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1、虚虚拟语气气1 1） 概念概念 虚虚拟语气用来表示气用来表示说话人的主人的主观愿望或假想，愿望或假想，所所说的是一个条件，不一定是事的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事，或与事实相反。相反。 一、在条件句中的应用一、在条件句中的应用条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。故采用虚拟语气。在条件状语从句和结果状语从句中,表示与事实相反的条件和结果。1) 与现在事实相反：If 主语 , 主语 +V原 2)与过去事实
2、相反：If 主语 ,主语 +have V-ed3)与将来事实相反：If 主语 , 主语 +V原wereV-edshould (wouldcould, might)should (wouldcould, might)shouldwere toshould (wouldcould, might)had V-ed 虚拟语气假设条件句型注意点：虚拟语气假设条件句型注意点：1.假设条件从句谓语动词发生的时间与主句假设条件从句谓语动词发生的时间与主句所假设的谓语动词不一致，叫做错综条件所假设的谓语动词不一致，叫做错综条件虚拟语气。主句和从句的谓语动词要依照虚拟语气。主句和从句的谓语动词要依照假设的时间而顶
3、。假设的时间而顶。If the weather had been finer, the crops would be growing still better.If you had followed the teachers advice, you wouldnt be in the hospital.2.假设条件虚拟倒装。假设条件虚拟倒装。 条件从句中有条件从句中有should， were， had三个助动词可以把三个助动词可以把if省略，并省略，并将这三个词提至句首。将这三个词提至句首。If I were you, I would give it up.Were I you, I woul
4、d give it up.If it were not for your advice, we couldnt have got over the difficulties.Were it not for your advice, we couldnt have got over the difficulties.If I had had time, I would have run round that lake again.Had I had time, I would have run round that lake again.If there should be a flood, w
5、hat should we do?Should there be a flood, what should we do?注意：注意： 在虚在虚拟语气的从句中，气的从句中，动词be的的过去去时态一般用一般用were，不用，不用was， 即在从句中即在从句中be用用were代替。代替。If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。如果我是你，就会去找他。If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。儿，一切都会好的。典型例典型例题_ to do th
6、e work, I should do it some other day.A. If were IB. I wereC. Were ID. Was I 在虚在虚拟条件状条件状语中如果有中如果有were, should, had这三个三个词主主语提前提前, 变成成 were, should, had +主主语的形式。但要注意，在虚的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状条件状语从句中，从句中，省略省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的的缩略形式。如我略形式。如我们可可说 Were I not to do., 而不能而不能说 Werent I to do.1.Had you liste
7、ned to the doctor, you _ all right now. A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been2. _ any change about the date, please tell me immediately. A. Will there be B. Should there be C. There will be D. There should be3. _ today, he would get there by Friday. A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Wer
8、e he to leave D. If he leave4. Should it rain, the crops _ . A. would be saved B. would have been saved C. will be saved D. had been saved5. You _ come earlier. The bus left a moment ago. A.would B. should have C. may D. have 6. What should we do if it _ tomorrow? A. should snow B. would snow C. sno
9、w D. will snow7. You _ such a serious mistake at present if you had followed his advice. A. may not make B. might not make C. shouldnt have made D. might not have made8. If it were not for the fact that you _ ill, I would ask you to do this right now. A. were B. had been C. are D. should be1) 如果你没有开
10、着窗户睡觉的话如果你没有开着窗户睡觉的话,你就不会你就不会感冒了。感冒了。2) 要不是明天有测验我今天晚上就去听音要不是明天有测验我今天晚上就去听音乐会。乐会。3) 如果他在这儿的话，他会帮我们的。如果他在这儿的话，他会帮我们的。If you had not slept with the window open, you would not have caught a cold.If I were not to have a test, I would go to the concert tonight.If he were here, he should help us.1.We use m
11、ixed conditionals when the main clause and the if-clause are about different tenses. Eg. If you had come and attended the meeting yesterday, you would know what we are doing now. If you had followed my advice, you would not be in trouble now.AnswersA (1) had not studied (3) had studied (5) knew (7)
12、could helpPart A(2) would not be(4) would have(6) would be(8) would not be 2.use otherwise, or and phrases beginning with with, without and but for to replace an if-clause in implied conditionals Without air , there would be no living things. But for your help , I couldnt have done it. I was busy th
13、at day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadnt been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadnt been ill, I would have finished the work.)(If there were not air)(If it hadnt been for your help)3.In adverbial cl
14、auses introduced by even if, as if, as though and if only we can use unreal conditionals.即使生了病，他也去办公室。Even if he had been ill, he would have gone t his office. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。 He treated me as if I were a stranger. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. Answers(
15、1) Without(3) otherwise/or(5)With(7) even if(9) If onlyPart B(2) otherwise/or(4) wish(6) Without(8) without(10) as if二、虚拟语气特殊句型：二、虚拟语气特殊句型：1.wish/if only 现在：过去：未来：did（were）had donewould do （1）I wish I were a bird.（现在）（现在）（2）I wish I hadnt made such a mistake.（过去）（过去）（3）We wish our parents wouldnt pu
16、nish us. （将来）（将来） I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一我希望和你一样高。高。 He wished he hadnt said that. 他希望他没他希望他没讲那那样的的话。 I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明下雨就好我希望明下雨就好了。了。2）wish to do表达法。表达法。 wish sb / sth to do I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. I wish the manager to be informed at o
17、nce. = I want the manager to be informed at once.If only I knew his name!If only we had followed your advice!If only I could see him again!要是我们的父母能和我们住在一起就好了。要是我们的父母能和我们住在一起就好了。要是我没错过火车就好了！要是我没错过火车就好了！If only our parents could live with us!If only I hadnt missed the train!2.Its (about/high) time +th
18、at did你该走了。你该走了。我们该去我们该去睡觉了。睡觉了。Its high time that you went.Its high time that you were going.Its high time that you should go.Its time that we went to bed.Its time that we should go to bed. 3、强制性虚拟语气、强制性虚拟语气(1).表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 +that+(should)+动词原形，其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括：advise，ask，command，decide
19、，decree，demand，desire，determine， direct，insist，maintain，move(动议，规定动议，规定)，order，prefer，propose，recommend，require，stipulate，suggest等等。例如：Itispolitelyrequestedbythehotelmanagementthatradios(should)notbeplayedafter11oclockatnight.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。(2).以上动词转化为名词，如suggestion，proposal，demand，order，
20、command，advice，desire，requirement，request，agreement，determination，preference，resolution，indication，后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用should+动词原形，should可以省略。例如：Weareallforyourproposalthatdiscussionshouldbeputoff.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。(3).值得注意的是，只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时，从句用虚拟语气，当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”
21、时，从句不用虚拟语气。例如：WhenthesonsuggestedthattheyshouldgotoparkonSunday,theexpressiononhisfathersuggestedthatheagreedwithhim.当儿子提议星期天去公园时，父亲用表情表示了默许。Theboyinsistedthathedidntcheatintheexam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)Theboyinsistedthatheshouldntcheatintheexam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)1.The guard at gate insis
22、ted that everybody _(obey)the rules.2.He insisted that she_(be)seriously ill and that _(send) to hospitals at once.3.He suggested that we_(have) a meeting at once.4.His pale face suggested that he_(be) ill.obeywasbe senthavewas(4).Itis/was+形容词/过去分词 +that+(should)+动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某
23、人对某事的反应。这类词包括：important，natural，desirable，possible，astonishing，advisable，anxious，appropriate，compulsory，crucial（重要的），（重要的），eager，essential，fitting，imperative，improper，necessary，obligatory，preferable，proper，urgent，vital(至关重要至关重要)，shocked（震撼的），（震撼的），requested，amazing，strange，odd，ridiculous（可笑的），（可笑的），
24、surprising，unthinkable，incredible（惊人的）（惊人的）等等。例如：Itisimportantthatstudentsgraduatingfromuniversitiesshouldhavenotonlytheorybutalsopractice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识，更要有实践经验，这一点很重要。Itissurprisingthattheyshouldkillthetimelikethat.他们竟然这样打发时间，真是太奇怪了。4.其他类型的虚拟语气其他类型的虚拟语气(1).由wouldrather，wouldsooner，hadrather，wouldju
25、stassoon（宁愿），wouldprefer等结构引导的虚拟语气，其句型结构如下：与过去事实相反 wouldrather/sooner谓语动词用haddone与现在、将来事实相反 wouldrather/sooner谓语动词用did例如：HetalksaboutRomeasifhehadbeentherehimself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。HeordersmeasthoughIwerehiswife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。(2).由连接词incasethat,sothat,unless,lost,forfearthat， lestthat（唯恐），引起的状语从句中，
26、谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might,would)+动词原形，例如：Ikeepsomecandleinthehouseincasethatelectricpowershouldfail.我在家里备了些蜡烛，以防断电。Therewasdangerlest thattheplanbeknown.如果计划暴露就有危险。Sheputablanketoverthebabyforfearthatheshouldcatchcold.她在那个婴儿的身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。5.含蓄虚拟条件句含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if引导的条件句，而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。例如：Givenmemore
27、time,Iwouldhaveworkedoutamoreperfectscheme.再给我一点时间的话，我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。Wereitnotforyourhelp,Iwouldhaventfinishedtheworkontime.要不是你的帮助，我不可能按时完成工作。常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：(1)介词或介词短语，如butforbutthat,without,incaseof,under,undermorefavourablecondition等。(2)连词，如：sothat,unless,incasesupposing,lest,prov
28、ided(倘若)，forfearthat(惟恐),ingroupsthat,onconditionthat,ifonly(要是就好了)等。(注：lest,forfearthat和incase引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如：Theforeignteacherspokeslowlyincasewemisunderstoodhim.这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。Caremustbetakeninusingthismethodlestoverflowshouldoccur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。6. 某些简
29、单句的固定句型：某些简单句的固定句型：表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气 Heaven help him! God bless you! May you succeed! Long live the Peoples Republic of China!I.Multiple choice:1.Wedemandedthatwe_ofanychangeintheplan.A.informedB.wouldbeinformedC.beinformedD.hadbeeninformed2.Itsnecessarythathe_arecognizedqualification.A.hasB.
30、haveC.hadD.having3.Itshightimewe_ourattentiontothisproblem.A.turnedB.turnC.hadturnedD.wouldturn4.Ifonlyyou_himwhatIsaid!Everythingwouldhavebeenallright.A.didnttoldB.hadnttoldC.wouldnottellD.wouldhavenottold5.Hemusthavehadanaccident,orhe_herethen.A.wouldhavebeenB.hadbeenC.shouldhavebeenD.couldbe6.Muc
31、hlabourwouldhavebeensavediftheelectroniccomputers_before.A.hadinventedB.wereinventedC.shouldhavebeeninventedD.hadbeeninvented7._ceaseadvertising,priceswouldbesignificantlyreduced.A.WeretheytoB.CouldtheyC.IftheyD.Wouldthey8.Fiveminutesearlier,andwe_thelastbus.A.hadcaughtB.shouldhavecaughtC.couldhavec
32、aughtD.caught9.You_theclothes!Wehaveawasherwomantodothatsortofthing.A.shouldnthavewashedB.mustnthavewashedC.cannothavewashedD.neednthavewashed10.Jeandoesntwanttoworkrightawaybecauseshethinksthatifshe_ajobsheprobablywouldntbeabletoseeherfriendsveryoften.A.hastogetB.weretogetC.hadgotD.couldhavegot11.T
33、hemadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllesthe_himself.A.injureB.hadinjuredC.injuredD.wouldinjure12.Itispolitelyrequestedbythehotelmanagementthatradios_after11oclockatnight.A.werenotplayedB.nottoplayC.notbeplayedD.didnotplay13.Youdonthavetobeinsuchahurry.Iwouldratheryou_onbusinessfirst.A.wouldgoB.willgoC.
34、wentD.havegone14.Itisimportantthatenoughmoney_tofundtheproject.A.becollectedB.mustbecollectedC.wascollectedD.canbecollected15.Ifonlythecommittee_theregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.A.approveB.willapproveC.canapproveD.wouldapprove16.IdontthinkitadvisablethatTom_tothejobsincehehasnoexpe
35、rience.A.isassignedB.willbeassignedC.beassignedD.hasbeenassigned17.You_herinherofficelastFriday;shesbeenoutoftownfortwoweeks.A.neednthaveseenB.musthaveseenC.mighthaveseenD.canthaveseen18.Wedidntknowhistelephonenumber,otherwisewe_him.A.wouldhavetelephonedB.musthavetelephonedC.wouldtelephoneD.hadtelep
36、honed19.Itisrecommendedthattheproject_untilallthepreparationshavebeenmade.A.isnotstartedB.willnotbestartedC.notbestartedD.isnottobestarted20.IwishI_longerthismorning,butIhadtogetupandcometoclass.A.couldhavesleptB.sleptC.mighthavesleptD.haveslept21.I_hertothepartybutIdidntknowherwell.A.oughthaveinvit
37、edB.wouldhaveinvitedC.shouldinviteD.mayhaveinvited22.You_totowntoseethefilmlastweek.ItwillbeonTVtomorrow.A.needntgoB.shouldnotgoC.hadbetternotgoD.neednthavegone23.-Wouldyouhavecalledheruphaditbeenpossible?-Yes,butI_busydoingmyhomework.A.WasB.wereC.hadbeenD.wouldbe24.Itwasessentialthattheapplicationf
38、orms_backbeforethedeadlineA.mustbesentB.wouldbesentC.besentD.weresent25.But for air and water, there _ no life on the earth. A. would be B. is C. will be D. have been 3. We _ the work on time without your help. A. hadnt had finished B. didnt have finished C. cant have finished D. couldnt have finish
39、ed 10.Givenmoreattention,thetrees_better.A.havegrownB.hadgrownC.musthavegrownD.couldhavegrown2.Hehesitatedforamomentbeforehekickedtheball,otherwisehe_agoal.A.hadscoredB.scoredC.wouldscoreD.wouldhavescored3.We_theworkontimewithoutyourhelp.A.hadnthadfinishedB.didnthavefinishedC.canthavefinishedD.could
40、nthavefinished4.Butforairandwater,there_nolifeontheearth.A.wouldbeB.isC.willbeD.havebeen5.Intheabsenceofmathematics,science_exist.A.cannotB.isnotC.willnotD.wouldnot6.Withouttheairtoholdsomeofthesunsheat,theearthatnight_,toocoldforustolive.A.wouldbefreezingcoldB.willbefreezingcoldlyC.wouldbefrozencol
41、dC.canfreezecoldly7.Withyourassistance,we_finishtheplanearlier.A.willB.canC.mustD.might8.Butforhishelp,they_overthemountaininsuchashorttime.A.couldnthaverunB.hadnotrunC.havenotrunD.couldhaverun9.It_beamistakenottohelphim.A.willB.canC.wouldD.must10.Givenmoreattention,thetrees_better.A.havegrownB.hadg
42、rownC.musthavegrownD.couldhavegrown11.Seeingitsmother,thebaby_breakawayfromthebaby-sitter.A.wouldB.willC.shouldD.shall12.Nomilkwasleftintheglass.They_itup.A.shouldhavedrunkB.couldhavedrunkC.shallhavedrunkD.canhavedrunk13.Amoreresponsibleman_differently.A.willactB.willhaveactedC.wouldhaveactedD.musth
43、aveacted14.Tenminutesearlierandyou_thetrain.A.hadcaughtB.havecaughtC.canhavecaughtD.couldhavecaught15.Doswimwithothers.Alone,you_.A.cangetdrownedB.willgetdrownedC.mighthavegotdrownedD.mightgetdrowned 参考答案： 15BDDAD610ADACD1115ABCDDII. Translation:1.我不知道他的电话号码,否则我就打电话给他了。I didnt know his telephone num
44、ber, otherwise I would have telephoned him.2.他本可以给你更多的帮助，即使他很忙。Hemighthavegivenyoumorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.3.-如果可能的话你会不会打电话给他？-会的，不过我当时在忙着做家庭作业呢。-Wouldyouhavecalledheruphaditbeenpossible?-Yes,butIwerebusydoingmyhomework.4如果你昨晚没有看电影那么晚的话，你现在就不会那么困了。If you hadnt seen that film late last night, you wouldnt be so sleepy.5.没有电，今天人类的生活就完全不同了。Without electricity, human life would be quite different today
