《专题七合同和协议的翻译课件》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《专题七合同和协议的翻译课件（215页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Topicseven:Translationofcontracts7.1BasicConceptofContract7.2TheStructureofContract7.3TwoLanguageFeaturesintheContractDocuments7.4FollowingContractualNorms7.5Restructuringthesentence7.6TranslationPractice7.1BasicConceptofContractAnagreementbetweentwoormorepartiesthatisenforceablebylaw,alegallyenforc
2、eableandlegallybindingagreement.Contractisalegallyenforceableagreement.99年中国合同法:ContractsreferredtointhisLawareagreementsestablishing,modifyingandterminatingthecivilrightsandobligationsbetweensubjectsofequalfooting,thatis,betweennaturalpersons,legalpersonsorotherorganizations.合同英语属于庄重文体（frozenstyle）
3、，是各种英语文体中正式程度最高的一种。总体来说，这种正式性体现在内容的专业性、语言的严谨性和结构的完整性等方面。Arecentdefinitionofcontractis“therelationsamongpartiestotheprocessofprojectingexchangeintothefuture.”Oneofthemeritsofthisdefinitionisthatitstressesthatacontractestablishesaninterrelationshipamongthecontractingpartiesthatisbroaderthantheirpromis
4、esandagreement.7.2TheStructureofContract/StandardizingtheStructure规范合同结构规范合同结构7.2.1Preambleofacontract7.2.2Mainbodyofacontract7.2.3Finalclausesofacontract/witnessclause（结尾条款）Howtocheckthecontracts?*ValidityClauseofContracts*DefinitionandWhereas（定义条款和补充条款）*AssignmentandGuaranty（合同让与和保证）*Rescissionand
5、Termination（废除和终止）*DefaultandEscape（违约和逃避）*ArbitrationandJurisdiction7.2.1Preambleofacontract国际商务合同的前言部分，主要包括两个方面的内容：其一，说明合同签订的时间、地点以及合同双方的名称、营业地点、依某国某法成立和存在。 其二，“鉴于条款”（whereasclause），说明签订合同的背景情况以及签约的目的和原则。Example:(1)THISCONTRACT,madeandenteredintoin(placeofsignature)onthis_dayof_,20_,本合同于本合同于本合同于本合
6、同于20_20_年年_月月_日日在在在在（签约地点）（签约地点）byandbetween(nameoftheparty),acorporationdulyorganizedandexistingunderthelawsof(nameofcountry)withitsdomicileat(address)(hereinafterreferredtoasPartyA),由由由由按按（国家名称）（国家名称）法律组建成立的，法律组建成立的，营业地点在（公司地址）营业地点在（公司地址）的的_公司公司（以下称作（以下称作甲方甲方）and(nameoftheparty),acompanyincorporat
7、edandexistingunderthelawsof(nameofcountry)withitsdomicileat(address)(hereinafterreferredtoasPartyB)，和和和和按（按（国家名称国家名称）法律注册成立的、）法律注册成立的、营业地点在（公司地址）营业地点在（公司地址）的的_公司公司（以下简称（以下简称乙方乙方）共同签订共同签订共同签订共同签订. .Exe.Exe.本本本本合合合合同同同同由由由由中中国国ABCABC公公司司， 总总公公司司设设于于于于中中国国上上海海（以以下下简简称称卖卖方方）与与与与美美国国XYZXYZ公公司司， 总总公公司司设设于
8、于于于美美国国纽纽约约州州纽纽约约市市（以以下下简简称称买买方方）于于于于19981998年年3 3月月2929日日订订订订立于立于立于立于中国上海，双方同意按下述条件买卖下列货物：中国上海，双方同意按下述条件买卖下列货物：ThiscontractismadeThiscontractismadethis29thdayofMarch,1998ininShanghai,ChinabybyandandbetweenbetweenABCCorporation.China(hereinafterreferredtoas“Seller”),a_Corporationhavingtheirprincipal
9、officeinShanghai,Chinawhoagreetosell,andandXYZCorporation(hereinafterreferredtoas“Buyer”),aCorporationhavingtheirprincipalofficeinNewYork,USA,whoagreestobuythefollowinggoodsonthetermsandconditionsasbelow:Exe.Exe.本合同由AA公司（以下称买方）和BB有限公司（以下称卖方）于2007年8月8日签定。凭此，买方同意购买、卖方同意出售本货物，其条款如下:ThisContractismadeon
10、August8th,2007byandbetweenAACorporation(hereinafterreferredtoas“theBuyer”)andBBLtd.(hereinafterreferredtoas“theSeller”)wherebytheBuyeragreestobuyandtheSelleragreestosellthefollowinggoodsonthetermsandconditionsasfollows:PreambleofaContractPreambleofaContract双方同意按下述条款买卖下列货物.Bothpartiesagreetobuyandsel
11、lthefollowinggoodsonthetermsandconditionsasbelow.买方同意购买、卖方同意出售本货物，其条款如下.TheBuyeragreestobuyandtheSelleragreestosellthefollowinggoodsonthetermsandconditionsasfollows.WITNESSETHTHAT兹证明：明：WHEREASPartyAhasbeenaleadingtradingcompanyinthefieldofthesaidproductsandiswillingtoarrangethemanufacture,assemblyan
12、dmarketingofthesaidproducts,and鉴鉴于于于于_WHEREASbothpartiesaredesiroustoestablishajointventurecompanytomanufacture,assembleandmarketthesaidproducts.鉴鉴于于于于_NOW,THEREFORE,inconsiderationofthepremisesandmutualcovenantshereincontained,thepartiesheretoagreeasfollows:(NOW,therefore,thepartiesheretoagreeasfol
13、lows:)故双方故双方故双方故双方经协经协商一致同意如下：商一致同意如下：商一致同意如下：商一致同意如下：7.2.2. 7.2.2. Mainbodyofacontract定义条款 （Definitionclause)基本条款（Basicconditions)一般条款（Generaltermsandconditions)a.合同有效期限 （Duration)b.终止 (Termination)c.不可抗力 （Force Majeure)d.合同的让与 （Assignment)e.仲裁 （Arbitration)f.适用法律 （governing law) g.诉讼管辖 （Jurisdicti
14、on)h.通知手续 （Notice)i.合同的修改 （Amendment)j.其他 （Others)Example2:Arbitration:仲裁：仲裁：AlldisputesarisingfromtheperformanceofthisContractshouldbesettledthroughfriendlynegotiation.一切因执行执行本合同引起引起的争议争议，均应由双方友好协商协商解决。Shouldnosettlementbereachedthroughnegotiation,thecaseshallbesubmittedforarbitrationintheCountrywh
15、erethedefendantresides.如协商如协商不能解决，则应提交仲裁应提交仲裁，仲裁应在被告被告所在国进行。IfthearbitrationtakesplaceinChina,thecaseshallbesubmittedtotheForeignTradeArbitrationCommissionoftheChinaCouncilforthePromotionofInternationalTrade,ShanghaiandthearbitrationrulesofthisCommissionshallbeapplied.如仲裁如仲裁在中国，应提交应提交上海中国国际贸易促进委员会国际
16、贸易促进委员会对外贸易仲裁委员会对外贸易仲裁委员会，按照其仲裁规则进行仲裁。IfthearbitrationtakesplaceintheUSA,thecaseshallbesubmittedtotheForeignTradeArbitrationCommissionofCouncilforthePromotionofInternationalTrade,N.Y.andthearbitrationrulesofthisarbitrationorganizationshallbeapplied.如仲裁如仲裁在美国，应提交应提交纽约国际贸易促进委员会国际贸易促进委员会对外贸易仲裁委员会对外贸易仲裁
17、委员会，按照其仲裁规则进行仲裁。Theawardofthearbitrationshallbefinalandbindinguponbothparties.Thearbitrationfeeshallbebythelosingpartyunlessotherwiseawardedbythearbitrationorganization.该仲裁委员会的裁决裁决为终局性的为终局性的，对双方均有约束力有约束力，仲裁费用，除非仲裁委员会另有裁定，即由败方承担。Example1:Penalty:违约金：违约金：(1)FailuretoMakeTimelyDelivery未按期交货未按期交货. .Inth
18、eeventtheSellerforitsownfailstomakedeliveryofallthegoodsontimeasstipulatedinthiscontract,theSellershallpayapenaltytotheBuyer. 如果如果卖方由于自身原因未能按合同规定按期交付全部货物，卖方应应向买方支付违约金。Example1:Penalty:违约金：违约金：(1)FailuretoMakeTimelyDelivery未按期交货未按期交货. .IntheeventtheSellerforitsownsakefailstomakedeliveryofallthegoodso
19、ntimeasstipulatedinthiscontract,theSellershallpayapenaltytotheBuyer. 如果如果卖方由于自身原因未能按合同规定按期交付全部货物，卖方应应向买方支付违约金。(2)FailuretoTimelyOpentheLetterofCredit 未按期开立信用证未按期开立信用证 IntheeventthattheBuyerforitsownsakefailstoopentheLetterofCreditontimeasstipulatedinthiscontract,theBuyershallpaypenaltytotheSeller. 如
20、果如果买方由于自身原因未能未能按合同规定及时开立信用证，买方应应支付卖方违约金违约金。Arbitration仲裁:有关本合同买卖双方之间所引起的任何纠纷，争议,或歧见,可付诸仲裁.Arbitration:Anydisputes,controversiesordifferenceswhichmayarisebetweenthepartiesinconnectionwiththiscontractmaybereferredtoarbitration.Arbitration仲裁条款:(1)凡因履行本合同所发生的或与本合同有关的任何争议,双方应通过友好协商解决.如果通过协商仍不能达成协议时,应提交仲裁
21、解决.(2)仲裁裁决是终局的,对双方均有约束力.(3)仲裁费用由败诉方负担.Arbitration:(1)AnydisputearisingfromtheexecutionorinconnectionwiththeContractshallbesettledthroughfriendlynegotiation.Incasenosettlementcanbereachedthroughnegotiation,thedisputeshallbesubmittedforarbitration(2)Thearbitrationawardshallbefinalandbindinguponbothpar
22、ties.(3)Thearbitrationfeeshallbebornebythelosingparty.Arbitration(2)仲裁裁决是终局的,对双方均有约束力.(3)除非仲裁委员会另有裁定,仲裁费用由败诉方负担.(2)Thearbitrationawardshallbefinalandbindinguponbothparties.(3)Thearbitrationfeeshallbebornebythelosingpartyunlessotherwiseawardedbythecommission.Example3：ForceMajeure:不可抗力：不可抗力：Neitherpar
23、tyshallbeheldresponsibleforfailureordelaytoperformalloranypartofthisContractduetoflood,fire,earthquake,snowstorm,hailstorm,hurricane,war,governmentprohibitionoranyothereventsthatareunforeseeableatthetimeoftheexecutionofthisContractandcouldnotbecontrolled,avoidedorovercomebysuchparty.任何一方如果由于洪水、火灾、地震
24、、雪暴、雹暴、龙卷风、战争、政策禁令或其他在合同执行执行时无法预见并不能控制、不可避免或无法克服的事件致使不能或迟延履行合同的全部或一部分时，该方不承担责任。However,thepartywhoseperformanceisaffectedbytheeventof Force MajeureshallgiveanoticetotheotherpartyofitsoccurrenceassoonaspossibleandacertificateoradocumentoftheoccurrenceoftheForce Majeureeventissuedbytherelativeauthorit
25、yoraneutralindependentthirdpartyshallbesenttotheotherpartybyairmailnotlaterthan15daysafteritsoccurrence.但是，受不可抗力影响不可抗力影响的一方应应立即通知另一方，并不晚于事件发生后15天向另一方航空邮寄有关当局或独立的中立第三方出具的发生此种事件的证明书或文件。ForceMajeure如果不可抗力事件持如果不可抗力事件持续120天以上天以上,任何一方有任何一方有权终止合同止合同.IntheeventthatForceMajeurelastsover120days,bothpartiessha
26、llhavetherighttoterminatethecontract.ForceMajeure因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时,卖方不负责任.IncaseofForceMajeure,thesellershallnotheldresponsibleforlatedeliveryornon-deliveryofthegoods.由于战争,水灾,火灾,台风,地震或其他不可抗力原因,致使卖方不能在合同规定期限内交货或不能交货,卖方不负责任.IncaseofForceMajeuresuchaswar,fire,flood,typhoonandearthquakeorothereventsofFo
27、rceMajeure,thesellershallnotheldresponsiblefordelayindeliveryornon-deliveryofthegoods.Example4.Claims:Except those claims for which a third party isliable,shouldthequality,specifications,quantity,weight, packing and requirements for safety orsanitation/hygieneofthegoodsbefoundnotinconformitywiththes
28、tipulationstothiscontract,theBuyershallgiveawrittennoticeofclaimstotheSellerandshallhavetherighttolodgeclaimsagainst the Seller based on the InspectionCertificateissuedbytheInspectionOrganizationprovidedinClauses14.2tothisContractwithin21daysfromthedateofcompletionofunloadingofthegoodsattheportofunl
29、oading.Intheeventofnonconformity,theSellershallpromptlyrepairorreplacesuchgoodsorsupplythequantitythatisdeficient.除了第三方应负责任的索赔，如发现货物的质量、规格、数量、重量、包装及涉及安全或卫生/保健等方面和合同的规定不一致，买方应对卖方发出书面通知并有权根据第14条第2款中所述的有关检验当局出据的检验证书对卖方提出索赔。索赔应在卸货港卸货完成后21天内提出。如发生不一致，卖方应立即修理或更换这些货物或补充数量。 IntheeventthattheBuyerdoesnotmake
30、suchclaimwithintheabove-mentionedtime-limit,theBuyershallforfeititsrighttomakeaclaimwithrespecttothequantitydeficiencyortheapparentqualitydefect.如果买方未在上述期限内提出索赔，则买方将视为放弃对货物数量不足或明显的质量瑕疵索赔的权利。Example5.Termination:合同的解除合同的解除Exceptasprovidedelsewhere,thisContractmaybeterminatedineitherofthefollowingcase
31、:除非另有约定，该合同将在下述情况下解除：1)Throughmutualwrittenagreementbybothparties;双方共同达成书面协议；2)Iftheotherpartyfailstoperformitsobligationswithinthetime-limitagreeduponinthisContract,andfailstoeliminateorremedysuchbreachwithin7daysfollowingthereceiptofthenoticethereoffromthenon-breachingparty.如果另一方未能在合同约定的时间内履行其义务，并
32、且在收到未违约方通知后起七天内未能消除违约或采取补救措施Insuchcasethenon-breachingpartyshallgiveawrittennoticetotheotherpartytoterminatethisContract.在此情况下，未违约方应书面通知违约方解除合同。7.2.3Finalclausesofacontract/witnessclause结尾条款主要应明确的内容有：(1)合同使用的文字及其效力使用的文字及其效力 (Languagesinwhichthecontractistobewrittenanditsvalidity)。(2)有时还应订立对合同进行修改或补充
33、的内容对合同进行修改或补充的内容，并明确在合同的结尾规定附件附件为本合同不可分割的组成部分。(3)在合同的结尾部分还应明确规定：合同在双方授权代表签字后正式生效合同在双方授权代表签字后正式生效。 Example11.This Contract is made out in two originals,eachcopywritteninChineseandEnglishlanguages,bothtextsbeingequallyvalid.Incaseofanydivergence of interpretation,theChinesetextshallprevail.本合同正文一式两份，分
34、别以中文和英文书写，两种文本具有同等效力。若对其解释产生异议，则(将将)以中文本为准。2.Anyamendment and/or supplementtothiscontractshallbevalid onlyaftertheauthorizedrepresentativesofbothpartieshavesignedwrittendocuments(s),formingintegral part(s)ofthisContract.本合同的任何修改和补充修改和补充，只有在双方授权的代表授权的代表在书面文件上签字后才才能生效生效，并成为本合同不可分割的不可分割的组成部分。3.ThisCont
35、ractshallcome into forceafterthesignaturesbytheauthorized representativesofbothparties.本合同将将在双方授权代表签字后正式生效。Example2本合同的签署需在见证人出席下经双方签字.自买卖双方签署之日起生效。本合同用中文和英文两种文字写成,一式两份,双方各执一份.如中文本与英文本出现差异,以英文本为准.ThisContractshallbesignedbytheBuyerandtheSellerinthepresenceofwitnessandbeeffectedcommencingfromthedateo
36、fsigning.Thiscontractshallbemadeinduplicate,bothinEnglishandChineseandEachPartyshallkeeponecopy.IncaseofanydiscrepanciesbetweentheChineseandtheEnglishcopy,theEnglishcopyshallgovern.Example3.本合同用中英文两种文字写成,两种文字具有同等效力,自双方代表签(盖章)之日起生效.买方代表(签字):_卖方代表(签字):_ThisContractshallbewritteninChineseandEnglish.Bot
37、hversionsareequallyauthentic.ThisContractshallcomeintoeffectsincebeingsigned/sealedbybothparties.RepresentativeoftheBuyer(Signature):_RepresentativeoftheSeller(Signature):_本合同用中文和英文两种文字写成,一式两份,双方各执一份中文正本和一份英文正本.两种文本具有同等效力.本合同自双方授权代表签字之日起生效。ThiscontractismadeoutinduplicateinChineseandEnglishlanguage,
38、oneChineseoriginalcopyandoneEnglishoriginalcopyforeachParty,bothtextsbeingequallyauthentic.Thiscontractshallcomeintoforcefromthedateitissignedbytheauthorizedrepresentativesofbothparties.ThisContractshallbewritteninChineseandEnglishinduplicate.Bothversionsareequallyauthentic.ThisContractshallcomeinto
39、effectsincebeingsignedbytheauthorizedrepresentativesofbothparties.本合同本合同经双方双方签字生效字生效,有效期两年有效期两年.Thecontractshallcomeintoeffectonassoonasitisdulysignedbybothpartiesandshallremaineffectivefortwoyears.inwitnesswhereof/thereof“兹证明明”一般合同一般合同结尾尾,有有时大写大写INWITNESSWHEREOF/THEREOF,表表示所示所签合同事合同事项的的证据据.INWITNES
40、SWHEREOF,thepartiesheretohaveexecutedthisContractinduplicatebytheirauthorizedrepresentatives.WITNESS:_WITNESS:_PartyA:_PartyB:_兹证明明:本合同由双方授本合同由双方授权代表代表签定定,一式两份一式两份.见证人人:_见证人人:_甲方甲方:_乙方乙方:_7.3LanguageFeaturesintheContractDocumentsTheContractdocumentisnotaliteraryessay,norapieceofdramaticprose.Itisale
41、galdocumentwhichthePartiestotheContractshallcomplywith.Thelanguageusedinthecontractdocumentsshallbeclear,unadorned(自然的,不加渲染的)andlegal.7.3.1OneoflanguagefeaturesintheContractdocumentsisitswording.Thewordsandphrasesusedinthesaiddocumentsshallbelegal,formal,seriousandaccurate.-BigWordsTheEmployerhereby
42、covenantstopaytheContractorinconsiderationoftheexecutionandcompletionoftheWorksandtheremedyingofdefectstherein theContractPrice.业主特此立约保证特此立约保证向承包人支付合同总价，以作为本工程施工、竣工及修改工程中缺陷的报酬。7.3.2Theotherlanguagefeatureisthatanexpressionmaycontaintwo synonyms or more repeatingeachotherinmeaningtoavoidpossiblemisun
43、derstanding.PartyAshallnolongerberesponsibleforkeepingsecretandconfidentialthepartalreadypublished.AnysuchconsentshallnotrelievetheContractorfromanyliabilityorobligationundertheContract.TheamendmentstooralterationsofthisContractbecomeeffectonlyaftertheyaresignedbythePartiesheretoandapprovedbytheorig
44、inalapprovingauthorities.7.4FollowingContractualNorms7.4.1UsingCapitalization7.4.2Usingthereof,hereinandthelike（specialadv.)7.4.3Usinglegalterm“shall”7.4.4Usingdefiningwords:mean,shallbe,is/are,shallmean,etc.7.4.5.UsingConditionalClauses7.4.6.Usingotherspecificphrases7.4.1UsingCapitalizationEitherPa
45、rtymaytransferallorpartofitsregisteredcapitalcontributiontotheCompanytoanythirdparty,providedthatitfirstobtainstheunanimousapprovaloftheBoardandtheapprovaloftheApprovalAuthorityandcomplieswiththeprovisionsofthisArticle.合同中凡作过定义的词语，其首字母均大写。Board：theboardofdirectors(董事会)ApprovalAuthority：在涉外合同中为theexa
46、minationandapprovalauthority(审批机构)registeredcapitalcontribution：contributiontotheregisteredcapital(在注册资本中的出资额)EitherPartymaytransferallorpartofitsregisteredcapitalcontributiontotheCompanytoanythirdparty,providedthatitfirstobtainstheunanimousapprovaloftheBoardandtheapprovaloftheApprovalAuthorityandco
47、mplieswiththeprovisionsofthisArticle.任何一方均可将其任何一方均可将其在公司注册资本中在公司注册资本中的全部和部分出资的全部和部分出资转让给任何第三方，转让给任何第三方，但该转让首先须经但该转让首先须经董事会一致董事会一致通过通过及及审批机构的审批机构的审批审批，并符合本条的规定。并符合本条的规定。ThetitlestotheArticlesinthisAgreementandinthesaidExhibitsareforconvenienceofreferenceonly,notpartofthisAgreement,andshallnotinanyway
48、affecttheinterpretationofthatAgreement.a.ThetitlestotheArticlesinthisAgreementandinthesaidExhibitsareforconvenienceofreferenceonly,notpartofthisAgreement,andshallnotinanywayaffecttheinterpretationthereof.7.4.2本协议的各条款和协议的附录中使用的标题，仅为了查阅方便，并非本协议的构成部分，绝不影响本协议内容的解释。b.“LicensedProducts”meansthedevicesandp
49、roductsdescribedinSchedule1annexedheretotogetherwithallimprovementandmodificationthereofordevelopmentwithrespectthereto.“LicensedProducts”meansthedevicesandproductsdescribedinSchedule1annexedtothisAgreement/ContracttogetherwithallimprovementandmodificationofthatProductsordevelopmentwithrespecttothat
50、Products.“特许产品”系指本协议附表1中所述的装置和产品，及其全部改进和修改的产品或与之有关的研制产品。c.TheSellerhereby特此，在此特此，在此warrantsthatthegoodsmeetthequalitystandardandarefreefromalldefects.d.ThePartiesmutuallyagreethatthesaidAgreementshallbeherebycancelled.缔约双方彼此同意，特此取消该协议。e.TheLicensehereingrantedisconditionedonPartyBsellingLicensedDevi
51、cesatpricesnomorefavorablethanthosefollowedbyPartyA.herein=inthis在这里，此中，在此在这里授予的许可证是以乙方出售特许装置的价格不得优于甲方所遵循的价格为条件。f.AnydisputeswhicheitherpartydoesnotwishtorefertoaConciliationCommitteemaythenbesubmittedbytheFirstpartytoarbitrationashereinafterprovided.AnydisputeswhicheitherpartydoesnotwishtorefertoaC
52、onciliationCommitteemaythenbesubmittedbytheFirstpartytoarbitrationaslaterinthiscontractprovided/stipulated.如缔约双方中的每一方都不愿将任何纠纷提交调解委员会处理，则可由第一方按下文规定提请仲裁解决。g.“Products”meansanyandallagriculturalproductsoranyproductsderivedtherefrom.therefrom=fromthat“Products”meansanyandallagriculturalproductsoranyprod
53、uctsderivedfromthat“Products”.“产品”一词,系指一切农产品或由此衍生的任何产品。h.Beforecommencingtheconstruction,theContractorshallsubmittheplansandspecificationstherefortotheOwnerforapproval.therefor=forthatconstructionh.Beforecommencingtheconstruction,theContractorshallsubmittheplansandspecificationsforthatconstructionto
54、theOwnerforapproval.在开始施工前,承包商应将为此编制的计划和技术规格说明书送交房产主批准.i.WhentheLicensedProductsaresold,theroyaltythereonshallbepaidwithinacalendarmonththedateofdelivery.thereon=onthatLicensedProductsWhentheLicensedProductsaresold,theroyaltyonthatLicensedProductsshallbepaidwithinacalendarmonththedateofdelivery.特许产品
55、售出后,该产品的专利使用费从交货日算起,一个日历月度内付讫.J.ThePrincipalshallnotassignortransferanyofitsrights,obligationsorliabilitieshereunderwithouttheexpresspriorwrittenconsentoftheGeneralAgent.ThePrincipalshallnotassignortransferanyofitsrights,obligationsorliabilitiesunderthisContract/stipulatedinthisAgreementwithouttheex
56、presspriorwrittenconsentoftheGeneralAgent.非经总代理人预先书面同意,委托人不得将本协议规定的任何权利、义务或责任予以转让或转移给他人.k.TheContractfortheContractualJointVentureshallcontinuefromaperiodoftwoyearsthereafter.thereafter=afterwards,afterthat此后,今后本合作经营企业合同,此后应继续有效两年。I.Intheeventofwherebylossordamagemayresultinaclaimunderpolicy,immedia
57、tenoticeapplyingforsurveymustbegiventoourAgent.所保货物，如发生在保险单项下责任赔偿的事故，应立即通知本公司代理人查验。7.4.3ShallIncontractsorlawdocuments,weusuallyusetheword“shall”insteadofwordslike“must”or“haveto”,whenweexpressthemeaningthatsomethingmustbedoneorsomeobligationsmustbecompliedwith.Breach/violation of the contract = wit
58、hout fulfillment of the obligationsSometimes,“will”canbeusedbutweakerthanusing“shall”whenexpressing“应该”或“必须”.Shouldisonlyusedtotaketheplaceof“if”inthelegaldocuments.“如果”7.4.4Usingdefiningwords定义词定义词:mean,is/are;shallbe,shallmean,etc.mean,is/are=makeparticulardefinitionofcertainobjectincertaincontrac
59、t指,系指=特指shall=commondefinitioninallthecontracts指,系指=通常的定义“Patents”mean特指thepatentsandpatentapplicationnowownedbytheLicensorinTerritorypertainingto(beconnectedwithorrelevantto)theLicensedProducts,aslistedintheArticleofthisAgreement.“Patent”shallmean系指系指theexclusiverightgrantedbyagovernmenttoaninvento
60、rtomake,use,license,orsellanewdevice,process,materialorotherinnovationforaspecifiedperiodoftime.“LicensedProducts”are特指anyandalltheproductsaslistedinScheduleAattachedheretoandallimprovementsinsuchproductswhichmaybedevelopedbytheLicensorduringtheEffectivePeriod.“特许产品”的含义是指合同附表A中所列的所有产品和许可方在合同有效期内可能对这
61、些产品内做的全部改进。7.4.5UsingConditionalClauses条件句式的运用subordinate clause, + main clause (SHALL).Inmostlegaldocuments,conditionalclausesarewidelyused.Inthemainclauses,“shall”mustbeusedwhichfeaturesthewritingoflegaldocuments.if，*unless，*incase，intheeventof/that*should，*providing/provided，onconditionthat，a.Ift
62、heForceMajeureeventlastsover40days,theBuyershallhavetherighttocanceltheContractortheundeliveredpartoftheContract.若不可抗力事件持续40天以上,买方有权撤本合同或本合同中未完成的部分.*b.Claims,ifany,shallbesubmittedbyTelexwithinfourteendaysafterthearrivalofthegoodsatdestination.若有索赔,买方应于货物到达目的地后14天内以电传方式提出.ifrequired,ifpossible,ifnec
63、essary,ifagreeable-omitClaims, if there is any, shall beClaims, if necessary,/ if it is necessary, shall beIncase=thepossibilityofsth.happeningif2)c.IncasethebuyerfailtocarryoutanyofthetermsandconditionstothisContractwiththeSeller,theSellershallhavetherighttoterminatealloranypartofthisContractwithth
64、ebuyerorpostpone shipmentorstop anygoodsintransitandtheBuyershallineverysuchcasebeliabletotheSellerforalllosses,damagesandexpensestherebyincurred.倘若买方未能履行与卖方所订合同的任何条款,卖方有权终止终止与卖方的全部或部分合同,或延期交货,或截留运输中货物.在任何一种情况下,买方须负责赔偿卖方由此产生的损失、损坏和相应的费用。TheenduserlicenseproperlygrantedunderthisAgreementpriortotheter
65、minationhereofshallnotbediminishedorabridgedbysuchterminationofthisAgreement.最终用户在合约终止前被合法授予的权利，不应由于本合约之终止而丧失或缩减。在本合约期间及本合约终止终止3年内，Robert有权自费稽查JEX的帐册记录。DuringthetermofthisAgreementandduringathreeyearsperiodimmediatelyfollowingtheterminationofthisAgreement,Robertshallhavetheright,athisexpense,toaudit
66、JEXsrecords.当事人一方有另一方不能履行合同的确切证据时，可以中止中止履行合同，但是应当通知另一方。ThePartyshallterminateitsperformanceofthecontractifithasconclusiveevidencethattheotherpartyisunabletoperformthecontract.However,itshallimmediatelyinformtheotherPartyofsuchtermination.ThePartyshallsuspenditsperformanceofthecontractifithasconclusi
67、veevidencethattheotherpartyisunabletoperformthecontract.However,itshallimmediatelyinformtheotherPartyofsuchtermination.3）e.Intheeventofgraft赎职orseriousdereliction失职ofdutyonthepartofthegeneralmanagerand/ordeputygeneralmanagers,theBoardofDirectorsshallhavethepowertodismissthematwill.若总经理和/或副总经理有营私舞弊或严
68、重失职时，董事会有权随时将其撤换。graft and fraud bring huge losses to companies 商业贪污诈骗案令公司损失重大f.IntheeventthatdeficienciesintheEquipmentbecomeevident,suchdeficienciesshallbecorrectedbyABCduringthetwodaysperweekduringwhichthePurchaserwillnotbetesting.若发现设备有缺陷，应由ABC用每周买方不进行实验的这两天时间对设备予以校正。Should+Subject+V.,shall=thep
69、ossibilityofsth.happeningButifithappens,theobligationinthemainclausemustbedone.4）a)ShouldanyofthestipulationstotheContractbealtered, amended, supplemented or deleted,thesameshallbenegotiatedbetweenandagreeduponbybothparitiesandwrittendocumentsshallbesignedbytherepresentativesofbothparties.本合同条款的任何变更
70、、修改或增删变更、修改或增删，须经双方协商同意，并由双方代表签署书面文件为有效。unless=if-not,exceptiforexceptwhen“unless”withtheomittionofsubjectandverb.Unlessit isexpresslyagreedto,theportofshipmentisattheSellersoption.*unless+otherwise+-ed除另外除另外者外者外UnlessotherwisespecifiedintheContract,thesuppliedGoodsshallbepackedbystandardprotectivem
71、easures.5）a.Unlessexpresslyagreedto,theportofshipmentisattheSellersoption.运货港由卖方选择，除非双方有明确规定。运货港由卖方选择，除非双方有明确规定。*b.ShouldtheLetterofCreditfailtoreachtheSellersbeforethestipulateddate,theContractshallbeconsideredasnullandvoidunlessextensionisapprovedbytheSellers.如果买方在规定日期内未开来信用证，本合同即告无效，但但经卖方同意延期者不在此
72、例。c.Unlessotherwisestatedthereafter,theaccountingprinciplesemployedshallbethesameasthoseappliedintheprecedingyears.除非后文另有说明者外，除非后文另有说明者外，所运用的会计原则应与以往各年所应用的会计原则相同。6）providedthatThepartyconcernedwishsuchaconditioncouldhappen.Wecansellalotofgarmentsprovided thatyourpriceishighlycompetitive.a.Nosalarysh
73、allbepaidandchargedagainsttheoperatingexpenses,providedthatthecommissionorbrokerageoftheSecondPartyshallbepaidandchargedasapartoftheoperatingexpense.若应将支付第二方的佣金或回扣作为营业费用的一个部分，则不应在营业费用中支付和计算薪金。ProvidedthatPartyBdesirestocontinueleasingtheflat,PartyBshallnotifyPartyAinwritingtwomonthsinadvanceofexpiry
74、oftheleasedandanewcontractshallbesigned.乙方若续租该套房间，须与合同日期满前两个月书面通知甲方并另订租赁合同。*onconditionthat,where,suppose/supposingcanbeusedintheconditionalclause.d.ShouldtheSellerfailtomakedeliveryontimeasstipulatedintheContractwiththeexceptionofForceMajeurespecifiedinClause18tothiscontract,theBuyersshallagreetopo
75、stponethedeliveryonconditionthattheSeller(should)agreetopayapenalty罚金whichshallbedeductedbythepayingbankfromthepaymentundernegotiation.如果卖方并非因本合同第18条规定的不可抗力事件而未按合同规定的期限交货，那么，只要只要卖方同意支付罚金，并由付款行从议付行中扣除，买方便同意卖方延期交货。*d.Eitherpartymayatanytimereplacethechairman,deputychairmanordirector(s)ithasappointed,p
76、rovidedthatitgiveswrittennoticetotheJointVentureCompanyandtheotherparty.任何一方可随时更换自己委派的董事长、副董事长，但但必须书面通知合资公司和合资的另一方。7.4.6.Usingotherspecificphrases1)Using“Whereas”Whereas=takingintoconsiderationthefactthat“鉴于”-“鉴于句”属于叙述性条款，一般写在合同的开头，用以说明合同当事人定约的目的、意图、缘由等，而在其他的场合不宜使用。a.WhereasPartyBpossesses拥有拥有techni
77、calknow-howfordesigning,manufacturing,installingandmarketingofAutomaticStampingaandBendingMachineZUB-200anditstooling;andWhereasPartyBhastherightanddesirestotransfertheaforesaidknow-howtoPartyA;andWhereasPartyBdesirestodesign,manufacture,sellandexportthesaidmachineZUB-200byutilizingPartyBsknow-how鉴于
78、乙方拥有设计、制造、安装、销售ZUB-200自动冲压弯曲机及其模具的专有技术；鉴于乙方有权并愿意向甲方转让上述专有技术；鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专有技术，以设计、制造、销售和出口上述ZUB-200自动冲压弯曲机产品2）Usingtheabove-mentioned,said,aforesaid“上述的或前述的”c.TheLicenseeshallkeepfullandadequatebooksofaccountcontainingallparticularsthatmaybenecessaryforthepurposeofshowingtheamountofroyalty payable to
79、the Licensor.Theaforesaidbooksofaccountshallbekeptatthelicenseesplaceofbusiness.被许可方应完整、详尽地记录会计帐目，帐目应包括所有旨在向许可方说明应付的使用费的细节，以上会计帐簿应在被许可方营业地保存。3)Using“inconsiderationof”=inreturnforsth.在合同中体现了权利与义务的一致性。即：一方履行某种义务完全是以另一方履行某种义务为条件或前提的。“考虑到”、“鉴于”、“由于”等a.InconsiderationoftheLicensesandtechnicalassistancep
80、rovidedherein,theJointVentureCompanyshallpayPartyAtechnicalassistancefeesinUSD.考虑到许可证以及在此提供的技术援助，合资公司将以美元的方式支付甲方技术援助费。b.Inconsiderationofsuchrighttopublishcheapedition,thePublishershallpaytotheAuthor30percentoftheretailpriceofonecopysoldoftheedition.考虑到有权出版这一廉价版本，出版商将付给作者售出的该版本每本零售价30%的款项。6)Using“Su
81、bjectto”subject=dependingon/asaconditionThisContractissubjecttogovernmentapproval=TheContractshallbevalidonlyifitisapprovedbythegovernment.Translate“subjectto”accordingtothespecificobjectivesfollowed.a.SubjecttothetermsofthisAgreement,theProduceragreestobeboundbythetermstothefollowingmarketingagreem
82、ent.在协议的条件下，制造上同意接受下列销售协议各项条款的约束。*b.SubjecttotheClause17,novariationinormodificationof thetermstotheContractshallbemadeexceptbywrittenamendmentsignedbytheparties.*Subjectto=inconformitywith根据第17条规定noexcept=must根据第17条规定，合同的任何变更或修改，必须必须以双方签定的修改文本为准。c.Subjecttotheabovestipulations,theprofits,lossesandr
83、isksoftheJointVentureCompanyshallbebornebythePartiesinproportiontotheirrespectivecontributionstotheregisteredcapitaloftheJointVentureCompany.在上述规定的范围内，各方按各自对合资企业的注册资本出资比例分享合资企业的利润，并承担合资企业遭受的亏损和风险。*f.IfanychangeisrequiredregardingthetermsandconditionsofthisAgreement,thenbothpartiesshallnegotiateinord
84、ertofindasuitablesolution,providedthatanychangeofthisAgreementshallbesubjecttotheapprovalbytheCanadianGovernment.如需对本协议条款进行修改，双方应协商解决，但但对协议的任何修改内容必须经加拿大政府批准方为有效。g.Wemakeyouthefollowingoffer,subjecttothegoodsbeingunsold.我方做出如下报盘，以货物未售出为有效。5)Using“tobeentitledto”=togivesb.therighttodosth.“有权”、“有资格”体现出
85、该权利在法律上的强制性。a.ChairmanandDirectorsareentitledtohavealsosuchpositionsinothercompanies,whichwillnotbethecompetitorsofthecompany.公司的董事长及董事有有资格在其他公司担任同样的职务，但其任职的公司不得与本公司竞争。b.Ifoneormoreofthefollowingeventsofdefaultshalloccurandbecontinuing,theAgentandtheBanksshallbeentitledtotheremediessetforthinSection
86、8.2.如果发生下列一种或一种以上违约事件，切违约事件正在继续，代理行以及银行应行使应行使第8条第2款规定的补救方法。c.TheSellershallbeentitledtoterminatethislicenseintheeventoffailurebytheBuyertocomplywithanyoftheconditionsstatesinthisArticle.如果买方违反本条款所规定的条件，卖方有权有权终止这种特许权。d.TheTenant承租人,房客,租客shallnotbeentitledtoanysuchreimbursementinaccordancewiththeClaus
87、e8.1tothisAgreement.按照本协议第8条第1款之规定，承租人无权无权获得任何此类补偿。Suchnoticeshallestablishtheentitlementofthepartygivingthesametocommencearbitration,ashereinafterprovided,astosuchdisputeandsubjecttosub-clause8.9,noarbitrationinrespectthereofmaybecommencedunlesssuchnoticeisgiven.这一通知就确定了发出通知这一方就争端按以下规定开始仲裁的权利。根据第8.
88、9条的规定，如果没有发出这类通知，上述仲裁则不能开始。6）Using“inwitnesswhereof/thereof/in Testimony Whereof”INWITNESSWHEREOF/THEREOF/IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF“兹证明”、“特此立（证）据”、“以此立（证）据”INTESTIMONYWHEROFwehaveheretosignedthisDocumentondateacceptedondate.我方于年月日签署本文件，并于年月日以接受次件，特此为证。7）Using“this”thisContract/agreement“本合同”ThisContracti
89、smadethis29thdayofMarch,2003byandbetween(formal)ThisContractismadeonthe29th,March,2003byandbetween(informal)*Using“KnowAllMenbythesepresents”“根据本文件，特此宣布”KNOWALLMENbythesepresentsthatwebanksnamehavingourregisteredofficeat_(hereinaftercalled“theBank”)willbe bound unto(theOwnersname)(hereinaftercalled“
90、theOwner”)inthesumof_forpaymentwell and trulytobemadetothesaidOwner,theBankwillbinditself,itssuccessorsandassignsbythesepresents.根据本文件，兹宣布，我行，（银行名称），其注册地点在注册地点（以下称银行），向业主名称（以下城业主）立约担保支付（金额数）的保证金。本保证书对银行及其继承人和受让人均具有约束力。7.5RestructuringtheSentence7.5.1Readjustingofelement句子成分的转换7.5.2Translationofpassi
91、vevoice被动语态的翻译7.5.3.TranslationofSubordinateClauses从句的翻译7.5.1Readjustingofelement句子成分的转换（EnCn）1)Adjustingthesubject主语的转换a.SubjectPredicateb.SubjectObjectc.SubjectAttributive2)Adjustingtheobject宾语的转换a.ObjectSubjectb.ObjectPredicate3)AdjustingthePredicative表语的转换a.PredicativeSubjectb.PredicativePredica
92、te4)AdjustingtheAttributive定语的转换a.AttributivePredicateb.AttributiveAdverbial5)AdjustingtheAdverbial状语的转换a.AdverbialSubjectb.AdverbialAttributive7.5.1ReadjustingofelementThesentencestructuresandthewaysofexpressingareverydifferentbetweenEnglishandChinese.Translationmustbedoneinthesmoothandnormalway.It
93、isnecessarytochangetheelementofEnglishintoanotherelementofChinese,viceversa.1)Adjustingthesubjecta.SubjectPredicate(English)Subjectistheactionnounandinpassivevoice.(Chinese)activevoice主语转换为谓语主语转换为谓语的情况：主语转换为谓语，往往是原文的主语为动作性的名词，且采用被动语态，进行转换翻译。 Delivery mustbeeffectedwithinthetimestatedonthepurchaseord
94、er,otherwisetheBuyermustatitsopinioncanceltheorder. 卖方必须在购货订单规定的时间内交货交货，否则，买方可取消订货，而不承担任何损失，并要求卖方赔偿由不交货所造成的一切损失。Partial shipmentsshallbepermitteduponpresentationofthecleansetofshippingdocument.可以允许分批发货分批发货，但须提出一套明确的装运单据。b.SubjectObject(English)Subjectisacommonnounandinpassivevoice(Chinese)activevoic
95、eandchangethesubjectintoobject.主语转换为宾语的情况：主语转换为宾语的情况：主语转化为宾语，原文的主语往往为普通名词，且常为被动语态。译成汉语时，将英语的被动语态改译为汉语的主动语态，主语转换为宾语。Shouldall or part of the Contract and its appendices beunabletobefulfilledowingtothefaultofoneparty,thebreachingparty由于一方过失，致使不能履行或不能完全履行本合同及其附件本合同及其附件时，由过失方承担违约责任。c.SubjectAttributive(
96、English)Thesubjectisveryclosetotheobject,ortheobjectispartofthesubject.(Chinese)Tochangethesubjectintoattributive.主语转换为定语的情况：主语转换为定语的情况：如果主语和宾语之间的关系密切，或宾语本身就是主语的一部分，译成汉语时，为使译文符合汉语的表达习惯，往往把原文的主语转换为定语。The Guarantee Period shallstartfrom the exact date onwhichthePurchaserreceivednotificationinwritingfr
97、omtheVendor卖方thatPlantisreadyfordispatchfromtheWorks.担保期限的具体日期担保期限的具体日期自买方收到卖方发出的的、并告知已随时可从工厂发运的书面通知起开始计算。EachPartyisliabletotheJointVentureCompanyonlyupto（以为准）thelimitofthecapitalsubscribedbyit.各方对合营公司的责任以各自认缴的出资额为限。2)Adjusttheobjecta.ObjectSubject(English)SomeVerbobjectislogicallyindicatingthemean
98、ideaofthecontract.(Chinese)Tochangeitintosubject.宾语转换为主语的情况宾语转换为主语的情况：合同英语句中的某些动词宾语，在逻辑上应说明的主体，为使其突出和醒目，翻译时一般将其转换为汉语的主语。TheSellershalldeliverthe Equipment and MaterialsinaccordancewiththeContractfromthe19(nineteenth)monthtothe2(twentyseven)monthfromthedateofsigningtheContractin5(five)lots.根据合同，卖方的设备
99、和材料设备和材料应当自合同签订之日起第19个至第27个月内分五批交货b.ObjectPredicate(English)objectisanounwiththemeaningofaction.(Chinese)TochangetheobjectintothepredicateorintothepredicatewiththeverbinEnglishsentence.宾语转换为谓语的情况：如果原文的位于动词不宜处理成汉语宾语转换为谓语的情况：如果原文的位于动词不宜处理成汉语的谓语，而原文中的宾语又是含有动作意义的名词，那么在汉的谓语，而原文中的宾语又是含有动作意义的名词，那么在汉译时可以将原文
100、中的宾语转换成汉语的谓语，或与原文动词一译时可以将原文中的宾语转换成汉语的谓语，或与原文动词一起合译为汉语的谓语。起合译为汉语的谓语。TheSellershallmake delivery ofthegoodsstrictlywithintheperiodstipulatedherein.Intheeventofdelayindelivery,theBuyermaycanceltheContractandclaimdamagesforbreachoftheContract.卖方应当严格按规定的期限交货交货，若迟交，买方有权撤消本合同，并向卖方提出由此所造成的损失赔偿。3)AdjustthePr
101、edicative表语的转换a.PredicativeSubject(English)Whenthenounispredicative,thesubjectandpredicativeexpressthesamecontent,(Chinese)Tochangethepredicativeintothesubject.表语转换为汉语的主语：表语转换为汉语的主语：在英语中，当用名词作表语时，主语和表语所表达的内容往往是一直的。在译成汉语时，为使上下文连贯，或突出表语所术的内容，可将原句中的饿表语转换为汉语的主语。ThedateofregistrationoftheJointVentureComp
102、anyshallbe the date of the establishment of board of directors of the Joint Venture Company.合资公司董事会成立日期合资公司董事会成立日期，以合资公司注册登记之日为准。b.PredicativePredicate(English)Prepositionalphraseisusedasthepredicative(Chinese)ChooseasuitableChineseverbasthepredicate.表语转换成汉语的谓语：表语转换成汉语的谓语：当用介词短语作表语时，一般都应选择一个适当的汉语动词作
103、谓语，这样有利于处理译文。Inthecourseofarbitration,theContractshallbecontinuouslyexecutedbybothpartiesexceptthepartoftheContractwhichis under arbitration.在仲裁过程中，除了正在仲裁正在仲裁的部分条款外，合同的其他条款应继续进行。WhereasPartyBisin the real estate business,andthetwopartiesarein consideration of the mutual convenances惯例惯例andagreetoente
104、rintothisContractunderthetermsandconditionssetforthasfollows:鉴于乙方经营房地产业务经营房地产业务，双方考虑相互考虑相互的惯例的惯例，同意按下列条款签订本合同：4)AdjustingtheAttributive定语的转换a.AttributivePredicate(English)Theadjectiveisusedastheattributivemodifyingthenoun.(Chinese)Changetheattributiveintothepredicateandmaketheadjectiveandnounbecomet
105、hesubjectandpredicatephrase.定语转换为汉语的谓语：定语转换为汉语的谓语：在汉语里，形容词是可以作谓语的。因此，当英语的形容词作前置定语时，很难将其译成通顺的汉语。此时，如果把定语转换为汉语的谓语，使之和所修饰的名词一起构成汉语的主谓词组，则可以使译文流畅规范。ThesampleofthemachinesubmittedbytheSellerisfeaturedby novel shape, easy operation, high calorificefficiencyand low fuelconsumption.卖方提交的样机的特点是造型新颖新颖、操作简便简便、
106、热效率高高、油耗低低。b.AttributiveAdverbial(English)AnounwiththemeaningofactionischangedintoChineseverb,thentheadjectiveortheparticiplebeforethenounusedastheattributiveshouldbechangedintotheadverbialofChinesesentence.定语转换为汉语的状语：定语转换为汉语的状语：在英语中，如果将某一含有动作意义的名词转换为汉语的动词，那么，原来名词前的形容词或分词作定语，即可转为汉语的状语。Anydisputesari
107、singfromtheexecutionof,orinconnectionwiththeContractshallbesettledthrough friendly consultationsbetweenbothParties.Incasenosettlementcanbereachedthroughconsultations,thedisputesshallbesubmittedforarbitration.凡由执行本合同所发生的或与本合同有关的一切争议，双方应友好友好协商解决，如果协商不能解决，应提交仲裁。5)AdjustingtheAdverbial状语的转换a.AdverbialSu
108、bject(English)Theprepositionalphrasesareusedastheadverbialandisclosetothesubjectinmeaning.(Chinese)Changetheadverbialintothesubject.状语转换为汉语的主语：状语转换为汉语的主语：合同英语中有些介词短语在句中作状语时，往往在意义上和主语有密切的联系。为了强调其在句中的地位，翻译时常将这类状语转换为汉语的主语。For the purpose of this Contract, thePartyBdesirestointroducethePatentandengagein
109、productioncooperationinaccordancewiththetechnicalknow-howspecifiedinthePatent.本合同的目的本合同的目的在于乙方希望引进专利，按专利提供的技术诀窍进行合作生产。Adverbial状语attributive定语(English)prepositionalphraseisusedasanadverbialandlinkscloselywiththenouninthesentence,(Chinese)changedintotheattributive.状语转换为汉语的定语：状语转换为汉语的定语：英语中某些介词短语在形式上是
110、状语，但实际上与句中的某个名词有密切的联系，这类状语在译成汉语时，处理成定语似乎更确切些。In this Contract，thePackingClausestipulatesforonegrosstoapolythenebag，coveredwithpaperbox，50paperboxestoaninnercarton，2innercartonstoawoodencase.合同中合同中的包装条款规定为：每一聚乙烯袋装一罗，然后装入纸盒，五十盒装一纸箱，两纸箱装一木箱。7.5.2Translationofpassivevoice被动语态的翻译1)TransformingthePassivev
111、oice被动语态的转换翻译a.actorsubjectb.adverbialsubjectc.subjectobject2)TranslationofPassivevoice被动语态的顺序翻译a.passivevoiceactivevoiceb.be+v+-edc.Itis+p.p.+thatclause4.6.3.TranslationofSubordinateClauses从句的翻译1)TranslationofAdverbialClauses状语从句译法a.where“如果”、“若”b.after“之日起”c.when“如果”、“倘若”d.before“后，才能”2)Translatio
112、nofAttributiveClauses定语从句的译法a.RestrictiveAttributiveClauses“的”b.Non-restrictiveAttributiveClauses分译8.5.2TranslationofpassivevoiceThepassivevoiceinEnglishContractisquiteoftentranslatedintotheactivevoiceinChinese.1)TransformingthePassivevoiceactorsubject(English)byorbetweenactors.(Chinese)changeactors
113、intothesubject.把动作的发出者转换为主语把动作的发出者转换为主语:在合同英语中的一些被动句子中,往往出现由by或between引起的短语,在句中作状语,其中名词是本句涉及的行为当事人,为突出句中动作的发出者,可将它转换为主语。ThisContractismadeby and between the Buyer and the Seller买卖双方同意买卖双方同意,wherebytheBuyeragreestobuyandtheSelleragreestoselltheunder-mentionedcommodityaccordingtothetermsandconditionss
114、tipulatedbelow.b.Adverbial状语subject(English)TheadverbialandsubjectinthePassivevoicecontainseachother.(Chinese)transformitintosubject.把英语句中的某一状语转换为主语：把英语句中的某一状语转换为主语：在被动语态的状语与主语之间有包容关系时，为了使译文通顺，可将状语部分译成汉语的主语。Thecostofthenonreturnablecontainers一次性容器ofthegoodssoldunderthisContractisincludedin the price
115、s herein specified.所定价格所定价格包括依照本合同所售装货用的一次性容器费。C.subjectobject(English)Noprincipalisfoundinthesentence,then(Chinese)transformthesubject(inEnglish)intoobject.把英语句中的主语转换成宾语：如果原句中没有涉及合同的当事人，可将这样的英语被动句处理成汉语的无主语句，原句的主语被转换为宾语。Incasethe quality, quantity or weight of the goodsisfoundnotinconformitytothoses
116、tipulatedinthisContractafterreinspectionbytheChinaImportandExportCommodityInspectionBureauwithin15daysafterthearrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination,theBuyershallreturnthegoodsto,orlodgeclaimagainsttheSellerforcompensationoflossesuponthestrengthofInspectionCertificateissuedbythesaidBureau,withtheex
117、ceptionofthoseclaimsforwhichtheinsurersorthecarriersareliable.货到目的港后15天由中国进出口商品检验局复检，如发现货物的质量和数量或重量货物的质量和数量或重量与本合同规定不符时，除保险公司和船运公司负责赔偿的部分外，买方凭中国进出口商品检验局出具的检验证明书，向卖方提出退货或索赔。如果需要聘请其他国家的审计师其他国家的审计师对年度的财务进行审查，甲方应予以同意。其所需要费用乙方负担。Ifaforeignauditorregisteredinothercountryisnecessarilytobeemployedtoundertak
118、eannulfinancialcheckingandexamination，PartyAshallgiveitsconsent.AlltheexpensesthereofshallbebornebyPartyB.2)TranslationofPassivevoice被动语态的顺序翻译a.passivevoiceactivevoice*nootherwordsareaddedintranslation.译成汉语的主动语态译成汉语的主动语态:合同英文的某些被动语态,可在不改变原文主语的情况下,翻译时将被动语态改成主动语态,不须添加任何词。The Seller shall not be held r
119、esponsible for latedeliveryornon-deliveryofthegoodsowingtogenerallyrecognizedForceMajeurecauses.由于一般公认的人力不可抗拒的原因所造成迟延交货或不交货，卖方不负责任卖方不负责任。如果买方违反本条所规定的条件，卖卖方有权方有权终止此合同。The Seller shall be entitled toterminatethisContractintheeventoffailurebytheBuyertocomplywithanytermsorconditionsstatedinthisArticle.b
120、.被动语态“be+v+-ed”TranslateintoChinesePassiveVoicebyaddingwords译成汉语被动语态,只能通过添加一定的词汇.Thetermforthetechnologytransferagreement is signed by JointCompanyandPartyBanditshallbeapproved bytheapprovalauthority.技术转让协议的期限由由合资公司与乙方签订并经经审批机关批准。卖方所提供的全部设备和材料将由由买方负责检验；质量合格证、检验和试验记录应由由制造厂出具。Alltheequipmentandmateria
121、lssupplied by theSellershallbeinspectedbytheBuyerandthequalitycertificatesandinspectionandtestrecordsshallbeissuedbythemanufacturer.c.Itis+p.p.+thatclauseTranslateitintoafixedexpression.It is mutually agreed that（双方同意）（双方同意） the certificate of quality and quantity or weight issued by the manufacture
122、r shall be part of the document for payment with the adopted Letter of Credit.It is essentially stressed that（必须强调）（必须强调） the Buyers are requested to sign and return the duplicate of this Contract within 3 days from the date of receipt. In the event of failure to do this, the Sellers reserve the rig
123、ht to cancel the Contract.It is strictly understood that （严格明确）（严格明确）It is essentially stressed that8.5.3.TranslationofSubordinateClauses从句的翻译Adverbialclauseandattributiveclausearewidelyusedinthelegaldocuments.1)TranslationofAdverbialClause状语从句的译法a.where“如果”、“若”adverbialclauseofconditionAlldisputesi
124、nconnectionwithorintheexecutionofthisContractshallbesettledthroughfriendlynegotiations.Wherenosettlementcanbereached,thedisputesshallbesubmittedforarbitration.所有与合同有关的或在履行合同中发生的争议，均应通过友好协商的方式通过。如如果果得不到解决，应将争议提交仲裁。b.after“之日起”AftertheSellerreceivestherelativedocumentsissuedbytheShippingCompany,theSel
125、lershallpaytotheBuyerwithin20days.卖方应在收到船舶公司出具的有关单据之日起之日起,20天内买方支付款项.c.when“如果”、“倘若adverbialclauseofconditionsWhenonepartytotheJointVentureCompanyassignsallorpartofhisinvestment,theotherpartyhaspreemptiveright.如果合资公司的如果合资公司的任何一方转让全部或部分投资额，一方有优先权。d.before“后，才能”BothPartiesshallapplytotheirrespectivego
126、vernmentauthoritiesforapprovalbeforetheContractisofficiallysigned.合同双方应分别向本国的政府当局申请,经批准后，后，才能才能签订正式合同.2)TranslationofAttributiveClausesa.RestrictiveAttributiveClauses“的”IftheBuyerisunabletosellouttheamountofgoodswhich he has agreed to purchase from the Seller,theBuyermayreducethequantityofgoodstobed
127、eliveredtohimbygivingwrittennoticethereoftotheSellerbeforetheshipmentismade.如果买方不能销售他已同意从卖放所购数量的他已同意从卖放所购数量的货物，买方可以书面通知卖方减少发货数量，再要求卖方发货。b.Non-restrictiveAttributiveClauses分译repeattheantecedentoromittheantecedent采用分译的方法处理，分译时可重复先行词或省译先行词。If,throughtheSellersdefault,theshipmentisdelayedbeyond30days,th
128、eBuyershallthenbeentitledtomakeotherpurchaseofthesamesortofgoodsatanylowermarketprice;orhemaycancelitsorderthroughatelegramtotheSeller,which is required to get to the latter prior to the beginning of any shipment. 如果由于卖方违约，装船延期超过30天，在此期间，买方有权以任何市场低价另行购买同类货物，买方也可以用电报通知卖方取消订货，但此电报须在装运之前到达卖方。但此电报须在装运之前
129、到达卖方。Translation practice（1）原文：双方本着平等互利的原则，经友好协商，依照有关法律，同意按照本合同的条款，建立经销关系。Step1主干：双方同意建立经销关系长句的翻译长句的翻译 双方（本着本着平等互利的原则)，(经经友好协商)，(依照依照有关法律)， 同意(按照按照本合同的条款） 建立经销关系。 Step2Vocabulary：平等互利equality and mutual benefit 友好协商friendly consultations 建立经销关系enter into a distributorship relationship 依照/按照. in acco
130、rdance with 译文：译文：？Key原文：双方（本着本着平等互利的原则)，(经经友好协商)，(依照依照有关法律)，同意(按照按照本合同的条款），建立经销关系。译文：After After friendlyconsultationsconductedin accordance within accordance withtheprinciplesofequalityandmutualbenefit,thePartieshaveagreedtoenterintoadistributorshiprelationshipin accordance within accordance witht
131、heapplicablelawsandtheprovisionsofthisContract.(2)原文为保护由供应商向经销商传授的专有知识，本合同终止后一年内，经销商不得在其营业场所内生产、购买、销售或转售与经销产品竞争的货物。Step1主干：经销商不得在其营业场所内生产、购买、销售或转售货物。（为为保护由供应商向经销商传授的专有知识），（本合同终止后一年内终止后一年内，）经销商不得在其营业场所内生产、购买、销售或转售（与经销产品竞争的与经销产品竞争的）货物。Step2Vocabulary供应商theSupplier经销商theDistributor生产manufacture购买purcha
132、se销售sell转售resell与竞争competewith营业场所premises本合同终止theterminationofthisContract译文：译文：？Key原文：（为保护由供应商向经销商传授的专有知识），（本合同终止后一年内），经销商不得在其营业场所内生产、购买、销售或转售与经销产品竞争的货物。译文：In order toIn order toprotectknowledgetransferredbytheSuppliertotheDistributor,theDistributorshallnotmanufacture,purchase,sellorresellgoodstha
133、tcompetewithproductsfromthepremisesusedbyDistributorfor a period offor a period ofoneyearafter after theterminationofthisContract.（3）原文：责任方应尽快将发生不可抗力事故的情况以电传或电子邮件的方式通知对方，并于14天内以航空挂号信将有关当局出具的证明文件提交另一方确认。Step1主干：责任方应尽快通知对方，并将证明文件提交。责任方应（尽快尽快）（将发生不可抗力事故的情况将发生不可抗力事故的情况）（以以电传或电子邮件的方式方式）通知对方，并（于14天内）（以航空挂
134、号信）将（有关当局出具的）证明文件提交另一方（确认）。Step2Vocabulary：责任方The prevented party 不可抗力事故a force majeure event 电传telex 航空挂号信registered airmail有关当局the relevant competent authorities 出具的issued 提交send/submit to译文：译文： ？Key原文：责任方应尽快将发生不可抗力事故的情况以电传或电子邮件的方式通知对方，并于14天内以航空挂号信将有关当局出具的证明文件提交另一方确认。译文：Thepreventedpartyshallnotif
135、ytheotherparty ofoftheoccurrenceofaforcemajeureeventby by telexore-mailwithinwithintheshortestpossibletimeandshallsendby by registeredairmail,withinwithin14daysthereafter,totheotherpartyacertificateissued issued bytherelevantcompetentauthoritiesforfortheconfirmationbytheotherparty.（4）原文：甲、乙方合作经营的目的是
136、：本着加强经济合作和技术交流的愿望，采用先进而适用的技术和科学的经营管理方法、提高产品质量，发展新产品，并在质量、价格等方面具有国际市场的竞争能力，提高经济效益，使合作各方获得满意的经济效益。Step1主干：目的是加强经济合作和技术交流，提高产品质量，发展新产品，具有竞争能力。 甲、乙方合作经营的目的是：本着加强经济合作和技术交流的愿望， (采用采用先进而适用的技术和科学的经营管理方法)、提高产品质量，发展新产品，(并在质量、价格等方面)具有国际市场的竞争能力， (提高提高经济效益，使合作各方获得满意的经济效益)。Step2Vocabulary:经济合作economic cooperation
137、 技术交流technical exchanges在方面in terms of 加强/提高enhance/raise经济效益economic results/benefits 合作方Cooperator译文：译文： ？Key原文： 甲、乙方合作经营的目的是：本着加强经济合作和技术交流的愿望，(采用采用先进而适用的技术和科学的经营管理方法)、提高产品质量，发展新产品，(并在质量、价格等方面)具有国际市场的竞争能力，(提高提高经济效益，使合作各方获得满意的经济效益)。译文：Thegoalsofthepartiestothecooperativeventurearetoenhanceeconomicc
138、ooperationandtechnicalexchanges,toimproveproductquality,todevelopnewproducts,andtogainacompetitivepositionintheworldmarketin terms ofin terms ofqualityandpricebybyadoptingadvancedandappropriatetechnologyandscientificmanagementmethods,so as toso as toraiseeconomicresultsandensuresatisfactoryeconomicb
139、enefitsforeachCooperator.Exe.(1)当合同终止和/或合资公司即将清算时，董事会应制定清算的程序和原则并确定清算委员会成员。(2)从4月1日起到10月20日止这一期间内交货，但以买方信用证在3月20日前到达卖方为限。(1)(1)原文：当合同终止和/或合资公司即将清算时，董事会应制定清算的程序和原则并确定清算委员会成员。译文：UponUpon announcementoftheterminationoftheContractand/orthependingliquidationoftheJointVentureCompany,theBoardofDirectorssha
140、llworkoutproceduresandprinciplesforliquidationandnominatecandidatesfortheliquidationcommittee.(2)原文：从4月1日起到10月20日止这一期间内交货，但以买方信用证在3月20日前到达卖方为限。译文：Shipmentduring the periodduring the periodbeginningApril1standendingOctober20th(bothdatesinclusive)issubjecttotheBuyersLetterofCreditreachingreachingtheSe
141、lleronorbeforeMarch20th.条件句的翻译条件句的翻译（1 1）如果第三方指控乙方侵权，乙方应负责）如果第三方指控乙方侵权，乙方应负责译文：译文：IfthethirdpartyaccusesthePartyBofinfringement,PartyBshalltakeupthematter（2 2）如果本合同提前终止，则合同附件也随之终止。）如果本合同提前终止，则合同附件也随之终止。译文：译文：IncasetheContractterminatesprematurely,theContractAppendicesshalllikewiseterminate.（3 3）由于一方
142、的过失，造成本合同不能履行或不能完全履行时，）由于一方的过失，造成本合同不能履行或不能完全履行时，由过失一方承担违约责任。由过失一方承担违约责任。 译文：译文：Shouldallorpartofthecontractbeunabletobefulfilledowingtothefaultofoneparty,thebreachingpartyshallbeartheresponsibilitiesthuscaused.（4 4）若属双方过失，则根据实际情况，由双方分别承担各自应负）若属双方过失，则根据实际情况，由双方分别承担各自应负的违约责任。的违约责任。译文：译文：Shoulditbethe
143、faultofbothparties,theyshallbeartheirrespectiveresponsibilitiesaccordingtoactualsituations.（5 5）除非另有规定，）除非另有规定，“CFRCFR”和和“CIFCIF”均应依据国际商会制定的均应依据国际商会制定的 20002000年国际贸易术语解释通则年国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS 2000INCOTERMS 2000）办理。）办理。译文：译文：ThetermsCFR,orCIFshall be subject toshall be subject totheInternational Rul
144、es for the International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade TermsInterpretation of Trade Terms(INCOTERMS2000)providedbytheInternationalChamberofCommerceunlessotherwisestipulatedherein.(6)原文：如不可抗力事故延续至120天以上，双方将经过协商，根据事故对履约的影响程度，确定是否终止合同或履行合同的部分责任。Step1主干：双方确定是否终止合同或履行合同的部分责任。如不可抗力事故延续至120天以上，双方将（
145、经过协商），（根据事故对履约的影响程度），确定是否终止合同或履行合同的部分责任。Step2Vocabulary：不可抗力事故theforcemajeureevent协商consultations终止(合同)terminate履行(合同)execute/implement责任obligation译文：译文：？Key如不可抗力事故延续至120天以上，双方将(经过经过协商)，(根据根据事故对履约的影响程度)，确定是否终止合同或履行合同的部分责任。译文：Should Should theforcemajeureeventlastformorethanonehundredandtwentyconsecu
146、tivedays,bothpartiesshall,throughthroughconsultations,decidewhethertoterminatethecontractortoexemptpartoftheobligationsforimplementationofthecontractaccording toaccording totheeffectsofeventsontheperformanceofthecontract.(7) (7) 原文：原文： 如果发生不可抗力事件，一方在合同项下受不可抗力影响的义务在不可抗力造成的延误期间自动终止，并且其履行期限应自动延长，延长期间为终
147、止的期间，该方无须为此承担违约责任。Step 1Step 1主干：主干：义务自动终止，并且其履行期限应自动延长义务自动终止，并且其履行期限应自动延长 （如果发生不可抗力事件）， 一方在合同项下一方在合同项下（受不可抗力影响的） 义务义务（在不可抗力造成的延误期间）自动终止自动终止， 并且其履行期限应自动延长并且其履行期限应自动延长， （延长期间为终止的期间），（该方无须为此承担违约责任）。Step2Vocabulary:不可抗力force majeure 合同义务：contractual obligations 暂时终止：suspended 责任：liability译文：译文：？Key 如果发
148、生不可抗力事件，一方在合同项下受不可抗力影响的义务在不可抗力造成的延误期间自动终止，并且其履行期限应自动延长，延长期间为终止的期间，该方无须为此承担违约责任。译文：Ifaneventofforcemajeureoccurs,aPartyscontractualobligationsaffectedbysuchaneventunderthiscontractshallbesuspendedduringtheperiodofthisdelaycausedbytheforcemajeureandshallbeautomaticallyextended,withoutpenaltyorliabilit
149、y,foraperiodequaltosuchsuspension.（8）在合作期间，由于地震、台风、水灾、火灾、战争或其他不能遇见并且对其发生和后果不能防止和避免的不可抗力事故，致使直接影响合同的履行或者不能按约定的条件履行时，遇有上述不可抗力事故的一方，应立即将事故情况电报通知对方，应在15天内提供事故的详细情况及合同不能履行、或者部分不能履行，或者需要延期履行的理由的由相关公证部门开具的有效证明文件。Step 1Step 1主干：主干： 不可抗力事故的一方，应 将事故情况通知对方 并提供详细情况及有效证明文件 （在合作期间），（在合作期间），（在合作期间），（在合作期间），( ( ( (
150、由于由于由于由于地震、台风、水灾、火灾、战争或其他不能遇见并且对其发生和后果不能防止和避免的不可抗力事故)，( ( ( (致使致使致使致使直接影响合同的履行或者不能按约定的条件履行时时时时，） (遇有上述不可抗力事故的)一方一方，应应立即 将事故情况电报通知对方通知对方， 并并应在15天内提供提供事故的详细情况详细情况 及及 (合同不能履行、或者部分不能履行)，或(者需要延期履行的理由的由相关公证部门开具的)有效证明文件有效证明文件。 译文：译文： ? ? （在合作期间），(由于地震、台风、水灾、火灾、战争或其他不能遇见并且对其发生和后果不能防止和避免的不可抗力事故)，(致使直接影响合同的履行
151、或者不能按约定的条件履行时时，） 遇有上述不可抗力事故的一方一方， 应应立即将事故情况电报通知对方通知对方， 并并应在15天内提供提供事故的详细情况详细情况 及及合同不能履行、或者部分不能履行，或者需要延期履行的理由的由相关公证部门开具的有效证明文件有效证明文件。译文：Shouldeitherofthepartiestothecontractbepreventedfromexecutingthecontractbyforcemajeure(suchasearthquake,typhoon,flood,fire,warorotherunforeseenevents)andtheiroccurre
152、nceandconsequencesareunpreventableandunavoidable,thepreventedpartyshallnotifytheotherpartybytelegramwithoutdelay,andwithin15daysthereafterprovidedetailedinformationoftheeventsandavaliddocumentforevidenceissuedbytherelevantpublicnotaryorganizationexplainingthereasonforitsinabilitytoexecuteordelayinth
153、eexecutionofallorpartofthecontract.Exe.（1 1）合同期满时，如引进技术所涉及的专利尚未期满，应当按）合同期满时，如引进技术所涉及的专利尚未期满，应当按 照有关规定办理。照有关规定办理。（2 2）若双方在执行本合同或与本合同有关的事情时发生争议，应）若双方在执行本合同或与本合同有关的事情时发生争议，应首先友好协商；协商不成，可向有管辖权的人民法院提起诉讼。首先友好协商；协商不成，可向有管辖权的人民法院提起诉讼。 （1 1）原文：合同期满时，如引进技术所涉及的专利尚未期满，应当按照有关规定办理。译文：If,ontheexpiryofacontract,the
154、termforapatentrelatingtotheimportedtechnologyhasyettoexpire,thecaseshallbehandledinaccordancewiththerelevantprovisions.(2)若双方在执行本合同或与本合同有关的事情时发生争议，应首先友好协商；译文：Bothpartieswillsolveanydisputesarisingfromtheexecutionofthecontractorinconnectionwiththecontractthroughfriendlyconsultation.协商不成，可向有管辖权的人民法院提起诉讼。译文：Incaseanagreementcannotbereached,anypartycansubmitthedisputetothecourtthathasjurisdictionoverthematter.
