigativebodies.Reading about
65、the TopicTask 3Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise37综合学术英语教程Unit4)WhatoncemadeDr.Hwanganationalhero?Histeamclaimedtohaveextractedstemcellsfromclonedhumanembryosandtohaveclonedadog.5)Whatisthemainfindingofthesurveyof3,427scientistsbytheUniversity of Minnesota and the HealthPar
66、tners ResearchFoundation?Up to a third of the respondents had engaged in ethicallyquestionablepractices,fromignoringcontradictoryfactstofalsifyingdata.6)What is the Committee on Publication Ethics supposed tofunction?Toprovideasoundingboardforeditorswhoarestrugglingwithhowtobestdealwithpossiblebreac
67、hesinresearchandpublicationethics.Reading about the TopicTask 3Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise38综合学术英语教程UnitSet 1 (from Para. A to E)1.outstrip(A)2.bar(C)3.referee(C)4.merit(C)5.replication(C)6.malfeasance(D)7.swirl(E)8.dazzling(E)Reading about the TopicTask 4d.beorbecome
68、greaterinamount,degreeorsuccessthansomethingorsomeonef.preventsomethingorsomeonefromdoingsomethingg.apersonororganizationthathelpstofindafairanswertoadisagreementa.deserveorbeworthyof(reward,punishment,orattention)h.makingordoingsomethingagaininexactlythesamewayb.anexampleofdishonestandillegalbehavi
69、our,especiallybyapersoninauthorityc.moveinatwistingorspirallingpatterne.extremelyimpressive,beautiful,orskillfulApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise39综合学术英语教程UnitSet 2 (from Para. F to S)1.feat(F)2.lapse(G)3.impound(H)4.canon(J)5.undercurrent(J)6.outright(J)7.augment(O)8.breac
70、h(P)Reading about the TopicTask 4e.somethingdifficultneedingalotofskill,strength,bravery,etc.toachieveitc.abriefortemporaryfailurea.takelegalpossessionof(sth)becauseofaninfringementofalawg.agenerallaw,rule,principle,orcriterionbywhichsomethingisjudgedb.anemotion,belief,pleteandtotalh.toincreasetheva
71、lue,amount,effectivenessetc.ofsomethingf.anactofbreakingorfailingtoobservealaw,agreement,orcodeofconductApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise40综合学术英语教程Unit()Para.A()Para.B()Para.C()Para.D()Para.E()Para.F()Para.G()Para.H()Para.I()Para.J()Para.K()Para.L()Para.M()Para.N()Para.O()P
72、ara.P()Para.Q()Para.R()Para.SReading about the TopicTask 5ccgikamdoeebpfhjjnlApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise41综合学术英语教程Unitrootout,tofindoutwhereaparticularkindofproblemexistsandgetridofite.g.Racismcannotberootedoutwithoutstronggovernmentaction.patchyadj.havingsomepartstha
73、taregoodandsomethatarebade.g.Thelawniskindofpatchythisyear.distortv.tochangethenatural,normal,ororiginalshape,appearance,orsoundof(something)inawaythatisusuallynotattractiveorpleasinge.g.Herfacewasdistortedbypain.perceptionn.thewayyouthinkaboutorunderstandsomeoneorsomethinge.g.Thepublicsperceptionof
74、himisslowlychanging.Reading 3Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise42综合学术英语教程Unitlucrativeadj.producingmoneyorwealthe.g.Thebusinesshasprovedtobehighlylucrative.devotev.togiveoverordirect(astime,money,oreffort)toacause,enterprise,oractivitye.g.Iconscientiouslydevot
75、eseveralhourseveryweekendtoplayingwithmydog.n.devotionpatentn.anofficialdocumentthatgivesapersonorcompanytherighttobetheonlyonethatmakesorsellsaproductforacertainperiodoftimee.g.Theproductisprotectedbypatent.Reading 3Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise43综合学术英语教
76、程Unitmultivitaminn.apillthatcontainsmanyvitaminse.g.Ialsoadviseyoutotakeabasicmultivitamineveryday.tanglev.tobecomeorcause(something)tobecometwistedtogethere.g.Thisfishinglinetangleseasily.alliancen.aunionbetweenpeople,groups,countries,etc.:arelationshipinwhichpeopleagreetoworktogethere.g.Weneedtofo
77、rmacloseralliancebetweengovernmentandindustry.notev.tonoticeorpayattentionto(something)e.g.Itsinterestingtonotehowquicklythingshavechanged.Reading 3Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise44综合学术英语教程Upletelyandwithgreatattentiontodetaile.g.Shewassurethatshewoulddowel
78、l,becauseshehadpreparedfortheinterviewthoroughly.celebrityn.apersonwhoisfamouse.g.Theactresslivedalifeofcelebrity.knottyadj.difficultorcomplicatede.g.Theknottyproblemsthatarisewheneverynationispartoftheglobalmarketplace.maturityn.thequalityorstateofbeingmature;especially:fulldevelopmente.g.Hisbehavi
79、orshowsalackofmaturity.adj.matureReading 3Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise45综合学术英语教程Unitinquiryn.arequestforinformatione.g.Sherefusedtoanswerinquiriesfromthemediaabouthermarriage.rawadj.inanaturalstate:nottreatedorpreparede.g.Heenteredtherawdataintoaspreadsh
80、eet.cautionn.caretakentoavoiddangerorrisk:acarefulattitudeorwayofbehavinge.g.Youshouldusecautionwhenoperatingtheelectricsaw.adj.cautiousretainv.tocontinuetohaveoruse(something)e.g.Alandlordmayretainpartofyourdepositifyoubreakthelease.Reading 3Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIn
81、tegrated Exercise46综合学术英语教程Unitenormousadj.verygreatinsizeoramounte.g.Wechosenottoundertaketheprojectbecauseoftheenormouscostsinvolved.allegationn.astatementsayingthatsomeonehasdonesomethingwrongorillegale.g.Thepoliceareinvestigatingallegationsthatthemayorhasacceptedbribes.slidev.tomovesmoothlyalong
82、asurfacee.g.Thefirefighterssliddownthepoletotheirtrucks.suppressv.toendorstop(something)byforcee.g.Thegovernortriedtosuppressthenews.Reading 3Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise47综合学术英语教程UnitPart Para(s)Main IdeaIA-JExpertsblametheinactionofmanycountriesforthe
83、explosive growth of science around theglobe.IIK-PInsomecases,nationalinvestigativebodiesandprofessionalassociationsthatoverseescientificresearchdidnotexistorrefusedtohelp.IIIQ-RThecommitteescredibilityrequirestheadditionof outsiders and perhaps scientists from othercountries.Reading 3Text AnalysisAp
84、proaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise48综合学术英语教程Unit1)WhywasfraudbecomingincreasinglydifficulttorootoutaccordingtoDr.RichardS.Smith?Because most countries protective measures were either patchy oraltogetherabsent.Inaddition,adrasticriseinthenumberofscientificjournalspublishedaroun
85、dtheworldiscontributingtotheproblem.2) According to Dr. Richard S. Smith, what is needed to combatscientificmisconduct?To take some protective measures nationally and internationally isneeded.3)Whyisthedrasticriseinthenumberofscientificjournalspublishedaroundtheworldcontributingtoscientificmisconduc
86、t?Because it can confuse researchers, overwhelm quality-controlsystems,encouragefraudanddistortthepublicperceptionoffindings.Reading about the TopicTask 6Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise49综合学术英语教程Unit4) What was the BMJ editors explanation for failure in resolvingserious d
87、oubts about the truthfulness of published studies done inCanadaandIndia?Becausenationalinvestigativebodiesandprofessionalassociationsthatoverseescientificresearcheitherdidnotexistorrefusedtohelp.5) What suggestion is given by some experts to ensure theinvestigationcommitteescredibility?The committee
88、 should add outsiders, and perhaps scientists fromother countries, who know the field and can help ensure that theinvestigationwillretainitsobjectivity.Reading about the TopicTask 6Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise50综合学术英语教程UnitSet 1 (from Para. A to J)1.institute(A)2.patch
89、y(B)3.glut(C)4.distort(C)5.perception(C)6.cite(E)7.pad(E)8.note(J)Reading about the TopicTask 7e.toestablishorstart(acustom,rule,etc.)f.notcompleteenoughtobeusefulg.anexcessivelyabundantsupplyofsomethinga.togiveamisleadingorfalseaccountorimpressionofsomethingb.thewayinwhichsomethingisregarded,unders
90、tood,orinterpretedh.tospeakorwritewordstakenfromaparticularwriterorwrittenworkc.tolengthenaspeechorpieceofwritingwithunnecessarymateriald.togiveyourattentiontosomethingbydiscussingitormakingawrittenrecordofitApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise51综合学术英语教程UnitSet 2 (from Para. K
91、 to S)1.uproar(K)2.tangle(K)3.police(K)4.alliance(K)5.knotty(O)6.caution(Q)7.retain(Q)8.allegation(R)Reading about the TopicTask 7e.aloudandimpassionednoiseordisturbanced.anuntidymassofthingsthatarenotinastateoforder,orastateofconfusionordifficultyh.tocontrolaparticularactivityorindustrybymakingsure
92、thatpeoplefollowthecorrectrulesconcerningwhattheydof.aunionorassociationformedformutualbenefit,especiallybetweencountriesororganizationsa.extremelydifficultorcomplexg.tosaysomethingasawarningc.keeporcontinuetohavesomethingb.aclaimorassertionthatsomeonehasdonesomethingillegalorwrong,typicallyonemadew
93、ithoutproofApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise52综合学术英语教程Unit1)Findthecausesinreading2and3fortheriseinfraud.a)Mostcountriesprotectivemeasuresareeitherpatchyoraltogetherabsent.b)Adrasticriseinthenumberofscientificjournalspublishedaroundthe world can confuse researchers, overwhe
94、lm quality-controlsystems, encourage fraud and distort the public perception offindings.Reading about the TopicTask 8Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise53综合学术英语教程Unit2)Listthecasesoffraudinmedicalresearchmentionedinthetworeadings.a)Dr.Hwangfabricatedresultsinoneofhislandmarkh
95、umancloningstudies,publishedinSciencelastspring.(Reading2)b)Dr. John.R.Darseewasfoundtohavefabricatedmuchdataformorethan100papers.(Reading2)c)AscientistattheLawrenceBerkeleyLaboratoryfakedwhatbeenhailedascrucialevidencelinkingpowerlinestocancerin1999.(Reading2)d)AtBellLabs,aseriesofextraordinaryclai
96、mssuddenlycollapsedin2002.(Reading2)e)TheBMJsaidthatitpublisheditsownversionofanIndianresearchinApril1982andthatithadlaterinvestigatedseriousquestionsaboutthevalidityoftheresearchformorethanadecadebeforespeakingout.(Reading3)Reading about the TopicTask 8Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegr
97、ated Exercise54综合学术英语教程Unit3)Whichwaysofcombatingscientificfraudaresuggestedorimpliedinthetworeadings?a)Bardishonestyandbadresearchwithatriplesafetynet.b)Passnewlawsandsetupgovernmentinvestigativebodies.c) Journal editors should take collective action to enhance theircredibility.d) National investig
98、ative bodies and professional associations thatoverseescientificresearchshouldprovidethenecessaryaid.e)Alliancesbetweenuniversityresearchersincountriesandbetweeninstitutionsshouldworktogether.f) The addition of outsiders, and perhaps scientists from othercountries, who know the field and can help en
99、sure that theinvestigationwillretainitsobjectivity.Reading about the TopicTask 8Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise55综合学术英语教程Unit4) Explain the phenomenon: Many great discoveries have beenmadeinmedicalresearch(Unit5),butfraudalsomostfrequentlytakeplaceinmedicalresearch.Readin
100、g about the TopicTask 8Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise56综合学术英语教程Unit1) Now experts believe that the science developing very quicklyaround the globe has made the problem even worse, for mostcountrieshavenottakenextrameasuresthattheUnitedStateshasputintopractice.(Para.A)Exp
101、erts now say that the explosive growth of science around theglobehasmadetheproblemfarworse,becausemostcountrieshaveyettoinstitutetheextrameasuresthattheUnitedStateshasputinplace.2)Thefactthatthenumberofscientificjournalspublishedaroundtheworldhasrisendramaticallyhelpstocausetheproblem.(Para.C)Contri
102、buting to the problem is a drastic rise in the number ofscientificjournalspublishedaroundtheworld.Reading about the TopicTask 9Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise57综合学术英语教程Unit3)Itwasmoreandmoredifficulttodestroyfraudcompletelybecausemostcountrieseitherhadunevenprotectivemeas
103、uresorhadnoneofthem.(Para.B)Fraudwasbecomingincreasinglydifficulttorootoutbecausemostcountriesprotectivemeasureswereeitherpatchyoraltogetherabsent.4)Dr.KennedystressedthatthemagazinehadntaccusedDr.Hwangoffraud.(Para.N)Dr.KennedyemphasizedthatthemagazinehadmadenoaccusationsoffraudagainstDr.Hwang.5)Ex
104、pertwarnedthatthecommitteeshouldaddoutsiders,andperhapsscientistsfromothercountriestomakeitmorecredible.(Para.Q)Expertscautionedthatthecommitteescredibilityrequirestheadditionofoutsiders,andperhapsscientistsfromothercountries.Reading about the TopicTask 9Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicInteg
105、rated Exercise58综合学术英语教程UnitSummarize Paragraphs A, B of Reading 3 using one sentence only. Coupled with the explosive growth of science is the rise in scientific scandals because of the absence of certain measures in many countries to investigate suspicions of fraud.Reading about the TopicTask 10Ap
106、proaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise59综合学术英语教程UnitExploring the TopicReading 4/Language Pointsbreedv.tokeepandtakecareofanimalsorplantsinordertoproducemoreanimalsorplantsofaparticularkinde.g.Shebelievesthatwearebreedingagenerationofchildrenwhoknownothingaboutthehistoryoftheircou
107、ntry.integrityn.thequalityofbeinghonestandfaire.g.Shehadtheintegritytorefusetocompromiseonmattersofprinciple.proposev.tosuggest(something,suchasaplanortheory)toapersonorgroupofpeopletoconsidere.g.Severalsenatorshaveproposedraisingthetax.Integrated ExerciseReading about the TopicApproaching the Topic
108、60综合学术英语教程Unitsentimentn.anattitudeoropinione.g.Hiscriticismofthecourtsdecisionexpressesasentimentthatissharedbymanypeople.stressfuladj.fulloforcausingstress:makingyoufeelworriedoranxiouse.g.Ihadastressfuldayatworktoday.n.stressreputationn. the common opinion that people have aboutsomeoneorsomething
109、:thewayinwhichpeoplethinkofsomeoneorsomethinge.g.Hehasearnedareputationasafirst-classplaywright.Reading 4Language PointsIntegrated ExerciseReading about the TopicApproaching the Topic61综合学术英语教程Unitcriticaladj.expressingcriticismordisapprovale.g.Theprogrampresentsacriticalanalysisofthegovernmentsstra
110、tegies.strainn.worrycausedbyhavingtodealwithaproblemorworktoohardoveralongperiodoftimee.g.Thetrialhasbeenaterriblestrainforbothofus.impose v. to cause (something, such as a tax, fine, rule, orpunishment) to affect someone or something by using yourauthoritye.g.Ineededtobreakfreefromthelimitsimposedb
111、ymyownfearoffailure.Reading 4Language PointsIntegrated ExerciseReading about the TopicApproaching the Topic62综合学术英语教程Unitdeviantadj.differentfromwhatisconsideredtobenormalormorallycorrecte.g.Somestudiesshowthatmanyviolentcriminalsbeginexhibitingdeviantbehaviorinearlychildhood.criminaln.apersonwhohas
112、committedacrimeorwhohasbeenprovedtobeguiltyofacrimebyacourte.g.Teenagersshouldnotbesenttoprisonwithhardenedcriminals.n.crimeacademian.thelife,community,orworldofteachers,schools,andeducatione.g.Shefoundthebusinessworldverydifferentfromacademia.Reading 4Language PointsIntegrated ExerciseReading about
113、 the TopicApproaching the Topic63综合学术英语教程UnitExploring the TopicTask 41)TheSouthKoreanscandalthatshooktheworldofsciencelastweek is just one sign of a global explosion in research that isoutstrippingthemechanismsmeanttoguardagainsterrorandfraud.TheSouthKoreanscandalthatcausedquiteastirinthescientific
114、world last week reveals just a symptom of a global explosion inresearch that is going beyond the mechanisms for rooting outmalfeasance.2)Andasresearcharoundtheglobehasincreased,mostwithoutthebenefit of such safeguards, so have the cases of scientificmisconduct.Withresearchexpandingglobally,mostresea
115、rchcannotbenefitfromsuchsafeguardsagainstscientificmisconducts.Integrated ExerciseReading about the TopicApproaching the Topic64综合学术英语教程UnitExploring the TopicTask 43) To be sure, most scientists resist pressures to cut corners andadheretothecannonsofscience,honoringthetruthaboveallelse.Surelythemaj
116、orityofscientistsgiveprioritytothetruth,holdingontotheprinciplesofscience,insteadofgivingintopressurestoscampandfakethework.4) Fraud was becoming increasingly difficult to root out becausemostcountriesprotectivemeasureswereeitherpatchyoraltogetherabsent.Eliminating fraud was more and more difficult
117、as safeguardmechanismswereeitherdeficientorlackinginmostcountries.5) Contributingto the problem is a drastic rise in the number ofscientificjournalspublishedaroundtheworld.Anexplosionofscientificjournalspublishedaroundtheworldleadstotheproblem.Integrated ExerciseReading about the TopicApproaching th
118、e Topic65综合学术英语教程UnitExploring the TopicTask 5Misconductisdetrimentaltoscientificprogressin many ways: it can result in honest researchers being disfavoured in thecompetitionforgrantsMoreover, it createsabottleneckCases of researcher misconduct can also lead to extensivenegativecoverageinthepressInt
119、egrated ExerciseReading about the TopicApproaching the Topic66综合学术英语教程UnitExploring the TopicTask 6Weshouldbefarmorescaredofmosquitoesthanweareofbears;butwerenot.Why not?Itshardtobesure,but my guess is thatithastodowiththewayourbrainsareworked. Just asthemoosefears the wolf, we easily fear lions and
120、 bears because theconnectionbetweendangerandtheanimalisclearandimmediate.Itisharder,Isuspect,todevelopfearofamosquitobecausethedeadly fever it brings does not happen straight after the bite.Instead, thereisatimedelayofdays,weeksoryears. In fact,theconnectionbetweenmosquitobitesandmalarialfeveris soo
121、bscurethat wewerentsureofituntil1897.Butourancestorshavebeenmakingconnectionsbetweenpredatorsanddeathforages.Integrated ExerciseReading about the TopicApproaching the Topic67综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 21_slavery_foreigninvestment_discrimination_onesway2_additionalstudy_consideration_attent
122、ion_continueddiscussionaugmentextractrawbarmeritretainretractassembleidentifyimposeenhancemanipulateApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic68综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 23_efforts_payments_power_security4_handwriting_onesbaggage_thefactors_onesprioritiesaugmentextrac
123、trawretainretractassembleidentifyimposeenhancemanipulateApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic69综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 25_information_oil_data_resources6_earlierstatements_thecontract_accusations_onessupportextractrawretainretractassembleimposeenhancemanipulate
124、Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic70综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 27_data_eggs_beginners_silk8_onesbeauty_thequality_onesknowledge_onesreputationrawretainassembleimposeenhancemanipulateApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic71综合学术英语教程UnitIn
125、tegrated ExercisesTask 29_fines_oneswill_constraints_punishments10_onesbeauty_thequality_onesknowledge_onesreputationretainassembleimposemanipulateApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic72综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 211_vigor_theinterest_theconfidence_allrecords12_ac
126、omputer_asituation_people_publicopinionsretainmanipulateApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic73综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 3fraudfraudulentfraudulencepublishpublicationpublishedpublisherfinancefinancialfinancierhonesthonestydishonestydishonestinvestigateinvestigati
127、veinvestigationconductmisconductconductivesuspicionsuspicioussuspectsuspiciouslyextractextractionextractorn.欺骗adj.欺骗性的n.欺骗行为v.出版n.出版物 adj.已出版的 n.出版者n.财政adj.财政的 n.金融家adj.诚实的n.诚实 n.不诚实 adj.不诚实的v.调查adj.研究的n.调查v.实施n.不正当的行为 adj.传导的n.猜疑adj.怀疑的 v.怀疑 adv.怀疑地v.选取n.提取 n.提取者Approaching the TopicReading about t
128、he TopicExploring the Topic74综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 3distortdistorteddistortionperceptionperceiveperceptiveperceptiblecitecitationciteableretainretainablecautioncautiouscautiouslyrespondrespondentresponseinstituteinstitutioninstitutionalignoreignoranceignorableassessassessmentassessabl
129、econsistconsistencyconsistentcontributecontributioncontributorcontributoryv.歪曲adj.受到曲解的n.扭曲n.理解 v.察觉adj.观察入微的adj.可察觉的v.引用 n.引用adj.可引用的v.保持adj.可保留的v.提醒/警告adj.谨慎的 adv.谨慎地v.回应n.被告n.答复v.制定n.公共机构 adj.制度上的v.忽视n.无知adj.可以忽视的v.评估n.评估adj.可估定的v.由组成 n.一致性 adj.一致的v.贡献n.贡献n.贡献者adj.贡献的Approaching the TopicReading
130、about the TopicExploring the Topic75综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 3(1) The laboratory was accused of having _ test results. (false)(2) For a politicianto cheat on his wife in America is a sign of_.(honest)(3) They called for the establishment of independent expertcommittees to investigate cla
131、ims of scientific _.(conduct)(4) Some business schools have a zero-tolerance policy when itcomestoplagiarismor_work.(fraud)(5)Inrecentyears,_statisticshaveassumedincreasingimportanceinassessingthequalityofapieceofresearch.(cite)falsified dishonestymisconductfraudulentcitationApproaching the TopicRea
132、ding about the TopicExploring the Topic76综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 3(6)Youshouldbe_ofthesedistractions,butallowyourselftheoccasionaldistractiontobreakupyourday.(caution)(7)Begintothinkfromthestandpointoftheeternaltruthsandprinciplesoflifeandnotfromthestandpointoffear,_,andsuperstition.(ig
133、nore)(8)Butaboveall,themostsignificant_theywillmakewillbehowitaffectsthesubjectspsychologically.(assess)(9)Therehasbeena_shiftinconsumerprioritiesawayfromthehomeandtowardsleisureparticularlyholidaysandfashion.(perceive)(10)Werefedupwiththemediascontinuing_ofourissues.(distort)cautiousignoranceassess
134、mentperceptibledistortionApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic77综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 4(1)modifyA.adapt B.adjustC.alterD.qualify(2)highlightA.overlookB.emphasizeC.stressD.underscore(3)spotA.blurB.makeoutC.recognizeD.identify(4)noteA.indicateB.mentionC.putforw
135、ardD.remarkApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic78综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 4(5)confirmA.approveB.assureC.validateD.deny(6)reproduceA.recreateB.repeatC.cultivateD.copy(7)incentiveA.motivationB.discouragement C.stimulusD.motive(8)alternativeA.substituteB.replaceme
136、ntC.choice D.hesitationApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic79综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 4(9)splitA.divide B.crackC.uniteD.break(10)ingredientA.elementB.componentC.factorD.panelApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic80综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated
137、 ExercisesTask 5(1)Weallknowthatthesechemicalshaveaharmfuleffectontheenvironment.Itiswell-knownthatthesechemicalshaveadetrimentalimpactontheenvironment.(2)TheygaveherascholarshiptostudyabroadforoneyearbecauseshedidwellinGRE.TheyawardedheragranttostudyabroadforoneyearbecausesheperformedwellinGRE.(3)T
138、emperatureswillriseveryquicklyovertheweekend,saytheweatherforecasters.Temperatures will soar over the weekend, say the weatherforecasters.Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic81综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 5(4)Thedevelopersgavebuildingplanstothecouncilforapproval.Th
139、edeveloperssubmittedbuildingplanstothecouncilforvalidation.(5)Womensmagazinesareoftenconsideredtobeskin-deep.Womensmagazinesareoftenperceivedtobesuperficial.(6)Brierleysbookhasthegoodqualityofprovidingalotofusefulinformation.Brierleysbookhasthemeritofbeinginformative.(7)Everybodybelievedthatthepresi
140、dentwasamanofhonestyandstrongmoralprinciples.Noonedoubtedthatthepresidentwasamanofintegrity.(8)WeremovingproductiontoDetriot.WeretransferringproductiontoDetroit.Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic82综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 5(9) The reporter mentioned that the
141、football supporters werepreventedfromgettingintothecentreofthetown.Thereporternotedthatthecentreofthetownwasbarredtofootballsupporters.(10) They felt that our discussions with other companies was abreakingofouragreement.They felt that our discussions with other companies constituted abreachofouragre
142、ement.Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic83综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 7(2)实验的中长期效果尚不得而知。（remaintobeseen）Themediumandlong-termeffectsoftheexperimentremaintobeseen.(3)检查机关有责任为被检查的单位保守技术秘密。（inspecting,haveanobligation）The inspecting authorities shall have the oblig
143、ation to keep thetechnologicalsecretsoftheunitsinspected.(4)他的实验发现首先贴在一个互联网新闻组，而后众所皆知。（post,burstintopublicview）AttheverybeginninghisexperimentalfindingswerepostedonanInternetnewsgroupandthenburstintopublicview.Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic84综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated E
144、xercisesTask 7(5)他们宣布能克隆人，这一消息震惊全国。（shake）Theirannouncementthathumanbeingscanbeclonedhasshakenthewholecountry.(6)我们应该采取集体行动打击学术不端行为。（takecollectiveaction,fight）Weshouldtakecollectiveactiontofightacademicmisconduct.(7)研究者承认这些区别的数据是零落分散的（acknowledge,patchy）Theresearchersacknowledgethatthedataonthesedi
145、fferencesarepatchy.Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic85综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 7(8)他的讲座未能使听众的兴趣保持下去。（fail,retain）Hislecturefailedtoretaintheinterestofhisaudience.(9)实验的一次次失败使得那种仪器的缺点不容忽视。（makeimpossibletoignore）Failureafterfailureintheexperimentmadetheweakne
146、ssesofthatdeviceimpossibletoignore.(10)这一设想似乎注定要在想象里停留一段时间才能变成现实了。（destined）Thisvisionseemsdestinedtoremainintherealmoftheimaginationforsometimetocometrue.Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic86综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesListening 2A.Listening to Listening 2 and choose
147、 the best answers to the following questions. B. Listen again and write a short summary of Listening 2 in about 100 words.CBADB12345Apeer-reviewedacademicjournalofpsychologyrefusedtoacceptthearticleswhichtriedtoreplicatethefindingsofapublishedarticleandprovidednegativedata.Thesamethingalsohappensinc
148、ancerresearchandintheacademicmedicine.Thesearegoodexamplesofpublicationbiasthephenomenonthatunflatteringdatagetslost,getsunpublished.Although those are stories from 20, 30 years ago and the academicpublishingenvironmentisverydifferentnow,thisproblemofnegativeresultsthatgomissinginactionisstillverypr
149、evalent.Weshouldmakeiteasier to publish negative results in science, and scientists should beencouragedtopostmoreoftheirnegativeresultsinpublic.Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic87综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesListening 3C. Listening to Listening 3 and decide whether t
150、he following statements are true or false._(1)Theresearchersofthetrialoffishoilpillsclaimedthatfish oil pills improve school performance and behavior inmainstreamchildren._(2)Theproblemofthetrialoffishoilpillsisthatthereisnocontrolgroup._(3)Thespeakerregardstheplaceboeffectastherealreasonforchildren
151、sbetterschoolperformanceandbehaviourinthetrialoffishoilpills._(4)Thespeakerarguesforthetrialsagainstplacebo._(5) In order to get their predictable conclusion, someresearchersinmedicinedontgiveaninsanedose,butverymuchatthehighendofnormalintheirtrial.TrueTrueFalseFalseTrueApproaching the TopicReading
152、about the TopicExploring the Topic88综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesListening 3D.Listen again and then fill in the blanks when listening.Butthatsnotenough.WhatIvejustshownyouareexamplesoftheverysimpleandstraightforwardwaysthatjournalistsandfood supplement pill peddlers distort evidence for their own
153、purposes.WhatIfindreallyfascinatingisthatthepharmaceuticalindustry uses exactlythe same kinds of tricks and devices, but slightlymoresophisticatedversionsofthem,inordertodistorttheevidencethattheygivetodoctorsandpatients,andwhichweusetomakevitallyimportantdecisions.Sofirstly,trialsagainstplacebo:eve
154、rybodythinkstheyknowthat a trial should be a comparison of your new drug againstplacebo.Butactuallyinalotofsituationsthatswrong.12345Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic89综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesListening 3Because often we already have a very good treatment that is
155、currentlyavailable,sowedontwanttoknowthatyouralternativenewtreatmentisbetterthannothing.Wewanttoknowthatitsbetterthanthebestcurrentlyavailabletreatmentthatwehave.Andyet,youconsistentlyseepeopledoingtrialsstillagainstplacebo.Andyoucangetlicensetobringyourdrugtomarketwithonlydatashowingthatitsbetterth
156、annothing,whichisuselessforadoctorlikemetryingtomakeadecision.Butthatsnottheonlywayyoucanmanipulateyourdata.Youcanalsomanipulateyourdatabymakingthethingyoucompareyournewdrugagainstreallyrubbish.Youcangivethecompetingdrugintoolowadose,sothatpeoplearentproperlytreated.Youcangivethecompetingdrugintoohi
157、ghadose,sothatpeoplegetsideeffects.6789101112Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic90综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesListening 3And this is exactly what happened 20 years ago when a newgenerationofantipsychoticdrugswerebroughtinandthepromisewasthattheywouldhavefewersideeffec
158、ts.Sopeoplesetaboutdoingtrialsofthesenewdrugsagainsttheolddrugs,buttheygavetheolddrugsinridiculouslyhighdoses20milligramsadayofhaloperidol.Anditsapredictableconclusion,ifyougiveadrugatthathighadose,thatitwillhavemoresideeffectsandthatyournewdrugwilllookbetter.131415Approaching the TopicReading about
159、 the TopicExploring the Topic91综合学术英语教程UnitAdditional ActivitiesSentence ParaphrasingApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the TopicSentence1ParaphrasingCases of researcher misconduct, particularly in areas with potential social implications, such as stem cells, cancer research or cl
160、imate change can also lead to extensive negative coverage in the press and have the potential to reduce confidence in the scientific process.Cases of researcher misconduct, particularly in areas with potential social implications, such as stem cells, cancer research or climate change can also cause
161、extensive negative coverage in the media and have the potential to reduce confidence in the scientific process.92综合学术英语教程UnitAdditional ActivitiesSentence ParaphrasingApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the TopicSentence2ParaphrasingExperts now say that the explosive growth of scie
162、nce around the globe has made the problem far worse because most countries have yet to institute the extra measures that the United States has put in place.Experts now say that the a lot of growth of science around the globe has made the problem far worse because most countries have yet to institute
163、 the extra measures that the United States has put in place.93综合学术英语教程UnitAdditional ActivitiesSentence ParaphrasingApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the TopicSentence3ParaphrasingAnd up to 60 percent admitted to lesser types of undesirable behavior such as careless handling of r
164、adioactive material or inadequately monitoring research due to work overload. And up to 60 percent of lesser types of undesirable behavior such as careless handling of radioactive material or inadequately monitoring research is because of working overload. 94综合学术英语教程UnitAdditional Activities Blank-F
165、illingDirections:Fill the blanks with the proper prepositions. 1.Parentsofeithersexshouldbewareofimposingtheirowntastes_theirchildren.2.Sheadhered_thestrictIslamicdresscode.3.WiththatamountofmoneyIshouldbeabletoengage_someprofitablebusiness.4.Shehasbeenintenselydevotingherself_thestudyofforeignlangu
166、agesincollege5.Herassistantwasaccused_theftandfraudbythepolice.ononApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topictotoinintotoofof95综合学术英语教程UnitAdditional ActivitiesGroup Research ProjectApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the TopicInwritingacademic-relatedpapers,pl
167、agiarismistheunforgiveablemistakethatseverelybreaktheethiccode.However,somepeoplearguethattheyhaveunconsciouslydoneitbecausetheysimplyneedtociteotherswork.Compare“plagiarism”with“citation”thoroughly. Findoutthedifferencesbetweenthem.Then present to other groups how toavoidplagiarismandwhatisthestandardwayofcitation.96综合学术英语教程UnitThe End97综合学术英语教程Unit
