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1、语法复习语法复习-句子成分句子成分一、句子成分一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。句子成分详解表句子成分详解表句子成分句子成分意义意义充当词类充当词类例句例句主语主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么表示句子说的是什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或式，动名词，短语或句子句子We stud
2、y in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样么样动词或动词词组动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象表示动作行为的对象同主语同主语Both of us like English.表语表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语同主语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定语定语用来修饰名词或代词用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名形
3、，代，数，名, 副，介词短语或句子副，介词短语或句子We have eight lessons every day.状语状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句副词，介词短语或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语宾语补足语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词形容词，名词，介词短语等短语等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是
4、基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！二）主语：二）主语：主主语 (Subject)是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑构、疑问句（当主句（当主语不疑不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主）和倒装句中，主语位位于于谓语、助、助动词或情或情态动词后面。主后面。主语可由名可由名词、代、代词、数数词、不定式、不定式、动名名词、名、名词化的形容化的形容词和主和主语从句等表从句等表示。例如：示。例如：1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymu
5、sichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomast
6、eraforeignlanguage.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语（三）谓语 谓语 (Predicate)说明主明主语所做的所做的动作或具有的特作或具有的特征和状征和状态。动词在句中作在句中作谓语，一般放在主，一般放在主语之后。之后。谓语的构成如下：的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个：由一个动词或或动词短短语构成。如：构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffattenoclock.2、复合、复合谓语：（1）由情由情态动词或其他助或其他助动词加加动词原形构成。如：原形构成。如：Youmaykeept
7、hebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系）由系动词加表加表语构成。如：构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：注意：谓语与主与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。在人称与数方面要保持一致。（四）表语（四）表语 表表语(Predicative)用以用以说明主明主语的性的性质、特征、状、特征、状态与身与身份，它一般位于系份，它一般位于系动词（如（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表等）之后。表语一般由名一般由名词、代、代词、形、形容容词、数、数词、 副副词、不定式、不定式、动名名词、分、分词、介、介词短短语及表
8、及表语从句表示。例如：从句表示。例如： 1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名（名词）2.Isityours?（代（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwenty one?（数（数词）6.Hisjobisto teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplaying football.（动名名词）8.Themeetingisof great importance.（介（介词短短语）9.Timeisu
9、p.Theclassisover.（副（副词）10.Thetruthisthat he has never been abroad.（表（表语从从句）句）注意：系动词（注意：系动词（LINKING VERB)用于连接主语用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状状态系系动词用来表示主用来表示主语状状态，只有，只有be一一词，例如：，例如：Heisateacher.2）持持续系系动词用来表示主用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或或保持一种状况或态度，主要有度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：例如：
10、Healwayskept silentatmeeting.3）表像系表像系动词用来表示用来表示“看起来像看起来像”这一概念，主要有一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：例如：Heseems (tobe)verysad.注意：系动词（注意：系动词（LINKING VERB)用于连接主语用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4）感官系感官系动词主要有主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系化系动词表示主表示主语变成什么成什么样，主要有
11、，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：例如：Hebecamemadafterthat.6）终止系止系动词表示主表示主语已已终止止动作，主要有作，主要有prove,turnout,表达表达证实，变成成之意，例如：之意，例如：Therumorproved false.Hisplanturned outasuccess.（五）宾语（五）宾语 宾语（Object）表示）表示动作的作的对象或承象或承爱者，一般位于及物者，一般位于及物动词和介和介词后面。例如：后面。例如： 1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.2.Th
12、eheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）宾语种种类：（1）双）双宾语（间接接宾语+直接直接宾语
13、），例如：），例如：Lendme your dictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）复合）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：），例如：Theyelectedhim their moni
14、tor.下列动词只能接不定式做宾语下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：等，如：Herefusedto lend me his bike.下列动词只能接动名词做宾语下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,pract
15、ise,suggest等，如：等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreaking the window.下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如义不同，如stop,mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。等。（六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语 英英语中有些及物中有些及物动词，除有一个直接，除有一个直接宾语以外，以外，还要有一要有一个个宾语补足足语（ObjectComplement），才能使句子的），才能使句子的意意义完整。完整。带有有宾语补足足语的一般句型的一般句型为：某些及物：某些及物动词（如（如mak
16、e等等)+宾语+宾补）。）。宾补可由名可由名词、形容、形容词、副、副词、不定式、分、不定式、分词、介、介词短短语和从句充当。例如：和从句充当。例如： 1.HisfathernamedhimDongming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustntforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名词）（
17、形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）（七）定语（七）定语 修修饰名名词或代或代词的的词、短、短语或从句称或从句称为定定语(Attribute)。定定语可由以下等成分表示：可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisa beautiful city.（形容（形容词）2.Chinaisadeveloping country;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分（分词） 3.Therearethirty womenteachersinourschool.（名（名词）4.His rapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代
18、（代词）5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirst to enter the classroom.（不定式短（不定式短语）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名名词）7.Heisreadinganarticleabout how to learn English.（介（介词短短语）8.Farmerswho saw usstaredatusasifwearewalkingskeletons.(定定语从句从句)（八）状语（八）状语 修修饰动词、形容、形容词、副、副词或整个句子，或整个句子，说明明动作或状作或状态特征特征的句子成
19、分，叫做状的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示）。可由以下形式表示 ：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（分词短语）（名词）（状语从句）9种状语种类如下： 1.Howa
20、boutmeetingagainat six?2.Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecause of the rain.3.Ishallgothereif it doesnt rain.4.MrSmithliveson the third floor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwith great care.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）Shecameinwith a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others,Imu
21、stworkharder.7.Hewassotiredthat he fell asleep immediately.8.Sheworksveryhardthough she is old.9.Iamtallerthan he is.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语） （九）同位（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名前面的名词或代或代词做做进一步的解一步的解释，通常由名，通常由名词、数、数词、代、代词或从句担任，或从句担任，如：如：ThisisMr.Zhou,our headmaster.（十）插入（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句一句话做一些附做一
22、些附加的解加的解释，通常有，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe-)等，如：等，如：To be frank,Idontquiteagreewithyou.练习练习（一）（一）.指出下列句子划指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinth
23、emorning.S.AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbialAdverbial6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13
24、.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.AttributePredicativeO.PredicateS.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateO.AdverbialAO.RO.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest，yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy
25、.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.O.AttributeParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialAS.PredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative指出下列诸句中画线部分是什么成分：1.On the left of my house is an old church.2.Why could the boiling point of water be lower at the top of a mountain?3. I am not going to work today.4. Thi
26、s thing is for peeling potatoes.5.What time will you arrive?6.The Genie promised that if anyone should come and set him free, he would make him very rich.7. What nationality are you?S.S.V.Prep.O.Adv.O.C.Predicative8. I couldnt understand why he had decided to retire at 50. 9. I am terribly confused
27、by all this information.10. We had already reached 9000 feet by then.11. She reminded me to switch off all the lights.12. Ill be able to pass my driving test after I have had a few lessons.13. I love swimming. It keeps me fit.14. It is obvious that money doesnt grow on trees.AdverbialV.O.C.O.O.C.S.O
28、.(二二)。划分。划分句子成分句子成分1.weareworking.2.Icanswimverywell.3.Thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.Whydoesthewindblow.5.Therainhasbeenpullingdownforawholeday.6.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.7.Jimaskedyoutogivehisbestwishestoeveryone.8.Youmustgetthecarreadybytomorrow.9.Ihavealotofclothestowash.Ihavealotofc
29、lothestobewashed.10.Hegavehissonsomeadviceonreading.11.Readmethefirstparagraph.12.Iveorderedsomesoupforyou.13.HebeganleaningEnglishtenyearsago.14.Mybeinglateworriedmyteacher.15.Thatpresidenthimselfwouldvisitourschoolexcitedallofus.16.AprilDayisthespecialdayoftheyearwhenyouplayajokeonsomeone.17.Heusu
30、allytakesanapafterlunch,asishishabit.18.Ifoundthebookinthecorneroftheroom.19.hefinishedlunchandwentintothegarden.20.Thetelephonerang.21.Westudyhard.22.Hisfathermighthavedied.23.Willyouleavethedooropenwhengoingout.24.Canyoumakethedogstandstill?25.Thelandlordhadthemworkingdayandnight.26.Ithinkasoundkn
31、owledgeofgrammarisimportanttogoodwriting.27.Weallbreathe,eat,drink.28.Iwokeupat6:00inthemorning.29.Thebookweighsfivekilos.30.TheywillbeflyingtoLondon.31.Theshopassistantfoundsomecertainmaterialsforme.32.HepromisedmeanewEnglish-Chinesedictionary.33.Pleasepassanewly-publishedtome.34.HelivedinGuangZhou.35.Thefatherisshowingtheboyhowtoplanttrees.36.Hisunclelefthimsomemoney.37.SheisteachingthepianotoseveralofthevillagechildrenandshehastaughtusEnglishfor3years.38.Ilikepopularmusic.39.Sheknowswhattodonext.40.Itexcitedallofusthatthepresidentwouldvisitourschool.
