英语专业四级词汇语法辅导从句ppt课件

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1、LOGOLOGO英语专业四级考试词汇语法篇Company Logo语法与词汇1. 考试大纲要求:能灵活、正确地运用教学大纲语法结构表一级至四级的全部内容,掌握大纲规定的基础阶段认知词汇(5500-6000),并且能正确、熟练地运用其中3000-4000个单词及其最基本的搭配。测试时间为15分钟,题型为多项选择题,共30道题,每题有四个选择项,其中50%为词汇、词组和短语用法题,其余为语法结构题。测试学生运用词汇、短语、语法结构以及基本语法概念的能力。语法与词汇项目原始分30分,所占总分比重为15%。Company Logo语法与词汇2. 历年考试与考点分析语法部分根据下面分析可以发现,历年英语

2、专业四级考试语法与词汇部分中的语法试题主要围绕着10项语法点。其中,考试重点与难点集中在从属分句、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、代词、动词时态、情态动词等语法知识点的应用上。题型题型年份年份从属从属分句分句虚拟虚拟语气语气非谓非谓语动语动词词代词代词动词动词时态时态情态情态动词动词形容形容词词/副词副词句子句子成分成分结构结构主谓主谓一致一致反意反意疑问疑问句句限定限定词词倒装倒装省略省略Company Logo从句要点从句要点从句可分为:从句可分为:副词性从句:状语从句包括时间状语从句、副词性从句:状语从句包括时间状语从句、条件状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从条件状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从

3、句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句、语从句、让步状语让步状语从句和从句和比较状语从句比较状语从句。形容词性从句:形容词性从句:定语从句定语从句名词性从句:主语从句、名词性从句:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句句、同位语从句LOGOLOGO时间状语从句时间状语从句Company Logo时间状语从句时间状语从句-常用的连词常用的连词表示表示“当当的时候的时候”:when,while,as,justas,nexttime(下次下次),thelasttime(上次上次的时候的时候)表示时间先后:表示时间先后:after,befo

4、re,when用于完成时态:用于完成时态:bythetime,itisthefirst/secondtime,hardlywhen,nosoonerthan,scarcelywhen,nowthat,since,Company Logo时间状语从句时间状语从句-常用的连词常用的连词表示习惯性,经常性“每次”:each time, every time, whenever表示“一旦”:as soon as, once表示“直到”:the instant, the moment, the minute, the second, the day, until, Company Logo时间状语从句-

5、注意事项注意事项1.1.时态:时态:时态:时态:1)1)时间状语从句中一般不用将来时,若谈时间状语从句中一般不用将来时,若谈时间状语从句中一般不用将来时,若谈时间状语从句中一般不用将来时,若谈论将来的事情,往往用一般现在时来代替论将来的事情,往往用一般现在时来代替论将来的事情,往往用一般现在时来代替论将来的事情,往往用一般现在时来代替一般将来时,用一般过去时替代过去将来一般将来时,用一般过去时替代过去将来一般将来时,用一般过去时替代过去将来一般将来时,用一般过去时替代过去将来时时时时。IwonthavedinnerIwonthavedinneruntil my until my mother

6、mother comescomes back back. .IwilldiscussthiswithyouwhenIwilldiscussthiswithyouwhenwewemeetmeet. Company Logo 2)2) 用于完成时态:用于完成时态:用于完成时态:用于完成时态:bythetime,itisthebythetime,itisthefirst/secondtime,first/secondtime,hardlyhardlywhenwhen,nonosoonersoonerthanthan,scarcelyscarcelywhenwhen,now,nowthat,since

7、,eversincethat,since,Company Logo注意事项注意事项 nosoonernosoonerthanthan, ,hardly/scarcelyhardly/scarcelywhen,when,这一结构的时态搭配,这一结构的时态搭配,这一结构的时态搭配,这一结构的时态搭配, nosoonernosooner与与与与hardly/scarcelyhardly/scarcely引导的主句谓语引导的主句谓语引导的主句谓语引导的主句谓语动词用过去完成时,而动词用过去完成时,而动词用过去完成时,而动词用过去完成时,而thanthan与与与与whenwhen从句中谓语用从句中谓语用

8、从句中谓语用从句中谓语用一般过去时。此外,当把一般过去时。此外,当把一般过去时。此外,当把一般过去时。此外,当把nosoonernosooner和和和和 hardly/scarcelyhardly/scarcely提到句首时,就用倒装语序。提到句首时,就用倒装语序。提到句首时,就用倒装语序。提到句首时,就用倒装语序。 IhadhardlygothomewhenitbegantoIhadhardlygothomewhenitbegantorain.rain. HardlyhadIgothomewhenitbegantoHardlyhadICompany Logo注意事项注意事项2.特殊时间状语从

9、句特殊时间状语从句Thepolicewentintoaction_theyheardthealarm.A.promptlyB.presentlyC.quicklyD.directlyIwilltelephoneyoudirectly/immediately/instantly/themomentICompany Logo注意事项注意事项3.It+be+时间时间+before-clause这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时间的词语这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时间的词语(如:如:longyears,months,weeks,days,hours,minutes),主句中的谓语动词用肯定,主句中的谓

10、语动词用肯定式,意为式,意为过多长时间才过多长时间才.。主句的谓语动词是否定式时,意为主句的谓语动词是否定式时,意为没过多长时间就没过多长时间就.。主句的时态可用过去时。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来时或将来时willbe;用;用was时,时,before从句的动词用一般过去时;从句的动词用一般过去时;用用willbe时,时,before从句常用一般现在时。从句常用一般现在时。例例如:如:Itwaslong/oneyearbeforeshecamehome.Itwillnotbelongbeforewemeetagain.Itwasalongtime_theguardsdiscoveredw

11、hathadhappened.AbeforeBuntilCsinceDCompany Logo真题真题60.Thecouplehadnosoonergottothestation_thecoachleft.(2009)A.whenB.asC.untilD.than56.Ienjoyedmyselfsomuch_IvisitedmyfriendsinParislastyear.(2008)A.whenB.whichC.thatD.whereDACompany Logo真题真题1.Comeandseemewhenever_.(1997-48)A.youareconvenientB.youwillb

12、econvenientC.itisconvenienttoyouD.itwillbeconvenienttoyoucLOGOLOGO条件状语从句条件状语从句Company Logo条件状语从句常用常用if,unless(除非,如果不),(除非,如果不),as/solongas只要,只要,onlyif,once,onconditionthat(条件是条件是),provided/providing(that),suppose/supposing(that)(多用于多用于问句问句),assuming(that),intheevent(that),incase(that),given(that)等。等

13、。Company Logo条件状语从句注意事项如果主句是将来时如果主句是将来时,条件状语从句用一般现在时表示。条件状语从句用一般现在时表示。例如例如:AslongasIlive,Ishallworkhard.IshallnotgotothecinemaunlessIfinishmyhomework.Intheeventthatourteamwins,Company LogoOnlyifvs.ifonlyonlyif引起的条件状语从句,是一个对引起的条件状语从句,是一个对“条件条件”限制更严的限制更严的“限制性条件状语从句限制性条件状语从句”,表示,表示“只有只有(才才);只有在;只有在的时候;

14、唯一的条件是的时候;唯一的条件是”的意思;与的意思;与if引起的一般条件句相比,它有一引起的一般条件句相比,它有一种增强主句语势的作用。例如:种增强主句语势的作用。例如:Onlyifthecaseisurgentshouldyoucalloutthedoctorinthemiddleofthenight.只有患者情况紧急时,你才可以在半夜叫医只有患者情况紧急时,你才可以在半夜叫医生看病。生看病。2.ifonly引导的条件句,通常用来表示说话人对引导的条件句,通常用来表示说话人对某事所寄予的某种强烈愿望,相当于某事所寄予的某种强烈愿望,相当于aslongas。它可以独立使用,用来表示由于客观条件

15、限制,为它可以独立使用,用来表示由于客观条件限制,为某事不大可能或完全不可能实现而感到惋惜或遗憾某事不大可能或完全不可能实现而感到惋惜或遗憾的复杂心情,常用虚拟语气。例如:的复杂心情,常用虚拟语气。例如:IfonlyIwereascleverasyou!要是我像!要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊!你一样聪明该多好啊!Company Logo注意注意Onlyif置于句首,需要倒装置于句首,需要倒装Ifonly用于虚拟语气,谓语动词用一般过用于虚拟语气,谓语动词用一般过去时,表示现在没有实现的愿望,用过去完去时,表示现在没有实现的愿望,用过去完成时,表示过去没有实现的愿望,常译为成时,表示过去没有实现的

16、愿望,常译为“要是要是就好了就好了”Company Logo真题真题1.Heaskedmetolendhimsomemoney,whichIagreedtodo,_thathepaidmebackthefollowingweek.(2005-64)A.onoccasionB.onpurposeC.onconditionD.onlyif2._bothsidesaccepttheagreement_alastingpeacebeestablishedinthisregion.A.Onlyif,willB.Ifonly,wouldC.Should,willD.Unless,wouldCACompan

17、y Logo真题真题3.Youwontgetaloan_youcanoffersomesecurity.(1996-41)A.lestB.incaseC.unlessDotherthanCLOGOLOGO原因状语从句原因状语从句Company Logo原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的从属连词有:引导原因状语从句的从属连词有:because,as,since,now(that),seeing(that),forthereasonthat,inthat,consideringthat。Company Logo原因状语从句Because,since,as和和forbecause语气最强,强调原因。回答

18、语气最强,强调原因。回答“why”问句。表原因的强调句型中,也只用问句。表原因的强调句型中,也只用because。在。在“notbut”结构中,也结构中,也用它。用它。e.g.Hedecidedtogiveupthechanceofgoingabroad,notbecausehedidnotwanttobutbecausehiswifewasill.since语气弱于语气弱于because,其次是其次是as,for的语气最弱。的语气最弱。Since和和as往往表达的是人们往往表达的是人们所知的或显而易见的原因,强调主句。所知的或显而易见的原因,强调主句。For表示一种解释说明。表示一种解释说明

19、。Company LogoSince和和now(that)since既然:用来表达众所周知的理由既然:用来表达众所周知的理由Since weve no money , we cant buy it. Since you are going , I will go too. now(that)既然既然,表示新出现的情况表示新出现的情况Now (that) we have gone so far , we might go a little further. Now (that) you are well again , you can travel .你已康复,可以远行了。Company Log

20、o原因状语从句-真题真题Barryhadanadvantageoverhismother_hecouldspeakFrench.(2001-49)A.eversinceB.inthatC.atthatD.sothat54.Mendifferfromanimals_theycanthinkandspeak.(2008)A.forwhichB.forthatC.inthatD.inwhichLOGOLOGO让步状语从句让步状语从句Company Logo让步状语从句常用常用though/although,as(尽管),(尽管),muchas(不管,尽管不管,尽管),inspiteofthefact

21、that,while,evenif/though,forall(尽管尽管),however,whatever,wherever,whoever,nomatterhow/what/who等引导。等引导。Company Logo让步状语从句-though,althoughAlthough与与though两者意思相同,一般可互换,可两者意思相同,一般可互换,可以与以与yet, still或或nevertheless连用,但不能和连用,但不能和but连用。连用。Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 伤伤口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了。口虽愈合,但伤

22、疤留下了。 (谚语)(谚语)注意:注意:1)though还可以用作副词,意为还可以用作副词,意为“可是,然而可是,然而”,置于句末。置于句末。He said he would come; he didnt, though.2)though引导的从句也可象引导的从句也可象as引导的从句一样用倒引导的从句一样用倒装语序,但是装语序,但是although引导的从句只能用正常语序。引导的从句只能用正常语序。 Company Logo让步状语从句-even if, even thoughEventhoughheknowsit,hellnotletoutthesecret.(他知道这个秘密)(他知道这个秘

23、密).Evenifheknowsit,hellnotletoutthesecret.(不确定他是否知道这个秘密)(不确定他是否知道这个秘密).though常表示一些已经确定的消息,而常表示一些已经确定的消息,而if由它本由它本身所带的身所带的“如果如果”的含义,表示了一种对假设信息的含义,表示了一种对假设信息的不确定。的不确定。Eventhough是是“虽说虽说”,而,而Evenif是是“就算就算”。前者是事实而后者是假设。前者是事实而后者是假设。Company Logo让步状语从句-as, thoughas/though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、引导的让步从句必须表语或

24、状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。分词、实义动词提前)。Childas/thoughhewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.=Thoughhewasasmallchild,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.Hardas/thoughheworks,hemakeslittleprogress.(=Thoughheworkshard,hemakeslittleprogress.)注意:注意:a.句首名词句首名词不能不能带任何冠词。带任何冠词。b.句首是句首是实义动词实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾,其他助动词

25、放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.=Thoughhetrieshard,heneverseems虽然他尽了努力,但他的工作总做的不尽人意。虽然他尽了努力,但他的工作总做的不尽人意。Company Logo让步状语从句-Whether.or.(不管.还是.)Whetheryoubelieveitornot,Company Logo让步状语从句-nomatter+疑问词疑问词或或疑问词疑问词+后缀后缀everNom

26、atterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.替换:替换:nomatterwhat=whatevernomatterwho=whoevernomatterwhen=whenevernomatterwhere=wherevernomatterwhich=whichevernomatterhow=however注意:注意:nomatter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。(错)(错)Nomatterwhatyousayisofnousenow.(对)(对)Whateveryousayisofno

27、usenow.(错)(错)Prisonershavetoeatnomatterwhattheyregiven,(对)(对)PCompany Logohoweverhowever为连接副词,引导让步状语从句,为连接副词,引导让步状语从句,其意义和作用相当于其意义和作用相当于nomatterhow。可用于如下结构:可用于如下结构:however+形容词形容词/副副词词+主语主语+谓语谓语Howeverlateheis,Motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.Wellhavetofinishthejog,Company Logo真题真题1._,Mr.Well

28、sisscarcelyinsympathywiththeworkingclass.(2005-52)A.AlthoughheisasocialistB.EvenifheisasocialistC.BeingasocialistD.Sinceheisasocialist2._Ilikeeconomics,Ilikesociologymuchbetter.(2003-49)A.AsmuchasB.SomuchC.HowmuchD.MuchasA DCompany Logo真题真题3.Fool_Janeis,shecouldnothavedonesuchathing.(2002-48)A.whoB.

29、asC.thatD.like4._healwaystrieshisbesttocompleteitontime.(1999-51)A.HoweverthetaskishardB.HoweverhardthetaskisC.ThoughhardthetaskisD.ThoughhardisthetaskB BCompany Logo真题真题5.Muchas_,IcouldntlendhimthemoneybecauseIsimplydidnthavethatmuchsparecash.(1999-52)A.IwouldhavelikedtoB.IwouldliketohaveC.Ishouldh

30、avetolikeD.Ishouldhavelikedto6._heneededmoneyforanewcar,hedecidednottoborrowitfromthebank.(1998-48)A.MuchasB.MuchthoughC.AsmuchD.ThoughmuchA ACompany Logo真题真题7._,heisreadytoacceptsuggestionsfromdifferentsources.(1997-46)A.InsteadofhiscontributionsC.HismakingnotablecontributionsB.Forallhisnotablecont

31、ributionsD.HoweverhisnotablecontributionsBCompany Logo8._hewantedtogooutwithhisfriendsattheweekend,hehadtostaybehindtofinishhisassignment.(2008)A.MuchthoughB.MuchasC.AsmuchD.ThoughmuchBLOGOLOGO比较状语从句比较状语从句Company Logo比较状语从句常用常用as,than,themorethemore,Justas,so;AistoBwhatCistoD;asAistoB,(so)CistoD;nom

32、orethan;notsomuchAasB(与其说与其说A不如说不如说B)等。等。ItrainsmoreofteninShanghaithaninBeijing.Asamanlives,sohedies.Hermotherisnotastallasshe(is)Company Logo比较结构中的省略比较结构中的省略More than后面可以引导省略主语的比较从句, 从句中常见的形容词有:necessary, good, Possible, anticipate, expect, feel, suggest, report, require, think.- The man drank a l

33、ittle more than was good for him. = The man drank a little more than what was good for him.- There were more accidents than (what) was reported.- He eats more than (what/it) is good for him.As后面可以引导省略主语的比较从句- He eats as much as (what/it) is good for him.- The man drank as much as (what) was good for

34、 Company Logo比较状语从句1.Theexperimentrequiresmoremoneythan_.(2002-49)A.havebeenputinB.beingputinC.hasbeenputinD.tobeputin2.Thereoughttobelessanxietyovertheperceivedriskofmountainclimbingthan_inthepublicmindtoday.(1999)A.existsB.existC.existingD.toexistC ACompany Logo3.WesternNebraskagenerallyreceivesle

35、sssnowthan_EasternNebraska.(1996)A.inB.itreceivesinC.doesD.itdoesin4.Theystoodchattingtogetheraseasilyandnaturallyas_.(2008)A.itcouldbeB.couldbeC.itwasD.was.CBCompany Logo1._thetwo,Bobis_student.(1995)A.Of,morediligentB.In,morediligentC.Of,themorediligentD.In,themorediligent2.Maryis_thanAlice.(1992)

36、A.moreexperiencedateacherB.amoreexperiencedteacherC.moreanexperiencedteacherD.moreexperiencedteacher3.Thelessthesurfaceofthegroundyieldstotheweightofafully-loadedtruck,_tothetruck.(2003)A.thegreaterstressisB.greateristhestressC.thestressisgreaterD.thegreaterthestressCBACompany Logo1.Twelveistothree_

37、fouristoone.A.whatB.asC.thatD.like2.Intellectistothemind_sightistothebody.(2001-45)A.whatB.asC.thatD.likeAACompany LogoFatcannotchangeintomuscle_musclechangesintofat.A.anymorethanB.nomorethanC.nolessthanD.muchmorethanACompany Logo1.Thattrumpetplayerwascertainlyloud.ButIwasntbotheredbyhisloudness_byh

38、islackoftalent.A.somuchasB.ratherthanC.asD.than2.Itisnot_muchthelanguageasthebackgroundthatmakesthebookdifficulttounderstand.A.thatB.asC.soD.very3.Languagebelongstoeachmemberofthesociety,tothecleaner_totheprofessor.(1998-47)A.asfarasB.thesameasC.asmuchasD.aslongasACCLOGOLOGO结果状语从句结果状语从句Company Logo结

39、果状语从句常用常用sothat,suchthat,totheextentthat,tothedegreethat,tosuchadegreethat,somuchsothat,等。等。Company Logo结果状语从句e.g.Theyaresuchdiligentstudentsthattheyallperformedwellinthenationwideexaminations.e.g.HCompany Logo结果状语从句1.somuchsothat用于形容词或副词后,表示用于形容词或副词后,表示“到如此程度以至于到如此程度以至于”e.g.Hewasveryweak,somuchsoth

40、athecouldntwalk.2.当名词前有当名词前有little,few,much,many修饰时,修饰时,要用要用so,不用,不用such.e.g.Hehassofewfriendsthatheoftenfeelslonely.3.sothat结构有时可以放于句首,要用倒装。结构有时可以放于句首,要用倒装。e.g.SCompany Logo结果状语从句sothat和和suchthatso+形容词或副词形容词或副词+that;such+名词名词+that。Heransofastthathisbrothercouldntcatchupwithhim.他跑得太快了,他弟弟赶不上他。他跑得太快了

41、,他弟弟赶不上他。Heissuchanaughtyboythathebecomesunwelcomeinhisneighborhood.他是那么个调皮的孩子,以至在邻里中不受欢迎。他是那么个调皮的孩子,以至在邻里中不受欢迎。Company LogoDoesAlanlikehamburgers?Yes.Somuch_thatheeatsthemalmosteveryday.(2003)A.forB.asC.toD.soHisremarkswere_annoyeverybodyatthemeeting.(2005)A.soastoB.suchastoC.suchtoD.asmuchastoLOGO

42、LOGO方式状语从句方式状语从句Company Logo方式状语从句方式状语从句放在主句之后方式状语从句放在主句之后,as,justas,(just)asso,asif/though,theway等引导。等引导。asif和和asthough引导的引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。但如果从句中所陈述从句一般用虚拟语气。但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。例如也可用陈述语气。例如:Theoldmanrunsveryfastasifhewereayoungman.Theteachertoldthestudentstodoashedid.LCompany Logothewayt

43、heway后面的引导词常用后面的引导词常用that,而且经常省略。而且经常省略。一般不用一般不用inwhich。例如。例如:Wedidntliketheway_hetreatedus.(A.whichB.whereC.thatD.inwhich)此题答案应该是此题答案应该是C。所以。所以theway一般可以看作一般可以看作是引导一个方式状语从句的词组。是引导一个方式状语从句的词组。Sometimesweteachourchildrenthewayourparentshavetaughtus.(以以的方式的方式)Company Logo真题真题Shedidherwork_hermanagerha

44、dinstructed.(2002-41)A.asB.untilC.whenD.thoughLOGOLOGO定语从句定语从句Company Logo关系代词关系副词 起连词作用,本身又作从句中的主语、宾语、表语或定语 即起连接作用,本身又在从句中作时间、地点或原因状语who,whom(的人)whose(某人的)which(东西,指物)that(的人或物,指物或人)as(象那样的,和相同,正如)when(的时候,修饰的时间名词)where(的地方修饰场所、方位等名词)why(原因;理由)Company Logo关联词在定语从句中有三个作用:a.引导定语从句b.在从句中代替先行词c.在从句中担任某

45、一句子成份一、先行词是指物的名词或代词时,关系代词用that, which。 (一) that 与 which 指物时一般情况可以互换,但在下列情况下通常用that, 不用which。 1.当先行词(定语从句所修饰的名词或代词)是everything, anything, nothing, all, much, few, little, none, the one, no one, some 等不定代词时。 e.g. All that can be done has been done. Is there anything that you want? 2. 当先行词被any, few, li

46、ttle, no, all, every, very, much, one of, the only, the very, the right, some 修饰时,常用that。e.g. The only thing that he remembered was her name. There is no difficulty that we cant overcome.3. 当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时,用that。 e.g. This is the first letter that Ive written in English. She is the most careful

47、student that Ive ever known.4. 两个并列的先行词,既有指人的,也有指物的,用that。 e.g. They talked about the teachers and the things that they remembered in the school.5. 当被修饰的成份在主句中主句中是系动词be后的表语或关系词本身在定语从定语从句句中做表语,用that。 (be的分类: a. am, is, are. b. 表变化的get. c. 感观动词look, smell. d. 表保持的stay.) e.g. China isnt the country tha

48、t she used to be fifty years ago. Its a book that will help you a great deal.6. 当主句是由who, which, what开头的特殊疑问句(不管指人指物)用that。 e.g. Who is the man that is waiting at the bus stop? What did you hear that made you so angry? Which is the task, that overtook as yesterday?7. 主句是由“There be + 主语(表物)”开头时,定语从句用

49、that。 e.g. There is a seat that is still free. There are two tickets that are for you.8. 当先行词是基数词时常用that。 e.g. caught two fish yesterday, now, you can see the two that are still alive.真题1.Firmsthatusecomputershavefoundthatthenumberofstaff_isneededforqualitycontrolcanbesubstantiallyreduced.A.whoseB.a

50、sC.whatD.that2.Heisquitewornoutformyearsofhardwork.Heisnottheman_hewastwentyyearsago.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.whomD B真题3.IhaveneverbeentoLondon,butthatisthecity_.A.whereIliketovisitmostB.IdliketovisitC.whichIliketovisitmostlyD.whereIdlikemosttovisit4.IveneverbeentoLhasa,butthatsthecity_.A.Idmostliketovis

51、itB.whereIliketovisitC.whichIliketovisitmostlyD.Idlikemuchtovisit5.thereisnooneintheworld_.A.thatevermademistakesB.thathasevermademistakesC.thatnevermakesmistakesD.thatsometimesmakesmistakesB A C(二) that与which指物时用which而不用that的情况 1. 在非限制性定语从句中用which。 2. 当关系代词的前面有介词时。 e.g. This is the factory in which

52、 we once worked. 3. 当先行词本身是that或those(指物)时,用which引导。 e.g. What was that which flashed in the sky just now. 4. 当关系代词后面带有插入语时。 e.g. Here is the English grammar book which, Ive told you, will help improve your English. 二、当先行词是指人的名词时,通常用who, that, whom 引导,但在下列情况下定语从句只用who不用that。 1. 先行词为the one, ones, an

53、yone等时 e.g. Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 2. 先行词为those( 指人)或被those修饰时 e.g. Those who learn not only from books, but also through practice will succeed.3. 在由“There be + 主语(指人)”开头的句子中 e.g. There is a man outside who wants to see you.4. 当先行词带有较长的后置定语时e.g. The woman in blue with a boy on

54、 her back who is working in the fields.5. 在非限制性定语从句中用who。三、关系代词三、关系代词as1.引导限制性定语从句,常与引导限制性定语从句,常与such或或thesame连用,构成连用,构成thesameas;suchas结构,结构,as用于代替指人或指物的先用于代替指人或指物的先行词。行词。e.g.Ihavegotintothesametroubleashe(has).e.g.Heisnotsuchaboyaswouldcheatintheexam.关系代词as2.引导非限制性定语从句,代替整个主句,引导非限制性定语从句,代替整个主句,意思意

55、思“正如正如”,位置比较灵活,既可以指代,位置比较灵活,既可以指代前面提到的内容,也可指后面要提到的内容。前面提到的内容,也可指后面要提到的内容。e.g.Asismentionedabove,thismethodaimsatimprovingthestudentsabilityinamoreeffectiveway.e.g.Thetestiscancelledasyouhavehoped.e.g.Thetest,asyouhavehoped,iscancelled.在引导非限制性定语从句时 ,as和which所代表的都是整个句子所表示的内容。不同之处:、在形式上as引导的非限制定语从句可位于主

56、句后面,也可位于主句之前;而which引导的非限制定语从句只能位于主句之后,不能位于主句的前面。、as 在从句中常作宾语;作主语时,从句的谓语动词常为系动词,即:系表结构或被动结构。若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which。As you expected, he turned up on time.正如你所愿,他按时到了。As is said above, he has conquered the difficulty. 正如上面所说,他征服了困难。关系代词关系代词as和和whichItrainedhardyesterday,_preventedmefromgoingtothepark

57、.A.thatB.whichC.asD.it答案答案B.真题1.Onlytakesuchclothes_reallynecessary.A.aswereB.astheyareC.astheywereD.asare_isoftenthecasewithanewidea,muchpreliminaryactivityandoptimisticdiscussionproducednoconcreteproposals.A.ThatB.ItC.ThisD.AsD D关系副词引导的定语从句四、where (=at, in which)表地点e.g.Thatistheplacewheretheymetfo

58、rthefirsttime.注意:在下列注意:在下列“case,policy,point,condition,situation,circumstance”等表示等表示“情况,方面,条件情况,方面,条件”等词引导定语从句等词引导定语从句时,也用时,也用where,等于,等于underwhich.e.g.Everyonemayfacethesituationwhereyouhavetomakeadecisionyourself.真题真题1.Thiscompanyhasnowintroducedapolicy_payrisesarerelatedtoperformanceatwork.A.whic

59、hB.whereC.whetherD.what2.Haveyoueverbeeninasituation_youknowtheotherpersonisrightyetyoucannotagreewithhim.A.bywhichB.thatC.inwhereD.whereBD“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句1. 在非限制性定语从句中只能用关系代词which/whom,不能用that。2. 在非限制性定语从句中,of which/whom可以用来修饰不定代词all, each, one, many, much, more, most, any, some, a few, a little, no

60、ne, both, several等。e.g.Manypeoplecametoherparty,mostofwhomwereherformerclassmates.e.g.Thereare50studentsinourclass,upto20ofwhomarefromthesouth.3. “介词which+名词”引导的定语从句e.g.HespenttwoyearsintheU.S.A.,duringwhichperiodshestudiedlaw.e.g.Waterboilsat100C,atwhichtemperatureitchangesintogas.真题真题Thatistherobb

61、er_arrestarewardwasoffered.A.forwhomB.forwhoseC.aboutwhomD.aboutwhoseB关系代词和关系副词的省略1.在从句中作直接宾语时在从句中作直接宾语时2.当当that在从句中作补语时在从句中作补语时e.g.Heisall(that)ateachershouldbe.e.g.Heisnottheman(that)heusedtobe.3.therebe结构中出现定语从句,或在定语从句中结构中出现定语从句,或在定语从句中出现出现therebe时,用作主语的关系代词时,用作主语的关系代词that,who可以省略可以省略e.g.Thereisa

62、mandownstairs(who)wantstoseeyou.e.g.Thisisthebestdictionary(that)thereisinthelibrary.关系代词和关系副词的省略4.先行词是先行词是reason,且在定语从句中作原因状语时,关系,且在定语从句中作原因状语时,关系代词代词why或或that,也可以省略。,也可以省略。e.g.Thereason(why/that)hefailedwashislaziness.5.先行词是先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时,关系代,且在定语从句中作方式状语时,关系代常用常用that,也可省略。,也可省略。e.g.Thatwas

63、theway(that)sheworkedtheproblemout.注意:当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,不省略。注意:当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,不省略。e.g.Idontknowthewaythat/whichleadstothetopofthemountain.关系代词what的用法1.“whatis(was)+形容词比较级形容词比较级”,“更更,尤,尤其其”,常作插入语。如:,常作插入语。如:whatsmore;whatsworse.Greatmenareoftenunknownorwhatsworse,mis-known.2.what既可指人,也可指物,既可指人,也可指物,“的

64、(人或物)的(人或物)”。e.g.Thisiswhatyoucallfashion?e.g.Neverpretendtobewhatyouarenot.3.“what名词名词”相当于相当于“allthe+名词名词that”,what在从句中作定语。在从句中作定语。e.g.Wewillgiveyouwhathelpwecan.(=allthehelpthat)真题真题Shemanagedtosave_shecouldoutofherwagestohelpherbrother.A.howlittlemoneyB.solittlemoneyC.suchlittlemoneyD.whatlittlem

65、oneyDBUT用法用法but作关系代词相当于whonot, whichnot, thatnot。其先行词一般为表示否定意义的词。只用于限定性定语从句。e.g.Thereisnomanbuterrs.(Thereisnomanwhodoesnterr.)e.g.Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.(but=whodont)注:注:therebe结构在此类句型中有时可以省略。结构在此类句型中有时可以省略。e.g.(Thereis)Norulebuthasexceptions.than用法用法关系代词than 一般用于含有比较级的句子中,兼有连词和代词的性质。e.

66、g.Youspentmoremoneythanwasintendedtobespent.e.g.Thequestionismorecomplicatedthanappearsonthesurface.定语从句与强调结构定语从句与强调结构Itistheplacewheretheylivedbefore.Itisintheplacethattheylivedbefore.第一个句子为定语从句,第一个句子为定语从句,where指代指代theplace,在定语从句中作状语,第二个句子为强调结构,在定语从句中作状语,第二个句子为强调结构,强调强调intheplace,that没有意义,把放回后面没有意义

67、,把放回后面句子,句子意思完整。句子,句子意思完整。Whereisitthathefoundthelostwatch?(强调句型,强调疑问副词强调句型,强调疑问副词where.)Whereisthewatchhefoundyesterday?(定语从句,定语从句,that指代指代thewatch.)定语从句中的先行词定语从句中的先行词Isthisbooktheonethatyouboughtyesterday?Isthisthebookthatyouboughtyesterday?第一个句子中,第一个句子中,thisbook是主句的主语,是主句的主语,theone是先行词。在第二个句子中是先行

68、词。在第二个句子中this是是主句的主语,主句的主语,thebook是先行词。一定要是先行词。一定要避免出现:避免出现:Isthisbookthatyouboughtyesterday?Company Logo1.Abovethetreesarethehills,_magnificencetheriverfaithfullyreflectsonthesurface.(2003)A.whereB.ofwhoseC.whoseD.which2.ThePhysicisthasmadeadiscovery,_ofgreatimportancetotheprogressofscienceandtechn

69、ology.(1997)A.IthinkwhichisB.thatIthinkisC.whichIthinkisD.whichIthinkitisCCompany LogoIhaveneverbeentoLondon,butthatisthecity_.(1997)A.whereIliketovisitmostB.IdmostliketovisitC.whichIliketovisitmostlyD.whereIdlikemosttovisitSherememberedseveraloccasionsinthepast_shehadexperiencedasimilarfeeling.(199

70、8)A.whichB.beforeC.thatD.whenBDCompany LogoIveneverbeentoLhasa,butthatsthecity_.(1999)A.IdmostliketovisitB.whichIliketovisitmostlyC.whereIliketovisitD.IdlikemuchtovisitFirmsthatusecomputershavefoundthatthenumberofstaff_isneededforqualitycontrolcanbesubstantiallyreduced.(2000)A.whoseB.asC.whatD.thatL

71、OGOLOGO宾语从句宾语从句Company Logodoubt用法用法(1)在否定句和疑问句中,)在否定句和疑问句中,doubt后面接后面接that引导的宾语从引导的宾语从句。例如:句。例如:Idontdoubtthathecanfinishthetaskontime.我相信他能按时完成任务。我相信他能按时完成任务。Doyoudoubtthatshewillsucceed?你怀疑她会成你怀疑她会成功吗?功吗?(2)在肯定句中,)在肯定句中,doubt后面一般接后面一般接whether或或if引导的引导的宾语从句。例如:宾语从句。例如:Idoubtwhethertheycanswimacros

72、stheriver.我怀疑他们能否游过河去。我怀疑他们能否游过河去。Hedoubtsifshewillkeepherword.他不敢肯定她他不敢肯定她是否会遵守诺言。是否会遵守诺言。注意:在肯定句中,注意:在肯定句中,doubt后面也可以接后面也可以接that引导的宾语从引导的宾语从句,但表示疑虑较大或句,但表示疑虑较大或“不相信不相信”。例如:。例如:Wedoubtthattheycancompletetheworkaheadoftime.我们不相信他们能提前完成这项工作。我们不相信他们能提前完成这项工作。Idoubtthathewillcome.我看他未必会来。我看他未必会来。Compan

73、y Logo宾语从句宾语从句-否定转移否定转移1将将think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine等动词后面的宾语从句的否定等动词后面的宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中。但词转移到主句中。但hope不能转移。不能转移。e.g.Idontbelievehewillcome.2将将seem,appear等后的从句的否定转移到等后的从句的否定转移到前面。前面。e.g.Itdoesntappearthatwewillhaveasunnydaytomorrow.3有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。词前。e.g.TCom

74、pany Logo真题真题1.Thegovernmenthaspromisedtodo_liesinitspowertoeasethehardshipsofthevictimsintheflood-strickenarea.(2004)A.howeverB.whicheverC.whateverD.wherever2.After_seemedanendlesswait,itwasherturntoenterthepersonnelmanagersoffice.(1994)A.thatB.thereC.whatD.itCCCompany Logo真题真题3.Theteamcanhandlewha

75、tever_.A.thatneedshandlingB.whichneedshandlingC.itneedshandlingD.needstobehandled4.Wecanassignthetaskto_iscapableandtrustworthy.A.whomeverB.whoC.whomD.whoeverDDCompany Logowhether和和if的区别的区别whether和和if在宾语从句中可以互换,在宾语从句中可以互换,但是作介词宾语时连接词一般用但是作介词宾语时连接词一般用whether。 It all depends on whether they will come

76、back.后面直接跟后面直接跟or not 时用时用whether。 I didnt know whether or not he had arrived in WCompany Logo主语从句表语从句中只能用主语从句表语从句中只能用whether。 Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet.The question is whether they have so much Company Logowhether可以引导同位语从句,用以说明前面的可以引导同位语从句,用以说明前面的名词的内容,名词的内容,if不能。

77、不能。 We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not.whether常与常与or连用表示一种选择,连用表示一种选择,if不能这样不能这样用;用;whether也可与动词不定式连用但也可与动词不定式连用但if不能。不能。 The question of whether they are male or female is not important.I have not decided whether to go or Company Logo间接引语位于句首时或者是间接引间接引语位于句首时或者是间接引语提前时用语提前时用whether不用不用if。 Thank you, but whether Ill be free Im not sure at the moment.whether可引导一个让步状语从句可引导一个让步状语从句表示表示“不管不管”、“无论无论”,而,而if不能。不能。 Whether he comes or not, we will begin our party on time.

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