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1、Lexicology 魏冕 2013.9.17Chapter 2 The Development of the English VocabularyWhy do we learn this chapter?To answer the questions like:1. Where does the English language come from?2. In what way is English related to other languages?3. Why the Germanic dialects known as English now?4. What is the size
2、of the vocabulary of the first settlers?5. How has it developed into what is now a huge modern vocabulary?6. What influence do other languages have on English?2.1 The Indo-European Language FamilyEurope， the Near East， India Ten principal groups:the Eastern set: Balto Slavic斯拉夫语Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语 Arm
3、enian and Albanian亚美尼亚语the Western set: Celtic凯尔特语Italic意大利语Hellenic希腊语Germanic日耳曼语Hittite赫梯语Tocharian 吐火罗语the East setArmenian and Albanian are the sole modern language in the two repective families.The Balto-Slavic: Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and Russian.The Indo-Ira
4、nian: Perisan, Bengali, Hindi, Romany (derived from the dead language Sanskrit.the Western setHittite and Tocharian find no descendants of their own.Hellenic: GreekCeltic: Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Cornish, Breton and Pictish.Italic: Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian and RoumanianGermanic: Norwegia
5、n, Icelandic, Danish,Swedish(Scandinavian),German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2.2 Three Phases of the Historical Development1） Old English （450-1150） totally 50,000-60,000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts, the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman
6、Legions.The Germanic tribes called angles, Saxons and Jutes and their language, Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English.At the end of 6th century, the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary.In the 9th century
7、, many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English, our daily life and speech.特点： highly inflected language, complex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2） Middle English （1150-1500） English, Latin,FrenchUntil 1066, although there were borrowings
8、from Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century, English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them
9、are till in use today.特点： fewer inflections, leveled ending3） Modern English （1500-up to now） early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance, Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western worlds great literary heritage.The Industrial Revolution w
10、as in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization, British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe, thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of theworld.After World War II, many new words have been created to express new ideas, inventions and sc
11、ientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation. 2.3 General Characteristics1. Receptivity, Adaptability and Heterogeneity2. Simplicity of Inflection3. Relatively Fixed Word-order It may fairly be said that English is among the easiest languages to speak badly, but the most d
12、ifficult to use well.2.5 Growth of Contemporary English VocabularyThere are three main sources of new words:The rapid development (growth) of modern science and technology;Social, economic and political changes;The influence of other cultures and languages.Coin 创造创造 Source 来源来源 Changing 变化变化 Life-st
13、yle 生活方式生活方式 Breed 繁殖繁殖 Astrobiology 太空生物学太空生物学 Shuttle 穿梭机穿梭机 Earthrise 地出地出 Orbit 轨道轨道Retrovirus 逆转录酶病毒逆转录酶病毒Surgery 外科手术外科手术 Fallout 放射尘放射尘 Irradiation 放射放射 Atomic 原子的原子的 Megavitamin 大量维生素大量维生素 Soy milk 豆奶豆奶 Granny glasses 金框眼镜金框眼镜 Pant suit 喘气装喘气装 Hip hugger 拥抱拥抱 Punk rock 朋克摇滚朋克摇滚 Soul music 黑人
14、乐黑人乐 Talk shows 谈话节目谈话节目 Boob tube 电视机电视机 Petropolitics 石油政治石油政治 Watergate 水门水门 Stagflation 物价上涨物价上涨 Demand-pull 通货膨胀通货膨胀 Open university 开放大学开放大学 Pass-failing grade 传递失败等级传递失败等级 Telequiz 电视问答电视问答 Chairperson 主席主席 Girlcott 妇女抵制妇女抵制 Mary Jane 大麻大麻 Soft drug 软毒品软毒品 Head shop 店店 A host of 一大群一大群 Cuisin
15、e 菜肴菜肴 Stir frying 炒炒 Pita bread 疲沓面包疲沓面包 Tahini 芝麻酱芝麻酱 Felafel 沙拉三明治沙拉三明治 Nationalist 民族主义者民族主义者 Mao jacket 人民装人民装 Nehru jacket 尼赫鲁装尼赫鲁装 Martial 军队的军队的 Aikido 合气道合气道 Kungfu 功夫功夫 Dojo 柔道训练学校柔道训练学校 Black belt 黑带黑带 Suffice 满足满足 2.6 Modes of Vocabulary DevelopmentCreationSemantic change BorrowinghomeworkQuestion 11, 12,13 on text bookQuestion 14,15 on notebookThank you !
