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1、定语从句定语从句定语从句的三大特征They are a special kind of doctors who operate on sick people .They repair the organs that no longer work properly.They want to get the same kind of clothes as these fashion models wear.Businessmen usually work in an office, where they plans business activities.I lived in the room w
2、hose window faces south.（定语从句）后置修饰，紧跟其后。（定语从句）有关系词连接主句和从句。定语从句缺少一个成分。关系代词关系代词Whose + 名词名词 = the +名词名词of which/whom = of which/ whom + the +名词名词The students, whose classroom is next to us, are learning English.改写？关系代词的省略关系代词的省略基本规律基本规律- 关系代词在从句中充当宾语。介词+关系代词- 关系代词不可省略。非限定性定语从句- 关系代词不可省略。 关系代词填空（能省略的省略
3、不填）Do you know the student _ I often talk with? He gave money to the porter _ carried his bag. Can you suggest a time in _ it will be convenient to meet? John, _ you met last night, was arrested by the police.关系副词关系副词满足以下两个条件满足以下两个条件11从句不缺少主语宾语成分，缺少状语。从句不缺少主语宾语成分，缺少状语。2 2 先行词是时间名词先行词是时间名词whenwhen先行词
4、是地点名词先行词是地点名词wherewhere先行词是先行词是The reason The reason whywhy When/where = When/where = 介词介词+which+which Why= for which Why= for whichI still remember the day when we first met.The city where he was born is on the new railway line.This is the reason why he left the company.定语从句使用的定语从句使用的 注意事项注意事项事项事项1
5、 1） 关系代词只用关系代词只用 thatthat不用不用whichwhich1) 当先行词被最高级或序数词修饰时。 This is the best book that Ive ever read. 2) 当先行词是 anything, everything, nothing，all等不定代词 He will do everything that he can to help that fatherless child. 3) 当先行词被 only, very, just等词修饰时。This is the very book that Ive been looking for.The onl
6、y furniture that he had in the room was a bed.4) 当先行词既指人又指物时。 We talked about the things and persons that we remembered.事项事项1 1） 关系代词只用关系代词只用 thatthat不用不用whichwhich事项事项1 1）关系代词只用）关系代词只用 thatthat5)语法重要原则避免重复，关系代词只能用 that。 Who that has common sense will do such a thing? Who is the girl that is shaking
7、 hands with our teacher? 6) 当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。 He is not the man that he used to be. The modern plane is not the machine that it was when first invented.事项事项2 2）：先行词是人称代词）：先行词是人称代词he he 、指示代、指示代词词thosethose、不定代词、不定代词anyoneanyone、everyoneeveryone、nobodynobody等常用等常用whowho指代指代, ,不用不用thatthat。Those who do
8、nt wish to go need not do so.He who has not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.Anyone who hasnt paid the money before the deadline will be fined.事项事项3 3） 不能用关系代词不能用关系代词 thatthat1) 在非限制性定语从句中，(逗号后面)不能用关系代词 that。 （who, whom指人，which指物） The book was written by Lu Xun, who was a great writer. 2) 介词关系
9、代词介词关系代词提前，不能用关系代词 that。指物时用 which，指人时用 whom (不可用who)。 The house in which he lives is not far from here. The man to whom my mother is talking is my teacher.事项事项4 4） 修饰先行词修饰先行词 the way the way 的三种的三种方法方法 the way in which / that / x 定语从句Can you show me the way in which you make paper flowers? Can you
10、show me the way that you make paper flowers? Can you show me the way ( x ) you make paper flowers? 事项事项5 5） WhichWhich可指代主句的整个句子可指代主句的整个句子表示主句所产生的结果，表示主句所产生的结果， ，and thatand thatBamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.They did rather badly in the math exam, which was not what I had expected.练习Th
11、echildkeptonmakingthesamemistake,_filledhisDadandMomwithanger.Thebag,_colorisredandwhite,isformydaughter.Haveyoueveraskedhimthereason_mayexplainhisabsence?October1,1949wastheday_thePeoplesRepublicofChinawasfounded.事项事项6 6） asas在定语从句中的用法在定语从句中的用法 as和which在非限制性定语从句中都可以指代主句整个句子的内容，as通常放句首，句中有时也可以，which
12、只能放句尾。As还有一些常用的词组：As is known to all As is well known As is often the case As is reported As often happens As can be seenThe boy failed in the exam, _ made his parents disappointed.He must be from Africa, _ can be seen from his skin._ is known to all, the earth is round._ is known to all that the ea
13、rth is round. *事项事项6 6） asas在定语从句中的用法在定语从句中的用法 区分This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 1. suchas定语从句 suchthat 结果状从TheytalkedinsuchsimpleEnglishaschildrencouldunderstand.TheytalkedinsuchsimpleEnglishthatchildrencouldunderstandit.练习：Donttalkaboutsuchthing
14、s_youdonotunderstand.Ihavethesameidea_youhave.Thisissohardaproblem_nobodycanworkout.Thisissohardaproblem_nobodycanworkitout.事项事项6 6） asas在定语从句中的用法在定语从句中的用法 事项事项7 7） 强调句强调句VSVS定语从句定语从句It is/wasthat 固定框架被强调部分 不做任何改动其余部分 照抄判断标准 去掉框架，排列组合后是完整的句子。 eg. I met her in the street last night.强调部分是人的话，that可以用wh
15、o/whom来代替练习：It was October 1,1949 _ China was founded.It was on October 1, 1949 _ China was founded. It + is/was + 被强调部分被强调部分 that 原句其余部分原句其余部分事项事项8 8）介词提前介词提前 Prep. + whom/ which Prep. + whom/ which The family that I stayed with in Rome is coming to England soon. 改写?The baby after whom my mother is
16、 looking is my nephew. 对？错？Your carelessness with which we have put up is beginning to annoy the teacher. 对？错名词性从句名词性从句名词性从句1什么是名词性从句？从句在复合句中起名词性作用，称为名词性从句。2名词性从句的分类：主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句及同位语从句。Thattheyshouldhavedifferentviewsisnatural.Theproblemisthatwearestillshortofmoney.Hebelievedwhattheysaid.Thenewsth
17、athissonhadbeenkilledinthewarwasagreatshocktoher.主语从句主语从句that 引导的主语从句That man have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new.wh-引导的主语从句(注意从句陈述句语序) How the prisoner escaped is a mystery. What he needs is more experience. Who will be our new director hasnt been decided. Whether she would
18、 play the part is still doubtful. (notice: if 不能放句首引导主语从句) 形式主语itIthasnotbeendecidedyetwhether/ifshewillgobybusorbytrain.Itisnotveryclearwhattheyaretalkingabout.Itremainsunknownwhyherefusedthejob.当谓语部分adj为important, necessary, natural, strange, surprising等时, 从句中谓语动词常用虚拟语气. It is necessary that a hig
19、h school student (should) master a foreign language.当谓语部分p.p.为suggested,ordered,insisted,required等表示建议要求命令时,从句中谓语动词常用虚拟语气.*Itisdemandedthathe(should)behereontime.表语从句表语从句that引导的表语从句Thefactisthathedidntnoticethecartilltoolate.wh-疑问词引导的表语从句(从句语序陈述)Theproblemishowscientistscankeepintouchwiththediversun
20、derthesea.asif/asthough引导的表语从句Itlooksasifitsgoingtorain.同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句是与先行词同位或同等的从句。先行词常为含有内容的抽象名词如news,fact,truth,conclusion,hope,decision,belief,opinion,belief,view,feeling,etc注意suggestion,proposal,etc从句用虚拟语气.N+that引导的同位语从句*Thefactthathishealthisfailingisnottrue.*Hemadethesuggestionthatwe(should)
21、leavenow.N+wh-引导的同位语从句*Ihavenoideahowsoontheyarecoming.*Haveyouanyideawheretheyarehavingarehearsal?thatthat从句不紧跟抽象名词的情况从句不紧跟抽象名词的情况Wordcamethatshewouldbeallowedtoleavethecountry.Anideaoccurredtohimthathemightdotheexperimentinanotherway.Therumorspreadthatanewschoolwouldbebuiltthere.注意区别同位语从句和定语从句:同位语
22、从句that只起连接作用,在从句中不充当成分.定语从句的that为关系代词既连接句子又充当成分.*Ibelievedthefactthathewashonest.*Ibelievedthefact(that)hethoughttobetrue.宾语从句宾语从句that引导的宾语从句（that可省略,但是如有两句宾语从句,则第二个that不能省.）*Ihope(that)youwillenjoyyourstayhere.*Iunderstand(that)youhavestudiedChineseandthatyouhavewrittenChinesepoetry,too.*Isuggest(t
23、hat)yourbrother(should)bookthetickets.notice:suggest,demand,insist,order,wish,propose,require,advise,urgeetc表示“决定，要求，命令”后跟的宾语从句要用虚拟语气.但suggest作“暗示,使人联想”解,insist作“坚持认为”时,宾语从句用陈述语气.*Hesuggestedwe(should)offermorecoursestothestudents.*HispuzzledexpressionsuggestedhedidntunderstandwhatImeant.*Iinsistedh
24、e(should)washhandsbeforelunch.*IinsistedIhadtakentheearlytrainthatmorning.宾语从句宾语从句wh-引导和介词后跟的宾语从句*SheaskedwhatsecondlanguageIwasstudyingthen.*Iwonderwhether/ifthereisanyneedtospendsomuchmoneyontheparty.*Shewillwriteabookonhowyoungmothersshouldraisetheirbabies.*Iknownothingaboutitexceptwhatyoutoldme.
25、*Heoftengoesoutforawalkafterdinnerexceptwhenitrains.That That 引导宾语从句的其它几种情况引导宾语从句的其它几种情况如果宾语从句后跟有补语,常用it作形式宾语,而将从句放到补语之后.Weconsideritnecessarythattheinstrument(should)beadjustedeachtimeitisused.that宾语从句也可用在某些带有先行词it作宾语的固定搭配之后.Youwillseetoitthattheenginedoesnotgetoutoforder.(务必，保证)Shetookitforgranted
26、thathecameandhelpedher.当主句谓语动词为assume,believe,expect,guess,imagine,suppose,think等表示“认为,猜想”的动词时,其后的宾语从句若带有否定意义,通常应将否定词前移至主句谓语上.Idontsupposethatanyonewillobjecttotheplan.在有doubt,doubtful后的宾语从句中,如果主句为肯定句,宾语从句的连接词常用whether或if;如果主句为否定句,宾语从句的连接词要用that.*Idoubtwhetherhewillcome.*Idontdoubtthatweshallbeablet
27、odosomethingforyou.但有时肯定句中也能跟that引导的从句“恐怕不会”*IdoubtthatJohnwillcome.That That 引导宾语从句的其它几种情况引导宾语从句的其它几种情况介词后面所跟的宾语从句介词后面所跟的宾语从句that通常不能跟在介词后面作宾语,但是在介词in,except,和but之后可以跟that从句,但多看作固定用法:inthat(因为,在方面),exceptthat(除了),butthat(要不是)*Criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpstocorrectourmistakes.*Iknownothingaboutt
28、hemanexceptthatheisanIndian.*Hewouldhavehelpedusbutthathewasshortofmoneyatthattime.宾语从句不能省略宾语从句不能省略thatthat的情况的情况固定词组和句型中consider/find/feel/think+it+adj.+thatseetoitthattakeitforgrantedthatmakeitpossible/clear/knownthatinthatexceptthatbutthatv在动词agree,argue,assure,hold,indicate,maintain,inform,objec
29、t,suggest等后接宾从，that不省*Thescientistheldthatthedrugwasdangerous.句型：assure/remind/informsbthatv谓语动词后有两个或多个并列的宾从，第二个起that不省宾语从句不能省略宾语从句不能省略thatthat的情况的情况what引导的从句作主语，一般动词用单数，但是如果be动词后的表语是名词，则动词单复数由表语决定。Whathedid_（be)unknowntous.Whatweneed_（be)usefulbooks.两个连词引导一个动作用单数谓语动词eg.Whenandwherewewillholdthemeet
30、inghasnotbeendecidedyet.两件事情（两个动作）用复数谓语动词eg.Whathesaysandwhathedoesaredifferent.主谓一致主谓一致what引导的名词性从句，可有两种意义：1） 保持原有的疑问意义eg.Idontknowwhathewants.2） 表“所的东西/事情”eg.Thatswhathewants.wh-ever的连接代词起强调作用（任何）。eg.Whoever(=Anyonewho)makesmistakesmustcorrectthem.eg.Youcantakewhicheverroomyouprefer.状语从句状语从句时间状语从句
31、地点状语从句原因状语从句结果状语从句目的状语从句条件状语从句让步状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句状语从句起状语作用，修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词或副词。状语从句由从属连词引导，从属连词在句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。when的几个特殊用法：= and at that moment, 表示在某一时刻突然、意料之外地发生某事。“突然”，“正在这时”常见结构：be doing be going to do when be about to do be on the point of doingIwasjustgoingtobedwhenthetelephonerang.Iwasabouttogo
32、tosleepwhentherewasaknockonthewindow.时间状从时间状从hardly/ scarcely/ barely when =no sooner than（主句常用倒装）IhadhardlytoldhimthesecretwhenIregretted.HardlyhadINosoonerhadIwhile引导延续性动作，常为进行时，引导的时间状语从句只能表示“一段”时间。Whilehewasreading,Iwascookingthedinner.判断正误Whenhegotthebadnews,heburstintotears.Whilehegotthebadnews
33、,heburstintotears.as“随着”，表两个发展、变化（伴随）的情况。Hegetsmoreattractiveashegetsolder.Astimepassed,hisconditionseemedtogetbetter.Before的用法It + be+ time+ before某事在.(时间后）才发生Itwasseveralminutesbeforewerealizedwhatwashappening.(主过去；从过去）Itwillbeawhilebeforeweknowtheresults.（主将从现）表示“没过多久就”或“过了很久才”It wasnt long befor
34、e he told us everything.It was long before I knew the result. sincesince的用法的用法eg.Threeyearshavepassedsinceheenteredtheuniversity.Itistenyearssincehejoinedthearmy.Itissince和Ithasbeensince可换用。since从句中的谓语动词若是延续性的，常表示状态、动作的终止。eg.ItsbeentwoyearssinceIlivedhere.until/tillNotuntil直到才(主句谓语动词是非延续性动词)Notuntil
35、hereturnedtotheschooldidheknowthathefailedtheexam.=Hedidnotknowthathefailedtheexamuntilhereturnedtotheschool.=Itwasnotuntilhereturnedtotheschoolthatheknewthathefailedtheexam.（倒装不强调，强调不倒装）Until直到为止（主句谓语动词是延续性动词）TheticketisvaliduntilMarch.Hewaiteduntilshehadfinishedspeaking.时间状语从句:when,while,asHardly/
36、Scarcely/Barelywhen;NosoonerthanEachtime/Everytime;Whenever;Thefirsttime/thelasttime/(the)nexttimeImmediately;Directly;once;assoonas;Themoment/instant/minute/second(一就)Before;after;(ever)sinceUntil,till(till不能放句首）bythetimeIt/Thisisthefirst/onlytimethat完成时Itwasthefourthtimehehadrungher.Thisisthefirst
37、timethatIhaveeverbeenabroad.ThefirsttimeIwentabroad,Iwasveryexcited.Thelasttimeherangher,shewasout.Itistimeforthechildrentogotobed.Itistimethechildrenwenttobed.(虚拟语气)地点状语从句地点状语从句: :wherewhereShewasstandingwhereyouarestandingnow.Shewasstandingintheplacewhereyouarestandingnow.Thisiswherethetraditionst
38、arted.wherever, everywhere, anywherewherever, everywhere, anywhereEverywheretheywent,theywerekindlyreceived.Iwillmeetyouanywhereyoulike.Whereverthereisinjustice,wetrytohelp.原因状从原因状从because, since, as because, since, as 语气渐弱语气渐弱because表示强烈的因果关系,直接原因；在回答why引起的问句时，只能用because.since，as表示的多为既成已知事实。Sinceyo
39、udontlikeit,letmetakethisone.WeaskedPhiliptocomewithus,asheknewtheroad.Hedidntgowithusbecausehewasill.for引导并列句，说明推断的理由，提供推测依据，(不可放句首）。练习：Itmusthaverained,itiswetontheground.Thecarstoppedsuddenlytherewaslittlepetrolinthetank.Thereasonis_hewasill.Itwas_hewasillthathedidntgowithus.短语连接词引导的原因状语从句短语连接词引导
40、的原因状语从句nowthat既然(放句首)seeing(that),considering(that)考虑到onthegroundthatforthereasonthatinthat因为、在于结果状语从句结果状语从句sothat,sothatShewassoangrythatshecouldntspeak.suchthat(tosuchadegree/extentthat)Itwassuchafoggydaythatwecouldhardlyseetheroad.SuchafoggydaywasitthatThehousepricerosetosuchanextentthatmanypeopl
41、ecouldnotaffordtobuyone.Tosuchanextentdidthehousepricerosethat.Theweatherwas such thatIcouldnotgoout.Suchwastheweatherthat目的状语目的状语inorderthat,sothat共性/区别Hetoldustokeepquietsothatwemightnotdisturbothers.Inorderthatwemightlest=forfearthat=incase“以防”，“以免”（从句与may,might,should等情态动词连用）Hesworkinghardforfea
42、rthatheshouldfail.so that so that 结果结果/ /目的目的Thestoneswerecoveredwithdustsothatitwasimpossibletoreadthenamesonthem.ShesstudyingEnglishatnightschoolsothatshecangotouniversity.Sothat引导目的状语，常与may,can,will,could,might等情态动词连用。条件状语从句条件状语从句IfUnless=ifnotAslongas=solongas只要Onconditionthat条件是Suppose/supposin
43、g(that)假如Provided/Providing(that)假若giventhat考虑到Grantedthat假定if only/ only if Illtellyouonlyifyoudonttellanyoneelse.Hemighthavesurvivedifonlyhehadbeenabletoopenthedoor.IfonlyIwereyou!Onlyif:只要Ifonly:要是（就好了）；但愿。(虚拟语气)让步状语从句让步状语从句although,thoughEvenif=Eventhough=though即使，尽管InspiteofthefactthatRegardles
44、softhefactthatWhileWhileIunderstandyourviewpoint,Idontagreewithyou.Iearn50dollarsaweek,whilesheearns80dollars.而，却由由as, thoughas, though引导的让步状语从句引导的让步状语从句Although he is busy, he can fulfill the task ahead ofschedule.倒装结构：adj./adv./v./n.（不带冠词）as+主谓.Busy as/though he is, he can fulfill the task ahead o
45、fschedule.Child asheis,heknowsalotaboutcomputer.MuchasItraveled,Ihaveneverseenabetterone.Tryasyoumay,youcantdoitbyyourself.whetherorwhetheror引导让步状语从句引导让步状语从句Whethermyparentsagreeornot,Iwillstudyabroad.Whetheritisrainyorshining,Imustgo.1.从句通常不用将来时(主将从现)2.有时可省略为be引导的让步状语从句Beitrainyorshining,Imustgo.Wh
46、-ever= No matter + wh-Whoeverheis,Imusttellhimthetruth.=Nomatterwhoheis,Imusttellhimthetruth.Whoevercomeslatewillbepunished.Whoevercomeslate,hewillbepunished.方式状语从句方式状语从句as；justas，so像一样，正如Iwillworkastheherodid.JustastheBritishlikesoccer,sotheAmericanslikefootball.theway(that)Hewaslookingatherinaway(
47、that)shedidnotrecognize.Pleasepronouncethewordthewayshedoes.asif=asthough似乎是;好像是(后可直接跟adj./adv./介词短语/分词/不定式)Sheclosedhereyesasif(shewas)tired.HetreatsmeasifIwereastranger.Heopenedhismouthasiftosaysomething.The +比较级, the +比较级Themoreyouread,themoreyouknow.Thehardertheywork,themorelikelytheywillsucceed
48、.在这一句型中,不要将more和后面的形容词、副词及名词分开。Themoreyoulearn,themoreequippedforlifeyouwillbe.你认识的人越多，见他们的时间就越少。比较状语从句比较状语从句句型“AistoBwhatCistoD”Wateristofishwhatairistoman.水对鱼的关系就像空气对人的关系一样。而句型“no+比较级+than”则意为“和一样不”，含义为“两者都不”JohnisnotbetterthanTom.JohnisnobetterthanTom.notanymorethan.”，意思是“和同样都不”Youcannotchangetheirnatureanymorethanyoucanmakeleopardschangetheirspots.
