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1、学术英语学术英语 社科社科Academic English for Social Sciences学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLead-inText A Text BListening SpeakingWritingUnit Contents学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Lead-in Reading critically: questions for discussionUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors
2、 in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Lead-inReading critically: questions for discussionReading critically:Every text is written on a purpose, some are supposed to make you believe. It is important to learn to read critically to get the point. One way of training critical reading is to ask yours
3、elf the following questions: l Do you agree with the author? Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl What is the author assuming I will agree with?l What is the author trying to prove?学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Lead-inReading critically: questions for discussionl Does the author adequately d
4、efend their argument? l What kind of proof do they use?Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Is there something they leave out that you would put in? l Does putting it in hurt their argument? 学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Lead-inReading critically: questions for discussionDiscuss the followin
5、g questions:l How do you make the decision that you take this course?l What do you consider when you make this decision?Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Text A Key terms Critical reading and thinking Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose Sp
6、ecialized vocabulary Collocations Formal and informal English Signpost languageUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Text AKey termsl rational people: 理性人理性人 Those people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given th
7、e available opportunities.Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl marginal change: 边际变化边际变化 small incremental adjustments to a plan of actionl marginal benefit: 边际效益边际效益 the additional benefit from an increase in an activity学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Text AKey termsUnit 1 Decision-Making Beh
8、aviors in Economic Activitiesl marginal cost: 边际成本边际成本 the additional cost from an increase in an activityl marginal decision-making: 边际决策边际决策 the additional cost from an increase in an activityl incentive: 激励激励 something that induces a person to act学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案How People Make DecisionsEconomi
9、sts explanation about decision making: There are rules behind peoples decision-making behaviors.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案l Rational people think at the margin.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making
10、Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesExample 1: standby ticketsWhat a rational airline can do?Situation: Flying a 200-seat plane across the U.S. costs the airline $100,000.Cost of each seat: $500 (Thats to say, never sell a ticket for less than $500.)Suppose: A plane is about to take off with 10 empty se
11、ats. A standby passenger will pay $300 for a seat.Question: should the airline sell the ticket?学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Answer: Yes.Reason: If the plane has empty seat, the cost of adding one more passenger is tiny. Here the marginal cost is merely the cost of something to eat, like peanuts, coco, etc.Conc
12、lusion: As long as the standby passenger pays more than the marginal cost, selling the ticket is profitable.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Example 2: water vs. diamondWhy is water so cheap, while diamonds are so expensive?w
13、aterdiamondNecessary for survivalThe marginal benefit of an extra cup is small because water is plentiful.Unnecessary for survivalThe marginal benefit of an extra diamond is large because diamonds are rare.Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesText ACritical reading and thinking学术英语
14、(社科)_Unit 1含答案Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesConclusion: Rational people think at the margin. (They make decisions by comparing costs and benefits.) Are you a rational person?学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Example 1: the price of an appleHow people respo
15、nd to incentives?When the price rises: It provides an incentive for buyers to consume less; It provides an incentive for sellers to produce more.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Rational people respond to incentives.学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案 Exampl
16、e 2: a tax on gasoline How people respond to incentives? Encourage people to drive small, more fuel-efficient cars; carpool take public transportation; live closer to where they work; drive hybrid cars; drive electric cars.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Econom
17、ic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案 Example 3: a seat belt law American laws require seat belts as standard equipment on new cars.How a seat belt law alters a drivers cost-benefit calculation (Peltzmans analysis):Seat belts reduce the likelihood of injury or death make accidents less costly drive faster
18、 and less carefully a large number of accidentsText ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Result: These laws produce both fewer deaths per accident and more accidents. Conclusion 1: The net result is little change in the number of driv
19、er deaths and an increase in the number of pedestrian deaths.Conclusion 2: When analyzing any policy, consider both the direct effects and less obvious indirect effects.If the policy changes incentives, it will cause people to alter their behavior.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-M
20、aking Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案 Rational people know that when they make a decision, it is often not a yes-or-no choice, but requires deliberate consideration of the pros and cons. Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Rational peo
21、ple know that decisions in life are rarely black and white but usually involve shades of gray. (Para. 2) 学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案 The most important theory in economic study concerns itself with incentives. Other theories are not as important. “The rest is commentary” is a phrase used in American English
22、to mean “the rest is trivial or less important”. Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.” (Para. 6) 学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案 At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like random talk n
23、ot supported by evidence. Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like idle speculation. (Para. 12)学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Specialized vocabularyl rational peoplel marginal decision-makingl marginal
24、 changel marginal benefitl marginal costl net resultText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案CollocationsText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl achieve the high lev
25、el of satisfactionl maximize profitsl achieve objectivesl be black and whitel roll roundl blow offl fly standbyl puzzling economic phenomenal take an actionl allocate scarce resourcesl end up with l unintended consequencesl idle speculation学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Formal and informal Englishl See Page 9, a
26、nd do Task 3.Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Signpost languagel Show connections between sentences and paragraphs. See Page 9, and do Task 2 Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors
27、 in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Signpost languageText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Signal important parts of academic writing, such as structure, writers position, arguments, conclusionReporting someones view: Some people/res
28、earcher(s) maintain(s) / argue(s) / assert(s) / claim(s) / point(s) out学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Signpost languageDisagreeing with someones view: I disagree with that The view is open to doubt / not necessarily true / highly debatable One of the main argument against is thatText AEnglish language for academ
29、ic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Signpost languagePointing out a gap in research: However little information These studies have emphasized, as opposed to Although considerable research has focused on, less attention has been given toText AEnglish lan
30、guage for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Signpost languageAgreeing with someones view: I agree with when he writes that X is certainly correct in saying that Another point in favour of is A further argument supporting isNB: In the following u
31、nits of study, more examples will be given. Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 1 The tree diagram below illustrates the main points of the text. Fill in the blanks according to the text.Text ASuggested answersUnit
32、1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesDecision-making behaviors in economic activitiesThinking at the margincomparing marginal _ and marginal _ Responding to _Example 1standby tickets Critical reading and thinkingExample 2_ vs. _Example 1the price of an appleExample 2a tax on _Example 3_
33、costbenefitswaterdiamondsincentivesgasolineseat belts law学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).Text ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCritical reading and thinkingF_ 1 When rational people make decisions in l
34、ife, they are very certain of the choice._ 2 At the time of examination, students have to decide how to use all their time studying._ 3 Marginal changes are small gradual changes of the present plan of action._ 4 The example of the standby fly is told to show how cost can be ignored._ 5 Diamonds are
35、 more expensive than water because people are more attracted to them.FFFT学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).Text ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCritical reading and thinkingT_ 6 The quotation of one eco
36、nomist “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.” is given to show the importance of incentives._ 7 The example of the apple shows how food prices vary according to market needs._ 8 The gasoline tax has an effect on peoples choice of cars._ 9 When the seat belt is made compulsory, peopl
37、e drive more carefully._ 10 Policymakers need to take into consideration the less obvious indirect effects of a policy.FFFT学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Match the words in Column A wit
38、h those in Column B and then translate the phrases you have got into Chinese.Column A Column B1 marginala resource2 scarceb result3 maximizec change4 netd satisfaction5 level ofe people6 rationalf profit学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Beha
39、viors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1 Match the words in Column A with those in Column B and then translate the phrases you have got into Chinese.1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _marginal change边际变化边际变化scarce resources稀缺资源稀缺资源maximize profits最大化利润最大化利润net result净结果净结果level of satisfaction满意度满意度rational
40、 people理性人理性人学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2 Translate the following sentences into English, using some of the phrases above.1 我们明年的目标是获得利润最大化。我们明年的目标是获得利润最大化。 _2 时间是一种稀缺资源，因此如果工人失业，他们的
41、时间就浪时间是一种稀缺资源，因此如果工人失业，他们的时间就浪 费了。费了。 _ _We aim to maximize profits over the next year.Time is a scarce resource, so if workers are unemployed their time is wasted.学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage bu
42、ilding-up2 Translate the following sentences into English, using some of the phrases above.3 理性人有非理性的想法吗？理性人有非理性的想法吗？ _4 满意度调查结果表明游客对某些服务不满意。满意度调查结果表明游客对某些服务不满意。 _ _Do rational people have irrational thoughts?Research into satisfaction level has found that tourists are not satisfied with some of the
43、 services.学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1 Match the signpost language from Text A with the purpose each of them serves. Signpost languagePurposes 1 as we will seea explanation2 at the same t
44、imeb time sequence3 by contrastc giving examples4 for exampled comparison and contrast5 in other wordse coherence6 in this case1 _ 2 _ 3 _ 4 _ 5 _ 6 _ebdcae学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2Com
45、plete the following sentences using the signpost language listed above.1 He is not well-known for his respect for factual accuracy, _, he was lying.2 Offices can easily become more environmentally-friendly by, _, using recycled paper.3 We dont like the situation. But _, we have to deal with this pro
46、blem.in other wordsfor exampleat the same time学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2Complete the following sentences using the signpost language listed above.4 Their economy has expanded enormously
47、, while ours, _, has declined.5 _, in this chapter there is no general formula for the solution to this question.6 The whole team dont want to lose him. _, he needs to realize that company regulations must be obeyed.by contrastAs we will seeIn this case学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASu
48、ggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.1 As you study economics, you will come across firms that decide how many workers to hire and how much of their pro
49、duct to manufacture and sell to maximize profits. Key: _2 The reason is that a persons willingness to pay for any good is based on the marginal benefit that an extra unit of the good would produce. Key: _encounteryield学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Maki
50、ng Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.3 An incentive is something that persuades a person to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward. Key: _4 Many policies change the costs o
51、r benefits that people face and, therefore, change their behavior. Key: _5 For example, consider public policy about auto safety. Key: _inducesalterregarding学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Repla
52、ce the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.6 The decline in safe driving has a clear, bad impact on pedestrians. Key: _7 At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like an idle guess. Key: _8 When a person wears a seat belt, the li
53、kelihood of surviving an auto accident rises. Key: _adversespeculationprobability学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2Complete the sentences with some of the answers you have got in the above exercis
54、e.1 Stress can have a(n) _ effect on peoples health.2 This doesnt _ the fact that what you did was wrong.3 He warned us that we might _ a lot of opposition at the very beginning.4 Some believe that surgery could _ a heart attack.5 He has very little to say _ the new EU regulations.6 Knowing about th
55、e past doesnt necessarily _ solutions to current problems.adversealterencounterinduceregardingyield学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Text B Critical reading Difficult sentences English language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案New Airport Landing Fees Dela
56、yedl See Page 14, and do Task 1 and Task 2 Text BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities A new federal policy: allowing airports to charge higher landing fees during peak periods Reason for formulating this policy: encourage airlines to arrange flights more evenly thr
57、oughout the day, thus reducing flight delays学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Text BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCostsBenefitsAirportsAirlines学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Text BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesYour reflections on this policy:It wi
58、ll work: It wont work:学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案l , which last month called the proposal “congestion pricing disguised as an airport fee”. (Para. 13)Text BDifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities , which claimed that the proposal was actually charging fee for congestion rat
59、her than for the airport. 学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案l “Because the central policy issue at stake here influencing airline market decisions through airport pricing is inherently complex and historically has been controversial, we believe that it merits additional time to fully develop comments reflecting the
60、 views of industry stakeholders,” (Para. 14) Text BDifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities “The central policy issue which is how to influence airline market decisions through airport pricing has always been complex and controversial. Hence it is necessary to allow
61、 more time for the parties involved in the industry to phrase their opinions that most clearly express their views.”学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Collocations l reduce / address congestionl charge higher landing feesl peak periodsl reduce delaysl take effectl implement measuresText BEnglish language for academi
62、c purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Collocations l traffic volumel on-time arrival ratel be supportive ofl accommodate requestsl clear up ambiguityl go into effectText BEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Act
63、ivities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Listening Prediction strategies Listening tasksUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Prediction strategiesl Prediction Instead of relying on the actual words or sounds, you use background information and common world knowledge to develop ex
64、pectations about what you will hear and then confirm or reject them as you listen. ListeningUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案l Prediction strategiesListeningUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesPrediction strategies Use visual information inc
65、luding titles on the board, on slides, or in a PowerPoint presentation. Think about what you already know about the topic. Ask yourself questions that you think the speaker might answer. Listen for specific phrases.学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 1 Before listening, look at the first sentence of the lecture
66、you are going to hear and predict what will follow. Write down your expectation.ListeningUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesBusinesses are structured in different ways to meet different needs.The simplest form of business is called an individual or sole proprietorship. The propri
67、etor owns all of the property of the business and is responsible for everything.Listening tasks学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 2 Listen to the lecture again and complete the following table according to what you have heard.ListeningUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesListening tasksForms o
68、f businessOwnership Responsibility for debtsLength of existence_Proprietorship_owner fully responsible_Partnership_an unlimited lifetimeIndividual / soleCorporation sole owner limited liability partnershipshares of ownership by stock holderspartly responsibleshare holders not responsibleexist only f
69、or as long as the owners remain aliveexist only for as long as the partners remain alive学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 3 Listen to the lecture a third time and choose the correct answer to each of the following questions.ListeningUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities1 Which of the followin
70、g descriptions fits an individual proprietorship?A The owner has to pay any debts alone.B The company goes bankrupt when the owner dies.C The owner keeps all the profits with his family.D The owner cannot borrow money.Key: _Listening tasksA学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 3 Listen to the lecture a third time
71、and choose the correct answer to each of the following questions.ListeningUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities2 What is a must when two people go into business together?A They must share equal responsibility.B They must not be husband and wife.C They must decide how to share the p
72、artnership.D They must be doctors, lawyers or accountants.Key: _Listening tasksC学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Task 3 Listen to the lecture a third time and choose the correct answer to each of the following questions.ListeningUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities3 What is true of a corporation
73、?A It is owned by directors.B It always sells stocks.C It pays its shareholders rewards every year.D It is an independent legal being.Key: _Listening tasksD学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Speaking Useful expressions ResearchingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Useful express
74、ions1. Can you go over the bit about again? Could you go over the bit about again?2. Could you repeat? I wonder if you could repeat?See more on Page 19, and do Task 1 and Task 2.SpeakingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案ResearchingForm groups of 4-5 and researc
75、h the policies concerning traffic jam in the cities of Beijing, Shanghai, London, Tokyo, and New York. Write a summary of your findings and present it to the class.SpeakingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案SpeakingUnit 2 Economist Ask Ss to discuss criteria of
76、an effective presentation, then decide on the criteria to evaluate each others presentations. You can consider the following:The message Remember the ultimate end of a presentation is the message. Structure Organize your talk in a clear way and indicating or showing the structure to the audience is
77、very important and helpful to make an effective presentation because that makes comprehension easier. Making an effective presentation 学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案SpeakingUnit 2 EconomistMaking an effective presentation Timing Learn to put how much into whatever a time slot is always an important skill for a
78、speaker. Communication with audience Are you having eye contact with the audience? Are you just reading out your writing? 学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案SpeakingUnit 2 EconomistMaking an effective presentation Visual Aids Are the PPT slides too fancy, distracting? Are they meaningful?Signpost Language Do you use
79、 signpost language to help the audience? Language Do you use the language precisely?学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Writing Choosing a topicUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Choosing a topicLearn the writing strategies on Page 20. Do Task 1 on Page 20. Find some topics from
80、academic journals and make comments after class.WritingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案Do the following tasks:1. Find out the main points of Text A.2. Make comparison between economists and scientists in terms of how they work. 3. Mark the specialized vocabulary and explain them.4. Underline the collocations you think important.Get ready for Unit 2Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案此课件下载可自行编辑修改，供参考！此课件下载可自行编辑修改，供参考！感谢你的支持，我们会努力做得更好！感谢你的支持，我们会努力做得更好！
