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1、Scienceisthegreatantidotetothepoisonofenthusiasmandsuperstition. “TheWealthof“TheWealthofNations”Nations”Adam SmithBritish economist and philosopher1723-1790Adam Smith was the Scottish political economistAdam Smith was the Scottish political economistand philosopher, who became famous for his and ph
2、ilosopher, who became famous for his influential influential bookbook The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nations written written in 1776.in 1776.In 1751 Smith was appointed professor of logic In 1751 Smith was appointed professor of logic at Glasgow University. His lectures covered the at Glasgow Un
3、iversity. His lectures covered the field of ethics, rhetoric, jurisprudence and field of ethics, rhetoric, jurisprudence and political economy. In 1759 he published his political economy. In 1759 he published his Theory of Moral SentimentTheory of Moral Sentiment. This work was . This work was about
4、 those standards of ethical conduct that about those standards of ethical conduct that hold society together, with emphasis on the hold society together, with emphasis on the general harmony of human motives and general harmony of human motives and activities. activities. Smith moved to London in 17
5、76, where he Smith moved to London in 1776, where he published published An Inquiry into the Nature and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which which examined in detail the consequences of examined in detail the consequences of economic f
6、reedom. It covered such concepts as economic freedom. It covered such concepts as the role of self-interest, the division of labor, the the role of self-interest, the division of labor, the function of markets, and the international function of markets, and the international implications of a laisse
7、z-faire economy. Wealth implications of a laissez-faire economy. Wealth of Nations established economics as an of Nations established economics as an autonomous subject and launched the economic autonomous subject and launched the economic doctrine of free enterprisedoctrine of free enterprise. . Sm
8、ith laid the intellectual framework that Smith laid the intellectual framework that explained the free market and that still holds true explained the free market and that still holds true today. He is most often recognized for the today. He is most often recognized for the expression expression the
9、invisible hand,the invisible hand, which he used which he used to demonstrate how self-interest guides the most to demonstrate how self-interest guides the most efficient use of resources in a nations economy, efficient use of resources in a nations economy, with public welfare coming as a by-produc
10、t. To with public welfare coming as a by-product. To underscore his laissez-faire convictions, Smith underscore his laissez-faire convictions, Smith argued that state and personal efforts to argued that state and personal efforts to promote social good are ineffectual compared to promote social good
11、 are ineffectual compared to unrestrained market forces.unrestrained market forces.Enlightenment an intellectual and philosophical movement in Europe in 18th centuryIt came as a result of the advance of modern science in 17th century. Scholars as Newton, Locke, Descartes questioned the accepted beli
12、efs. The French thinkers Voltaire, Rousseau and other Encyclopedists attacked the established religions and embodied individual liberty and equality.The philosophers Enlightenment thinkers of the eighteenth century sought to create a world in which reason prevailed and all people enjoyed equal civil
13、 rights and religious freedom. People were to be free of past restraints and superstitions to develop a life of reason.The movement ended with the French Revolution (1789).If you would be a real seeker after truth,it is necessary that at least once in your lifeyou doubt, as far as possible, all thin
14、gs. DescartesRen DescartesFrench philosopher and mathematician1596 -1650Manisbornfree,andeverywhereheisinchains.Neverexceedyourrights,andtheywillsoonbecomeunlimited. RousseauJean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques RousseauFrench philosopher and French philosopher and writer writer 1712 - 17781712 - 1778Su
15、perstitionsetsthewholeworldinflames;philosophyquenchesthem.Idisapproveofwhatyousay,butIwilldefendtothedeathyourrighttosayit.VoltaireVoltaireVoltaireFrench author and philosopher French author and philosopher 1694 - 17781694 - 1778Charles DarwinEnglish naturalist1809-1882Ihavecalledthisprinciple,bywh
16、icheachslightvariation,ifuseful,ispreserved,bythetermofnaturalselection.“OntheOriginofSpecies”Geniuswithouteducationislikesilverinthemine.Sellnotvirtuetopurchasewealth,norlibertytopurchasepower.Keepyoureyeswideopenbeforemarriage,halfshutafterwards. BenjaminFranklinBenjamin FranklinAmerican scientist
17、, writer, statesman, and diplomat1706-1790Edmund BurkeBritish statesman, orator and philosopher1729-1797Superstitionisthereligionoffeebleminds.Somebodyhadsaid,thatakingmaymakeanobleman,buthecannotmakeagentleman.EdmundBurkeSamuel JohnsonEnglish writer and lexicographer1709-1784What is written without
18、 effort is in general read without pleasure.Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information on it.Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful. Samuel JohnsonSir Isaac NewtonEnglish physici
19、st, astronomer, mathematician, and natural philosopher1642-1727If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea-shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me. Isaac Newton
