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1、1. Q: What is the scope of linguistics? The scope of linguistics can be illustrated as: 1) General linguistics: the study of language as whole. It deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 2) Phonetics: the study of sounds used in c
2、ommunication. 3) Phonology: the study about how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication. 4) Morphology: the study of the way in which symbols/morphemes are arranged to form words. 5) Syntax: the study of the rules about the combination of words to form permisible sentence
3、s. 6) Semantics: the study of meaning. 7) Pragmatics: the study of meaning in the context of use. And the Interdisciplinary branches. 1) Sociolinguistics 2) Psycholingu istics 2. Q: What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar
4、in several basic ways: firstly, modern linguistics is descriptive, it describes the language as it is; while traditional grammar is prescriptive, it 欢迎下载 2 prescribes the way language should be used. Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Then, modern l
5、inguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a latin-based framework. 3. Q: What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme? A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit
6、 that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. 4. Q: Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule and the delet
7、ion rule? 1) Sequential rules form the letters as “ k, h ,l ,j” into all possible words in English. We might order them as: blik, klib, bilk, kilb. without other orders. So it indicates that there are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. One special sequential rule t
8、hat 2) Assimilation rule: it assimilates one sound to another by copying a feather of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example: “ illegal” , inlegal 3) Deletion rule: It can be stated as: delete a g when it occurs before 下载 欢迎下载 3 a final nasal consonant. for example: “d
9、esignation”, the g represented by the letter “g” is pronounced , while in the word “ sign” . /g/ sound is deleted, because it is followed by and ended with the nasal consonant /n/. 5. Q: What are the major types of synonyms in English? There are five types of synonyms in English. They are dialectal
10、synonyms-synonyms used in different regional dialects; stylistics synonyms synonyms differing in style; synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning; collocational synonyms; semantically different synonyms. 6. Q: Explain with examples “ Homonymy”, “ Polysemy”, and “ Hyponymy”? Homonym
11、y ( 定义) . It includes homophones( 定义) (piecepeace) , homographs ( 定义) (bow v. bow n.) and complete homonyms (定义) (scale n.scale v.) . Polysemy means that the same one word may have more that one meaning. For example: “table”, has at least seven meanings. Hyponymy means that the sense relation betwee
12、n a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. For example: “furniture” is super-ordinate, its hyponyms are bed, table, desk, dresser, wardrobe, settee 7. Q: How can words opposite in meaning be classified? To which 下载 欢迎下载 4 category does each of the following pairs of antonyms bel
13、ong? There are three types oppositions in meaning. They are gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and relational opposites. “ northsouth” , “ widenarrow ” and “ poorrich” belong to gradable antonyms; “ vacantoccupied” and “ literateilliterate” belong to complementary antonyms; “above below”, “do
14、ctor patient” and “father daughter” belong to relational opposites. 8. Q: How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ? The meaning of a sentence is abstract, and de-contextualized, that of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. The meaning of an utterance
15、 is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. Difference: Sentence meaning includes locutionary act, but it doesnt include illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. 9. Q: According to Austin, w
16、hat are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example? They are locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. For example: someone utters “you” “have” “door” “open”! The locutionary act expresses what the words literally mean. The illocutionar
17、y act expresses the speakers intention : asking someone to 下载 欢迎下载 5 close the door. T he hearer gets the speakers message and sees that the speaker means to tell him to close the door, and then the hearer closes the door. Therefore, the utterance gets the effect of losing the door. And this is the
18、perlocutionary act. 10. Q: What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature? They are the maxim of quantity( 具体说明其内容) the maxim of quality the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner . For example: A: When
19、is Jerrys birthday party? B: Sometime next month. So, B doesn t wish to tell you when J errys birthday party is going to be held. A: Would you like to attend our traveling at weekend? B: Im afraid I have got an invitation at weekend. So, B doesnt want to attend your traveling. A: Shall we get someth
20、ing for our brother? B: Yes. But I veto G-U-N. So, B doesnt want their brother to know they are talking about 下载 欢迎下载 6 getting them a gun. 11. Q: Cite with examples the changes in English Language? 1) sound change: “mouse”mu:s maus; 2) morphological change: greenen green; 3) syntactic change: you c
21、an speak, cant you? You speak, speak not you ? 4) lexical change: wot to know, ASPCA, math mathematics; 5) semantic change: “silly” means happy in old English, but today it means foolish; “aunt” means fathers sister before, but today it also means mothers sister. 12. Q: What are the main social dial
22、ects? How do they jointly determine idiolect? They are Gender variation, Age variation, Ethnic dialect, Stylistic variation, Register. Idiolectal variation is determined by many factors. The different backgrounds of different people influence their choice of linguistic forms, and the linguistic feat
23、ures of the language they use reveal their indentities. . 13. Q: What peticuliar features does a Pidgin have? Any dialects have native speakers, except pidgin. . 下载 欢迎下载 7 Two parties didnt know each other, so in order to do trade, they have to use pidgin. With more understandings of each others cul
24、tures, less people would use pidgin. 14. Q: Among the language acquisition theories, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing? Explain why? There are three language acquisition theories, they are the behaviorist view, the innatist view and the interactionist view. I tend to the behav
25、iorist much more, in my opinion, to do is better than doing nothing, practice and intimation are the best way to learn a language. For the innatist, sedulity can make up every natural facultiy, and for the interactionist, not everyone can go aboard to have a language environment, at home, there are
26、still many scholarships study different languages well. 15. Q: What is Language Acquisition? It refers to the childs acqu isition of his mother tongue, it means how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community. 16. Q: What is Language Acquisition Devices? It also known as LA
27、D, it claims that human beings are biologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking . it was described as an imaginary “black box” existing somewhere in the 下载 欢迎下载 8 human brain, the “black box” is said to contain pr
28、inciples that are universal to all human languages. 17. Q: What is the Critical Period Hypothesis? The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in ones life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning
29、 can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction. 18. Q: What is Register? Language varies as its function varies, it differs in different situations, it is selected as appropriate to the type of situation. 19. Q: What is Idiolect? Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speake
30、r that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 20. Q: What is Pidgin? Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 21. Q: What is Creole? It is ori
31、ginally a Pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community. That is, when a pidgin come to be adopted by a population as its primary language, and children learn it as their first language, then the pidgin language is called a 下载 欢迎下载 9 Creole. 22. Q: What is CP? It i
32、s stand of the cooperative Principle. . It requires that the speaker and the hearer should make conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which the speaker and the hearer are engaged. 23. Q: What is Homon
33、ymy? It refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. It includes Homophones, Homograghs, Complete Homonyms. 24. Q: What is Polysemy? It means that the same one word having more than one meaning. 25.
34、Q: What is Sense? It is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the meaning in the dictionary. It does not refer to any particular individual that exists in the real word, but applies to any individual that meets the features described in the definition. 26. Q: What is Syntax? 下载 欢迎下载 10 It is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 下载
