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1、第一部分阅读理解应用英语能力考试的阅读理解题着重测试考生从书面文字材料获取信息的能力。10题，共20分，测试时间25分钟。选择题（两篇短文，多为一般性阅读材料包括科普、人物、政治、商贸、文化、生活等，但不包括诗歌、小说、散文等文学性材料。体裁有说明文、议论文、叙述，共10题，每题2分，共20分）1.主旨题2.细节题3.推理题4.语义题5.态度题阅读技巧掌握一定的阅读技巧不仅有助于提高阅读速度，而且还可以提高答题的准确性。阅读技巧包括一些阅读习惯和阅读方法，这些都不是一朝一夕能形成的，需要大家平时注意培养，形成一种习惯。良好的阅读习惯n阅读理解部分共2篇文章，每篇文章后有5个问题，总阅读量500
2、词左右，测试时间25分钟。平均每篇文章的阅读和思考答题时间为12-13分钟。这就要求考生提高阅读速度以确保有充足的时间思考问题。提高阅读速度的方法主要有以下几个方面：n1摆脱音读(即：默读和低声朗读)习惯，养成视读习惯。因为英语拼写和发音之间存在着相当大的距离，音读实际上增加了一个编码过程，即把文字信号转变为声音信号的过程。只有摆脱音读习惯，才有可能大幅度提高阅读速度。n2摆脱逐词阅读习惯，养成以意群为单位进行阅读的习惯。所谓意群，就是要求从一组词中确定关键词，以便在比词重要的单位上重建意义。文章中各个单词的重要性并不一样，有的词只是一种结构信号，有的词只传达辅助性的信息，所以缺省一些词往往不
3、会影响理解。n3避免重复阅读。有些考生担心记不牢读过的信息，或没有读懂读过的内容，往往一句或一段还未读完又回头重读前面的内容，致使阅读速度缓慢，效率低下。阅读时要避免重复阅读，集中注意力，一气呵成，保证对文章的理解的完整性。如果遇到重要生词或难句可大胆猜测，不重要的可一带而过。n4避免多余动作。阅读中避免用手指或笔指着文章一点点地读。这样做只会降低阅读速度。n5充分利用结构信号及标点符号信号。结构信号包括词序(如：first，second，third，before，after，then，next，afterward，last，finally，meanwhile，atthesametime)、语
4、法词尾(如：-ed，-ly)及功能词(如：inaword，thatistosay，forexample，thanksto，asaresult，intheendinhopeof，inaddition，furthermore)。这些词表示词和句的结构关系，说明事件发生的顺序以及各部分在文中的功能和重要性，向考生提示作者的观点。它们在很大程度上帮助考生理清文章脉络，预测下文内容，筛选重要内容，迅速给各类细节准确定位，从而提高阅读效率。考生可在阅读时给这些信号词做上标记，以便在寻找所需信息时准确定位。标点符号、大写字母等，则提示了句子的始末等信息，有助于准确把握句意和上下文关系。考生如能迅速识别这些信
5、号，把握句中的句法关系，再填入关键词的词义，就能摆脱逐词阅读的习惯，进入以意群为单位的阅读。n6把握体裁。要想在较短的时间内抓住文章的大意，可以从文章的体裁人手，针对不同的体裁采用不同的方法。例如：说明文是直接向考生传播知识的，一般是介绍一种客观事物，讲解一个过程或解释一种现象。一般在文章开头就可以看出作者主要想介绍什么。而议论文是作者对某个问题提出主张、发表意见、表明态度或总结经验。与说明文相比，议论文会有较浓的主观色彩。在议论文中，从体现作者态度的句子中往往能够抓到文章的中心思想，而这些句子一般都在文章的开头或结尾部分。议论文由论点、论据、论证三要素组成，抓住论证就能够进一步理解文章的逻辑
6、性和弄清作者怎样用论据去证明论点。细阅读题（单项选择)解题技巧n一、题型揭秘n本题型要求考生在阅读完一篇200350个单词左右的文章后解答5个以单项选择题形式进行考查的题目。其所考查的内容一般不会是从文章能直接找到答案的，而言知识、逻辑知识等进行推敲和加深理解。这种题型可以考查任何层次、全局性、细节性的内容。虽然提供4个答案供考生进行选择，但干扰项大多具有迷惑性，这就要求考生对所读文章内容达到真正的理解。二、解题步骤n第一步，读问题，找出标志词或关键词快速浏览题目，对5个题目有大概印象以便阅读时有侧重点。一般来说，对于本身已经明确其考查内容的题目，标志词和关键词是比较容易找到的，只看一下题干即
7、可，而对于那些并没有出现标志词和关键词的题目，如：Theauthorsuggeststhat，可以在解答试题时浏览选项作出解答。n第二步，略读文章在略读中，首先阅读第一段，因们作者将要讨论的话题。然后阅读下面各段的第一句话，以对每个段落的内容有大概的了解，然后再阅读最后一段，以帮助我们对文章内容进行概括，或了解作者的评价、态度等。n第三步，解答试题根据试题中的标志词和关键词，找到试题在文章中对应的句子，并对其进行仔细阅读，然后对比四个选项，选出正确答案。长难句的理解长难句的理解长难句通常是阅读理解部分命题的重点和难点。考生可以采取以下应对技巧：1一个主句带多个从句时，先抓主干，找出长难句中最核
8、心的主谓宾，再层层扩展，理解。2主句或从句中带有长长的插入成分时，先找主干，不要理会插入语。如果插入语交代说话人身份或某话是谁说的，或修饰、解释、补充前面所言，跳过不看。3有分词状语或独立主格结构时，先找到主句，主句有完整的主谓宾结构，有独立的谓语。一个看似句子的结构，如果没有独立的谓语，那它不是句子，而是分词状语或独立主格结构。n4有时上面三种情况混合，这时要从前向后，先找独立的谓语部分，从而区分出主语和分词状语，再根据从句的连词(如：because，as，when)区分出主句和从句，然后层层扩展理解，插入语在哪个层次就放在哪个层次理解，甚至跳过不看。n5从语法角度看长难句：形式主语或形式宾
9、语、强调结构、非限制性定语从句、同位语从旬、倒装结构、虚拟语气、省略句等。解题技巧对于阅读理解题来说，不能仅停留在阅读理解层面，还要学会答题。掌握一定的答题技巧，有助于提高答题的准确度。一、合理分配时间n阅读理解部分共2篇文章，每篇文章后有5个问题，总阅读量500词左右，测试时间25分钟。平均每篇文章的阅读和思考答题时间为12-13分钟。考生可以把阅读与答题时间平均分配，即每篇文章的阅读时间为6分钟，答题时间为6分钟。考生也可以根据文章长短和题目难易度自己控制时间的分配。头脑中有了具体的时间概念，答题时就会有条不紊，不致于慌慌张张，反复阅读浪费时间。二、确定解题步骤n1略读全文，即快速浏览全文
10、，了解文章大意或中心思想，同时了解文章的题材与篇章结构；n2浏览文后题目，抓住关键词；n3根据题目内容扫读全文，即有针对性地查读所需信息；n4就文中与问题相关部分，结合所给选项，通过分析、理解，做出选择；n5如果时间允许，再略读一次，核实所选答案是否为最佳。n上述解题步骤对考生的阅读速度要求比较高，如果考试时间紧张，考生可以先读问题，然后带着问题去读文章。这种方法的优点在于目的明确，知道考题重点所在，因此阅读时有侧重点，可以节省答题时间。但是这种方法也有缺点，由于没有读过短文，不了解文章的主题、细节分布情况，所以可能不能很快找到所需信息。n 还有一种步骤比较适于考试紧张时选用。因为所出题目的顺
11、序通常与文章内容的顺序一致，所以考生可以读一段文章做一道或两道题，即边读边做题。这样也比较节省时间，但缺点也是对文章的中心思想不能把握，做起题来相对难度要大一些。三、巧用标点符号根据标点符号的用法在阅读时做出合理判断可以使考生提高阅读速度和理解能力：n句号：用来分割句子，即以句子为单位把长段分割成部分，便于各个击破。n逗号：两个逗号之间或一个逗号之后如果是补充说明成分时可跳过不读。n冒号：前后是从抽象到具体的过程，如能把冒号前的看懂，则后面的可跳过不读。n分号：分号前后是并列关系，只读其中-一句即可。n破折号：破折号之后是补充说明成分时可以跳过不读。n引号：引号有三个作用引语、反语、强调。知道
12、观点则引语不看，反语反看。n括号：括号有两个作用，补充说明和解释说明生词，细节题没涉及到时可以跳过不读。四、不同选项分析1正确选项分析正确选项可以分成两大类：直接性答案和间接性答案。直接性答案是指这种答案可在文章中直接找到相关的证据。直接性答案主要表现为下列几种：n答案项使用原文的语言。即答案项的文字基本上和原文相关句的文字一样。n答案项使用原文的同义词语。即答案项和原文相关句的句子结构一样，只是换了意思相同的词。n答案项使用原文的同义结构。即用不同的语法结构表达与原文相同的意思。n答案项使用原文的上下义结构。上下义关系就如同水果和苹果、葡萄、香蕉的关系，或科学和医学、物理学、化学等的关系。在
13、一定的上下文中，苹果就是水果，水果可以指代苹果；物理学就是科学，科学可以指代物理学。n答案项是对原文生词的解释。这种答案项实际上就是原文生词的同义词。n答案项是对原文难句的解释。阅读理解文章中个别句子比较难，有的是本身句子结构比较复杂，句子很长；有的表达比较抽象；有的是含有生词，这都影响理解，因此问题往往就针对这些句子问，而答案是对它们的解释。n答案项是对原文比喻或谚语的解释。原文有些句子用了比喻或谚语，它对缺乏一定背景知识的考生构成了理解上的困难。题目提问主要针对这些比喻或谚语，答案项是对它们的解释。n答案项是对原文引语的解释。阅读理解中有些问题是针对文章中一段较难的引语进行发问，而答案项是
14、对这一引语的解释或概括。n答案项是对原文句子的复杂化的解释。有时不是原文句子难，而是答案项的句子结构和生词使考生理解困难，难以把它和原文句子对上。n答案项是对原文数据的加减。题目是针对文章中的数据进行提问。答案项是对原文数据的加减乘除计算的结果。n间接性答案是指这种答案不能在文章中的某一个句子中直接找到相关的证据。它需要通过归纳推理才能得到。间接性答案主要表现为下列几种：n答案项是对原文例证的归纳；n答案项是对原文事实的归纳；n答案项是对原文段落大意的归纳；n答案项是对全文中心思想的归纳；n答案项是对文中观点的解释；n答案项是对文中一段文字的推理。2错误选项分析错误选项即正确答案的干扰项。为了
15、提高辨别错误或干扰信息的能力，有必要对干扰项的特点进行分析。干扰项通常有以下几种类型：n以假乱真：利用文章中出现的一些词或利用人们的常识和一般看法伪造信息。辨别选项中的信息是正确的还是伪造的，一定要琢磨选项的意思，不要因为时间紧，不读完选项的句子，或粗粗一读，只看到几个表面文字与文章中有关部分相同就下结论。另外，一定要注意问题中的“accordingtothepassage”，“intheauthorsview的提醒。千万不要因时间来不及而不读原文，凭主观想象，千万不要根据自己或人们对这方面的一般看法来套。伪造的信息之所以能起干扰作用，就是因为有些看似不合常理的信息却是文章中说到的，而有些看似
16、非常合理的信息却是命题人员根据常识编造的，以迷惑考生。n偷梁换柱：用原文中的句子结构和大部分词汇，只是在不起n眼的地方换了几个词，造成意思变化。考生在辨别信息时，n一定要非常仔细，尤其是选项的结构和词汇与原文相关句的n结构和词汇相似时，更要注意当中是否有词汇被调换了。偷梁换柱的干扰项就是利用考生时间紧，大凡粗粗一读，来不及细看，或来不及把选项读到底的倾向，在选项的前半句或前大半句中用原文的结构和词汇，只是在最后换了几个词，而使考生出错。n张冠李戴：是指将文章作者的观点与文章中他人的观点混淆起来。问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的是他人的观点；或问的是文章中他人的观点，却把文章作者的观点放到选项中去
17、。考生在辨别选项前，首先要仔细阅读问题，特别要注意“generallyusuallyfrequentlywidelybelieved(accepted，advised)”或“intheauthorseyespointofview”这类词，弄清楚问的是什么，是作者的观点还是文章中其他人的观点。这样才不会被张冠李戴的干扰项所迷惑。n以偏概全：把文章中的次要观点、细节混进问文章主要观点、中心思想的选项，或是把超过文章讨论的东西也作为归纳或结论混进选项。在猜测文章或段落大意题、猜测文章标题题以及释义题中，四个选项总有以偏概全的干扰信息。因此考生在做归纳性、概括性题目时，要注意选项的归纳分寸，不要被归纳
18、不够或归纳过头的选项所迷惑。常见的两种快速阅读的技巧n常见的两种快速阅读的技巧是略读(skimming)(scanning)。这两种方法是考生在有限的考试时间内取得理想的阅读考试成绩所必备的阅读技巧。n(1)skimming（略读），又称跳读(readingandskipping)或浏览(glancing)，是指以尽可能快的速度阅读，如同从飞机上鸟瞰地面上的明显标志一样，迅速获取文章大意或中心思想。略读时可跳过某些细节，以求抓住文章的大概，从而加快阅读速度。略读时，理解水平略低一些是允许的，平均理解率达50或60就可以了。略读适合解略读适合解决主旨题和观点态度题。决主旨题和观点态度题。skim
19、ming（略读）是一个只见森林不见树木的过程，这个过程是要识别句子中的mainpoints，段落中的importantsentences，以及paragraph。所以，在略读时，是要理解重要词汇的意思的。n1.主旨题2.细节题3.推理题4.语义题5.态度题n略读可以运用下列技巧：以一般阅读速度(200250wpm)阅读文章第一段，力求抓住文章大意、背景情况、作者的文章风格、口吻或语气等。阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意，然后略去细节不读，以求得阅读速度。n注意转折词和序列词。如however，moreover，inaddition，firstly，secondly等。n(2
20、)scanning（扫读），又称查读或寻读，是指以尽可能快的速度阅读以获得具体信息。扫读是一种在文章中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息，如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等，而对其他无关部分则略去不读的快速阅读方法。运用这种方法，考生能在最短的时间内掠过尽可能多的材料，找到所需要的信息。作为一种快速寻找信息的阅读技巧，扫读既要求速度，又要求准确性。具体地说，扫读带有明确的目的性，有针对性地选择问题的答案。扫读适合解决细节题、推理判断题扫读适合解决细节题、推理判断题和语义理解题。和语义理解题。scanning（查读）是一个只见树木不见森林的过程，这个过程只需要查找定位词在原文中的位置，以便确定
21、原文中考点信息的位置，理解与scanning无关。n扫读可以运用下列技巧：n做标记。视线在阅读材料上掠过时，一旦发现与题目有关的细节内容，就要稍作停留，做出标记。这样在做题时就能很容易找到对应内容。n抓提示词。找到包含所需信息的部分，准备扫读。这时，要留心与那个具体信息有关的提示词(如与题目中出现的关键词相同或意义相近的词)。找到提示词，就可以采用一般阅读速度，获得所需信息。第二部分第二部分语法与词汇语法与词汇一、语法和词汇知识概述一、语法和词汇知识概述语法和词汇知识题主要考查学生对英语基础知识的掌握程度及运用能力。近几年来，语法和词汇知识题的命题越来越灵活，要求考生在特定的语境中理解和运用语
22、言，突出语言的交际性和实用性。二、语法和词汇知识题命题特点及趋势预测该部分试题测试考生实际运用语法知识的能力,主要是考查学生的如何组成语法结构正确的句子。该项测试共分两部分:SectionA共有10个不完整的句子,要求考生从四个选项中选出一个最恰当的去完成句子;SectionB为完形填空,要求考生从四个选项中选出一个最恰当的去填空，使得整个语篇语义完整连贯。11-30共20题，均为选择题。占总分值的40%，测试时间20分钟。SectionA选择题选择题根据对教育部高等教育司基本要求和应用能力考试大纲的研究尤其是对近年高等学校应用能力考试实考试卷的分析和研究，我们将SectionA的考点，归纳为
23、归纳为五种测试题型：五种测试题型：谓语动词题、非谓语动词谓语动词题、非谓语动词题、语法搭配题、句法结构题和固定搭配题、语法搭配题、句法结构题和固定搭配题题。SectionB填空题填空题英语应用能力测试考试中，本节的测试要点要点为词词性转换和语法结构性转换和语法结构，这两项测试要点（考点）考生务必牢牢记住。该试题主要考察考生正确、熟练的使用词汇的能力，其形式主要通过词性转换其形式主要通过词性转换或词形变化，即通过正确使用词性（动词、名词、或词形变化，即通过正确使用词性（动词、名词、形容词、副词等），正确使用构词性（派生性、形容词、副词等），正确使用构词性（派生性、合成法和转换法），或根据语法结构
24、（词法或句合成法和转换法），或根据语法结构（词法或句法）的要求正确使用相应的词形，是填入空白处法）的要求正确使用相应的词形，是填入空白处的词或词组正确、恰当、使整个句子的意思完整、的词或词组正确、恰当、使整个句子的意思完整、连贯。连贯。这一题最能考察学生的英语综合素质和应用能力，它需要学生从多角度、多方面综合思考。1.读懂句子，判断成分，认准考点。读懂句子，判断成分，认准考点。首要认真细心地读懂每道题的大意，判断句子的结构以及空格处应添如什么句子成句子成分分，从而认准考题的考点考点是词性变化或是语法结构，二者必居其一，别无其他第三个考点。读懂句子，判断成分，认准考点读懂句子，判断成分，认准考点
25、是做词汇填空的是做词汇填空的“三步曲三步曲”。考点主要包考点主要包括谓语和非谓语动词、语法搭配、句法结括谓语和非谓语动词、语法搭配、句法结构、固定搭配等几个方面构、固定搭配等几个方面如如1）.Weusually(go)_abroadforourholiday,butthisyearwearestayingathome.经过分析第一题前半句中缺少了谓语动词，是一道典型的谓语动词题。根据括号里所给单词，整句话的意思是“我们通常到国外去度假，但今年我们呆在家里”，并且usually这一单词在这句话中起了至关重要的作用，usually意为inthewaythatisusual;mostoften通常地
26、；惯常地，所以，按照我们所掌握的知识，应该采用一般现在时，这道题目的正确答案应是go。如如2）.Therewasastranger(stand)_atthedoor.第二题中，在已经有一个谓语动词was的情况下，我们应该确定这是一道非谓语动词题，意思是“有个陌生人站在门口”，根据题眼was，那么我们就要把动词stand处理成非谓语动词形式，stranger和stand之间是一种主动关系，所以我们应该采用表示主动意义的现在分词形式“standing”，而且standingatthedoor现在分词短语应该放在所修饰词“stranger”后面。2.明确英语四大实词的定义和语法功用。明确英语四大实词
27、的定义和语法功用。英语四大实词（英语四大实词（动词、名词、形容词、副词动词、名词、形容词、副词）在句子中的重要作用，他们是句子的主干、在句子中的重要作用，他们是句子的主干、中心和关键。本节试题的重点就是动词、名中心和关键。本节试题的重点就是动词、名词、形容词和副词，考生不但要熟练掌握这词、形容词和副词，考生不但要熟练掌握这四大实词之间的转化规律和方法，而且要明四大实词之间的转化规律和方法，而且要明确并掌握这四大实词的语法功能。确并掌握这四大实词的语法功能。一般说来，一般说来，名词名词，是表示人、事物、地点，是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称，在句中常做主语；或抽象概念的名称，在句中常做主语；
28、动词动词，表示人或事物的，表示人或事物的动作或状态，一般作谓语；动作或状态，一般作谓语；形容词形容词，说明人、事物或现象的，说明人、事物或现象的性质和特征，常作定语修饰名词，或置于系动词之后作表语，性质和特征，常作定语修饰名词，或置于系动词之后作表语，或作宾语补足语；或作宾语补足语；副词副词，用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整，用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明时间、地点、程度。对这四类词汇意义和用法个句子，说明时间、地点、程度。对这四类词汇意义和用法的掌握是做相关词汇填空题的前提，所以先确定好所填词在的掌握是做相关词汇填空题的前提，所以先确定好所填词在句中所做的成分，按照四大实词的定义，
29、来确定是哪一类词句中所做的成分，按照四大实词的定义，来确定是哪一类词汇。汇。E.g.1）The(manage)managementofacompanyisaveryimportantpartoftheworkingprocesstoitsdevelopment.Itisdifficultfora(foreign)foreignertolearnChinese.所填词在句中应当填名词，体现出了名词具体用法。2）Assoonaswe(get)gothome,itstartedtorainheavily.Nextweekwe(sign)willsignthesalescontractwiththen
30、ewsupplier.所填词在句中充当谓语，所以用括号内的动词本身，再附以一定的时态来体现。3）Yourideasareveryinteresting，butweneedsome(practice)practicaladviceforgettingoutofthetrouble.Johnsperformanceinthisexammadeusfeelrather(disappoint)disappointed.n所填词应当由形容词来充当。4）Ididntattendtheeveningparty;but(apparent)apparently,itwasagreatsuccess.(unfor
31、tunate)Unfortunately,shehasgotabadcoldandcantattendtheconference.很显然，能修饰整句话的只能是副词。3.若确定考点为词形转换，则要选用若确定考点为词形转换，则要选用构词法构词法考生推断并确定试题的考点为词形变化题，则根据对句子的理解和句子结构的分析推断出应填入空格处的词的词性，再根据括号中所给出的词，运用构词法中的派生法，进行相应的变化加前前缀（缀（prefix）或后缀（）或后缀（suffix），将其正确的形式填入空格处。派生是通过在词干上加上词缀而生成新词的过程，词缀大致可分为前缀和后缀两种。词性转换类题型在词汇填空题当中占词性
32、转换类题型在词汇填空题当中占40%，其中其中大部分是通过增加减前后缀来实现词词转换大部分是通过增加减前后缀来实现词词转换，可见掌握词形可见掌握词形派生法派生法是十分必要的。在做题过程中，我是十分必要的。在做题过程中，我们要先根据句子的意义和句子结构，推断出应填词的们要先根据句子的意义和句子结构，推断出应填词的词性，然后运用已掌握的派生法，使单词进行相应的词性，然后运用已掌握的派生法，使单词进行相应的变化。至于派生法，在对历年英语应用能力测试试卷变化。至于派生法，在对历年英语应用能力测试试卷研究中，很少涉及到对前缀用法的测试，所以在此仅研究中，很少涉及到对前缀用法的测试，所以在此仅总结出了测试中
33、常见的后缀现象，掌握了这些常见后总结出了测试中常见的后缀现象，掌握了这些常见后缀的基本功用，领会其中的基本规律之后，应该能在缀的基本功用，领会其中的基本规律之后，应该能在以后的历次考试中举一反三，以不变应万变。历测试以后的历次考试中举一反三，以不变应万变。历测试中常见后缀总结如下：中常见后缀总结如下：1）.在英语中，后缀“-en”可加在名词或形容词后构成动词，意思是“使，变得”。Heisaskedto(short)shortenhisreporttoonepage.Itiswell-knownthatsportswill(strength)strengthenthefriendshipbetw
34、eennations.2）.在英语中，后缀-ion和-ment可以加在动词之后构成与原意相同的名词。nMarytoldmenottoworrybecausethe(operate)operationonMr.Smithwasverysuccessful.nThefast(develop)developmentofthelocaleconomyhascausedseriouswaterpollutioninthisregion.3）.在英语中，后缀“-y”和“-ly”可以加在名词之后构成形容词，意思是“多.的”或“像.的”。Thesellersallowedustopaythemoneya(mo
35、nth)monthlybasis.nThechildrenlooked(health)healthywithbrightsmilesontheirfaces.4）.在英语中，后缀-ence可以转换成形容词后缀-ent，构成形容词，意思是“具有.的特性”或“处于.的状况”。nHeis(confidence)confidenteventhoughhehasfailedseveraltimes.nAlthoughthesmalltownhasbeenchangingslowly,itlooksquite(difference)differentfromwhatitwas.5）.在英语中，后缀“-er
36、”，“-or”和“-ar”可以加在动词之后构成名词，意思是“该动作的执行者”。YaoMing,ourfavoritebasketball(play)player,isbecomingasuperstarintheworld.nTheflexibleworkingtimesystemwillenablethe(employ)employee(s)/employer(s)toworkmoreefficiently.4.若确定考点为语法结构，则要认准若确定考点为语法结构，则要认准语法点。语法点。严密思维语法结构题是词汇填空的第二类题型，根据对历年英语应用能力测试考试卷研究，其语法范围主要包括：时态、
37、语态、语气、非谓语动词、主谓一致、倒装句以及形容词副词的比较级和最高级等多方面。前文所说，词汇填空需要学生从多角度、多方面进行思考，有时甚至需要学生利用两种或是三种语法现象进行多重综合思考，体现了句子的整体性和语法的连贯性，同时也体现了思维的严密性。如以下例句：1）Hardlyhadwegatheredinthesquarewhenit(begin)begantorain.2）Jane(praise)hadbeenpraisedmanytimesbythegeneralmanagerwhenshewasworkingastheofficesecretary.n以上两道题目，都是多种语法现象的叠
38、加，需要学生进行多重思维。如：第1题考虑了hardly.When.这一基本句型结构之后，再考虑主从句各用何种时态，然后再体会否定词置于句首要采用倒装语序；第二题考虑时态的同时还要思考语态问题。由此可见，对多种语法现象进行多重思考，对高职院校的非英语专业学生来说，应该是一种挑战，但是只要明确了相关语法结构，利用所掌握的相关语法知识学会分析，静心思考，严密思维，问题应该能够迎刃而解。词汇语法常见考点分述词汇语法常见考点分述一、非谓语动词非谓语动词 ：不定式 动名词 分词二、 复合句复合句：名词性从句、定语从句、名词性从句、定语从句、 状语从句状语从句三、三、状语从句状语从句四、四、时态和语态五、五
39、、虚拟语气虚拟语气六、六、其他常考句型其他常考句型省略、倒装和强调句省略、倒装和强调句七、七、词组及搭配词组及搭配八、八、四大实词四大实词（动词、名词、形容词、副词动词、名词、形容词、副词）九、九、词性转换词性转换 一、一、非谓语动词非谓语动词/非限定动词非限定动词n非限定动词是动词中相当重要，但又极其复杂非限定动词是动词中相当重要，但又极其复杂并难以熟练掌握的一部分。非限定动词与谓语并难以熟练掌握的一部分。非限定动词与谓语动词不同，它们在句中不作谓语，不受主语人动词不同，它们在句中不作谓语，不受主语人称和数的限制，但可在句中用作其它成分。称和数的限制，但可在句中用作其它成分。n非限定动词有三
40、种，即非限定动词有三种，即不定式不定式、动名词动名词和和分词分词。非限定动词既有动词的性质，又有非动词的性非限定动词既有动词的性质，又有非动词的性质，也就是说：质，也就是说：1.有时态和语态的变化；有时态和语态的变化；2.有名有名词、形容词和副词的性质，能在句中作主语、词、形容词和副词的性质，能在句中作主语、宾语、补语、定语和状语等；宾语、补语、定语和状语等；3.非限定动词可非限定动词可以有主机的逻辑主语；以有主机的逻辑主语；4.非限定动词的否定式非限定动词的否定式是在其前面加是在其前面加not或never主语主语动词宾动词宾语语介词介词宾语宾语主语补主语补语语宾语宾语补语补语定语定语表语表语
41、状语状语同位语同位语独立成独立成分分不定式不定式动名词动名词现在分现在分词词过去分过去分词词非限定动词的句法功能非限定动词的句法功能不定式动名词分词不定式不定式n带to的不定式n不带to的不定式(动词原形）带to的不定式：1.Todothatimpliestakingresponsibility.2.Shelikestoplaywiththechildren.3.Weconsideritashameforthemtohavebeensowasteful.4.Ithadnoeffectexcepttomakeherangry.(except，but后，或wh-后）5.Theroomwasfoun
42、dtobeempty.6.Illleaveyoutoattendthematter.7.HeistheteachertoteachusEnglishnextterm.8.Thedutiesofapostmanaretodeliverlettersandnewspapers.9.Thewholefamilywenttobeachtospendtheirweekend.10.Weshallbeveryhappytoco-operatewithyouintheproject.11.Hisambition,tobeapilot,wasneverfulfilled.12.Totellthetruth,t
43、hisisallGreektome.n有些固定的不定式短语，尤其是表明说话人的态度，在句中作独立成分。这种短语一般位于句首，偶尔位于句尾，一般用逗号同句子其它部分隔开。n常用的独立成分的不定式短语：tobesure,tobebrief,tobeexact,tobefrankwithyou,tobehonest,toconclude，tobeginwith,tomakealongstoryshort,tosaynothingof,todohimjustice解不定式题型时要注意如下几种特殊情况：1.有时态和语态的变化有时态和语态的变化1）一般式：）一般式：to+V.Thousandsofyoun
44、gpeoplearelearningtoski.2)进行式：进行式：to+be+V.ingTheyseemtobegettingalongquitewell.3)完成式：完成式：tohave+V.edtohave+V.ed表示动作，表示动作，tohavebeen表示状态。一般用在表示状态。一般用在intended,expected,meant,hoped,promised,wanted,planned,wished,thought,was,were等后表示过去没有实等后表示过去没有实现的愿望，计划或期待等。现的愿望，计划或期待等。Iintendedtohavecometoseeyou.4)完成
45、进行式完成进行式：tohave+been+V.ingShewashappytohavebeenstayingwiththeyoungman.每个不定式短语都有其逻辑主语，如果逻辑主语是动作的发出者，不定式用主动式；如果其逻辑主语是动作的承受者，不定式用被动式。Thedoctorrecommendedhimtoairtheroom.Thedoctorrecommendedtheroomtobeaired.2.不定式的符号在一些特殊情况下不定式的符号在一些特殊情况下经常被省略（动词原形）经常被省略（动词原形）1）当几个动词不定式具有同样的功能时（避免重复），to只用在第一个不定式之前。Imreal
46、lypuzzledwhattothinkorsay.2.）在以why引导的疑问句中不用toWhynottryagain?Whytalksomuchaboutit?3)在hadbetter,wouldrather,ratherthan,wouldsooner,cannotbut,cannothelpbut,donothingbut,might(just)aswell,等结构后不用toTheywouldratherdiethansurrender.Shecantdoanythingbutasksillyquestion.但如果but和except等前的谓语动词不是do或help,to不能省略。Sh
47、ehadnochoicebuttofighttotheend.4)在感官动词hear,listen,feel,see,lookat,watch,notice,和使役动词let,make,leave,help等动词后，动词不定式作宾语补足语时不用toIheardhersinginthenextclassroomlastnight.Lethimdoit.5)如果主语是all或what引导的从句，主语由only,first,one,least或形容词最高级修饰，且后面的从句或短语有实义动词do时，作表语的不定式前不用toWhatshedidtothematterwaskeepsilent.Thele
48、astthingyoucandoishelpupalittle.3.不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语不定式的逻辑主语有时是句子的主语，有时需根据上下文判定。根据句意的需要，不定式的逻辑主语还可以某种形式表现出来，成为不定式短语的组成部分，也称为不定式复合结构。其构成形式为：for+名词/代词宾格+to的不定式Itisnecessaryforgoodstobepackedinstrongcases.Shebroughtsometoysforthechildrentoplaywith.4.疑问词不定式结构疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how之后加不定式可构成一种特殊形式的不定
49、式短语，在句中可作主语，宾语和表语，而且有时还可在疑问词前加介词。Whentostarttheworkhasnotbeendecided.Sheforgotwhichwaytotake.Ihavenoideaofhowtodoit.5.有些及物动词之后只能跟不定式afford,agree,ask,choose,decide,demand,determine,expect,fail,hope,manage,offer,plan,pretend,refuse,wish等一、动词不定式符号to动词不定式符号to无词义，后面必须接动词原形，构成不定式短语，通常作主语、表语、状语、宾语、宾语补足语或后置
50、定语。例如：1.Toplaycomputergamesiswrong.玩电脑游戏是错误的。（作主语）2.MyjobistoteachEnglish.我的工作是教英语。（作表语）3.Thecoffeeistoohottodrink.这咖啡太烫不能喝。（作结果状语）4.Shestoppedtohavealook.她停下来看了看。（作目的状语）5.Iwishtogothere.我希望去那儿。（作宾语）6.Iaskedhimtotalkwithyou.我叫他和你谈谈。（作宾语补足语）7.Shehasnopapertowritewith.她没有纸写字。（作后置定语）二、介词to介词to表示“向”、“往”
51、、“直到为止”、“给”、“对于”、“按”、“比”，既可以指时间、方向、距离、对象或结果，又可以指程度、直接或间接关系，后面必须接名词、代词或数词，构成介词短语，通常作表语、宾语补足语、状语或后置定语。例如：1.AsfarasIknow,MrWanghasbeentoLondon.据我所知，王先生到过伦敦。（作表语）2.JapanistotheeastofChina.日本在中国的东面。（作表语）3.Itsnogoodleavingthingstothelastmoment.把事情留到最后时刻来做是没有好处的。（作宾语补足语）4.Letsdrinktohishealth.让我们为他的健康干杯。（作
52、目的状语）5.Hetiedthemonkeytothetree.他把猴子拴在树上。（作地点状语）6.LandtotheeastoftheUralsiscalledAsia.乌拉尔山以东的陆地称为亚洲。（作后置定语）带介词符号to的动词短语lookforwardtoleadtoadmittoamountto合计objectto反对referto归于devoteto献身于payattentionto注意stickto坚持.动名词动名词n动名词兼有动词和名词的特征和功能。1.句法功能句法功能nSayingiseasierthandoing.nItsgreatfunsailingaboat.nIdid
53、ntsucceedinmakingmyselfunderstoodbyhim.nSheenjoyedreadingthisbookverymuch.nThisiscalledturningthingsupsidedown.nCanwecallthisservingmankind?nTheysetupanoperatingtableinasmalltemple.nThemainthingisgettingthereintime.nHishabit,readingnewspapersatnight,remainsunchanged.n有些动词之后只能跟动名词而不能跟不定式：admit,avoid,
54、consider,enjoy,escape,finish,imagine,include,keep,mind,miss,postpone,recall,risk,suggest等2.动名词的时态和语态动名词的时态和语态nMartininsistedongoingtoworkinspiteofhisillness.nSheisproudofbeingbeautiful.nIapprovedofhistakingpartintheproject.nJohndidntadmithavingbeenthere.Hedoesntlikeflattering.nHedoesntlikebeingflatt
55、ered.带逻辑主语的动名词结构Hiscomingherewillbeagreathelp.Tomsgoingtherewontdoanyharm.Itsnouseyourtryingtodeceiveme.Ihatepeoplesbeingunhappy.Thereisnodangerofhis/himbeingdismissed.Themaintroubleishisworkingwithoutaplan.动名词的否定式是将否定词not置于动名词之前。I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going.若动名词为完成式或被动式，否定词not应置于
56、整个结构之前。如： Dont be angry with me for not having written. 我没给你写信请别生我的气。 He felt bad for not being able to lend a hand. 他因不能帮忙感到遗憾。若动名词带有逻辑主语，则否定词应置于逻辑主语之后。如： Im surprised at your not having noticed. 你竟未注意到我感到吃惊。 动名词的否定由动名词的否定由notnot或或nevernever加动名词构成：加动名词构成：后常接动名词的动词有：admit，advocate，avoid，consider,def
57、er,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,fancy,finish,imagine,include,keep,mind,miss,postpone,practice,recall,resent,resist,risk,suggest等动名词与不定式的区别一般地说，动名词着重进程，不定式着重结一般地说，动名词着重进程，不定式着重结果果1.除具有动词性质外，动名词只是具有名词除具有动词性质外，动名词只是具有名词性质；而不定式还具有形容词和副词的性性质；而不定式还具有形容词和副词的性质，所以动名词不能作状语。质，所以动名词不能作状语。2.作定语的动名词需前置，而作定语的不
58、定作定语的动名词需前置，而作定语的不定式却置后。式却置后。动名词和不定式的区别3.两者在担当具有名词作用的主语、宾语和主语两者在担当具有名词作用的主语、宾语和主语补足语时的区别在于：补足语时的区别在于：A.动名词多泛指概念性动作，在意义上较为笼统动名词多泛指概念性动作，在意义上较为笼统和抽象，而不定式多表示具体的，一次性的动和抽象，而不定式多表示具体的，一次性的动作。作。nPlayingwithfireisdangerous.nToplaywithfirewillbedangerous.B.动名词的逻辑主语可能泛指人们，而不定式的动名词的逻辑主语可能泛指人们，而不定式的逻辑主语一般常时句子的名
59、词或代词。逻辑主语一般常时句子的名词或代词。Shehatessmoking.nShehatestosmoke.4.有些动词之后接动名词主动式可表示被动意义，有些动词之后接动名词主动式可表示被动意义，而不定式则需用起被动式表示被动意义。而不定式则需用起被动式表示被动意义。Yourhairwantscutting.nYourhairwantstobecut.类似的动词有：need,want,deserve,repay,require,bear等Iwontbearthinkingof.Iwontbeartobethoughtof.4.有些动词其后既可跟动名词又可接不定式，有些动词其后既可跟动名词又可
60、接不定式，但含义不同。但含义不同。Iregretmissingthefilm.IregrettosaythatIcannotcomenexttime.nHestoppedtalking.nHestoppedtotalk.常用的这类动词：stop,remember,forget,try,want,mean,quit,start,like,hate,need,goon,continue,begin,learn,prefer,endure,intend,neglect,omit,propose等分分词词n现在分词V.+ingn过去分词V.+ednShewasheardsingingallthetim
61、e.nThefireisreportedcontrolled.nIsmeltsomethingburninginthenextroom.nShestillcouldnotmakeherselfunderstoodinEnglish.nGirlslookingaftersmallchildrenget500yuanamonth.nHewasthenateacherrespectedbyallthestudents.nTheresultoftheexperimentisencouraging.nTheyaresatisfiedwiththeirpresentjob.nHearingthenews,
62、theyimmediatelysetoffforBeijing.nHehurriedtothehall,followedbytwoguards.nBeingstudents,wemuststudyveryhard.n分词作状语时所表示的动作是主语的一部分，与谓语表示的动作或状态是同时或几乎同时发生的，有时先于谓语动词动作的发生。n分词可作时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步、伴随等状语。分词短语可作独立成分nStrictlyspeaking,thebookdoesntbelongtohim.nTakenasawhole,thereisnothingwrongwithhispointofvi
63、ew.njudgingfromwhatyousay,ntakingeverythingintoconsideration单个分词与分词短语做定语n单个分词做定语一般放在修饰词之前，分词短语做定语一般放在修饰词之后。acharmingchildtheinvolvedexplanationSomeofthem,bornandbroughtupinruralvillages,hadneverseenatrain.现在分词与过去分词的区别n一般来说，现在分词表示主动和进行意义；而过去分词则表示被动和完成意义。nIfoundthemwateringflowers.nIfoundtheflowerswat
64、ered.分词的逻辑主语与分词的独立结构n一般情况下，分词作定语时其逻辑主语就是他所修饰的词，作表语和补语时，通常其逻辑主语是句子的主语。但是作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致，否则分词可有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。独立结构一般位于句首，有时也居句尾。分词独立结构构成形式为：名词、代词分词，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。1.Thebellringing,thestudentswentinto2.theclassroom.3.2.theriverhavingriseninthenight,thecrossingwasimpossible.4.3.Everythingta
65、kenintoconsideration,hisplanseemstobeworkable.5.4.Hewaslyingonthegrass,hishands(being)crossingunderhishead.6.5.Hetookoffhisshoesandcreptupthestairs,withoutanystepsbeingheard.7.6.Weredoubledourefforts,eachmanworkingliketwo.二.复复合合句句n简单句：简单句：主主+谓，主谓，主+谓谓+主补，主主补，主+谓谓+宾，主宾，主+谓谓+宾宾+宾，主宾，主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补n并列复合句
66、并列复合句：简单句+并列(等立)连词+简单句并列连词有：and,still,notonlybutalso,but,or,nor,then,therefore,however,yet,eitheror,neithernorn主从复合句主从复合句:是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。根据语法作用可分为：名词性从句、定语从句、状语名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句从句。一.名词性从句名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。通常由连词if,whether,that和带有wh-的连词充当其引导词。其中where,when,which,what,whose,whoever,whicheve
67、r和whatever为连接代词；where,when,why,how为连接副词；that,if和whether为从属连词1.从属连词只起连接作用，不充当句中的任何语法从属连词只起连接作用，不充当句中的任何语法成分，成分，that无词义。无词义。Thatshebecameapoetmayhavebeenduetohermothersinfluence.Itisstilldoubtfulwhethershewouldplaythepart.2.if只能引导宾语从句，后不能接只能引导宾语从句，后不能接ornot;whether可引导主语可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。从句、宾语从句和表语从句。W
68、hethershelikesthepresentisnotcleartome.Hedidntsaywhetherornothellbestayinghere.3.that引导宾语从句时，可省略，其他连接词则不可。引导宾语从句时，可省略，其他连接词则不可。Hesaid(that)hecouldnttellyourightawayandthatyouwouldntunderstand.4.that引导同位语从句时，其先行词一般是抽象名词，如conclusion,idea,fact,news,doubt,opinion,promise,report,problem,question,reply,an
69、swer,remark,evidence,belief,order,danger,suggestion,proposal,truth,ambition,hope,impression,habit,illusion等。同位语所起的作用是对先行词进行解释说明，that不能省略。Thenewsthatweareinvitedtotheconferenceisveryencouraging.Itisafactthatshehasmadegreatprogressinherwork.5.同位语从句与定语从句的区别1）定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时又在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），that做宾语
70、时常可省略；而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句的作用，一般不可省略。2）定语从句是形容词性的，起功能是修饰先行词；同位语从句等同于先行词，是名词性的，其功能是对名词作补充说明。3）同位语从句的先行词是表示抽象概念的词，如idea, fact， proposal，hope，news， rumor， conclusion， impression等。比较：A.Itisafactthatshehasmadegreatprogressinherwork.Itisafactthatyoushouldaccept.B.ThenewsthathefailedinEnglishexaminationm
71、adehisparentsveryangry.Whatisthenewsthatupsethersomuch?二.定语从句n定语从句由关系代词和关系副词引导。关系代词：that,which,whose,who,whom,as,but;关系副词有：when,where,why.与名词性从句不同的是，关系代词和关系副词都在从句中充当语法成分。n1.关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略。thewoman(whom)yousawjustnowisourEnglishteacher.但关系代词在介词之后作介词宾语时不能省略。Thisisthegirlwithwhomheworked.2.如果先行词为all,m
72、uch,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none等不定代词时，关系代词只用that,不用which。Everythingthathappenedthenwaslikeanightmare.3.如先行词被形容词最高级以及first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very等词修饰，关系代词用that,不用which,who,whom.Pleasesendusanyinformationthatyouhaveaboutthesubject.4.在非限制性定语从句中，不用that,即使是作宾语用的代词也不能省略。
73、Someoftheroadswereflooded,whichmadeourjourneymoredifficult.5.如果关系代词紧跟介词后，不能用who或that,只能用whom或which.Thisisthequestionaboutwhichtheyhadsomuchdiscussioninthepastfewweeks.6.关系副词引导定语从句时，可在从句中分别表示时间、地点和原因。HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.7.as也可引导定语从句ySuchbooksasIhavereadareclassicalworks.Asisreported,aforeignde
74、legationwillvisitouruniversity.8.than和but也可用作关系代词。than在定语从句中作主语或宾语。Youspentmoremoneythanwasintendedtobespent.But作为关系代词引导定语从句时，一般同具有否定意义的主句连用，其先行词可以是人，也可以是物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。Therewasnotasinglestudentinmyclassbutlearntalotfromhim.（but=whodidnot)因此在这种句子中，but在意义上等于“thatnot”,”whonot”,“whichnot”三.状语从句状语从句包括时间
75、状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、目的状语从句和结果状语从句。不同的状语从句所使用的连词不同，而且每个连词都有其特定的意义。Ashefinishedthespeech,theaudienceburstintoapplause.AsIamabouttostartjourney,IshallnotbeabletobegintheworkbeforeIreturn.Patientashewas,hehadnointentionofwaitingfortwohours.1.时间状语从句时间状语从句时间状语从句的连接词有:1)when,whenever,as
76、,while;before,after;till,until,since等Waituntilyourecalled.2)Nosoonerthan,hardly(scarcely)when(before)“一就”,“刚刚就”，表示主句和从句动作随即相继发生，主句动词用过去完成时。注意：如果hardly，scarcely和nosooner放句首，主句的主、谓要部分倒装。Nosoonerhadshegotoffthebusthanhersonrantowardsher.3)Assoonas,themoment,immediately,presently,once,theinstant,directl
77、y,theminute“一.就”。IllcometoseeyouassoonasIfinishmyhomework.Immediatelyhearrived,hestartedtellinguswhattodo.2.地点状语从句地点状语从句的连接词有:where,wherever,anywhere。Whereveryougo,youshoulddoyourworkwell.Anywhereshegoes,hegoestoo.3.条件状语从句条件状语从句的连接词有:1）unless;ifIshallgonextweekunlesstheycomeback.2)provided(that),pro
78、viding,supposing,suppose(that),aslongas,solongas,onconditionthat,incase,intheeventthat“如果，只要，假如，在条件下”Providingyoupromisenottotellanyoneelse,Illexplainthesecret.4.原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的连接词有:1）because,since,as,forbecause最强，常用于回答why引导的疑问句；since表示附带的原因；as只是对主句的附带说明，一般放于句首；for引导的原因状语从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因，只是提供一些补充说明
79、，不位于句首。Hewaslatebecausehemissedthebus.Sinceyousayso,Isupposeitistrue.AsIdidntknowtheway,Iaskedapoliceman.Shemusthavegoneoutearly,forshehadnotshownupatbreakfast.2）seeing(that),now(that),considering(that),inthat这几个连接词与since，as意义差不多，可换用。Seeing(that)shewasseriouslyill,theysentforthedoctor.5.让步状语从句引导让步状语
80、从句的连接词有:1）though，although，evenif，if和eventhough这几个词组可译为“虽然，尽管”。Evenif和eventhough语气较强，though和although较弱。Although/ThoughhewasSpanish,hespentmostofhislifeinGermany.注意：A.当让步状语从句指某种假设情况时，通常用though而不用althoughWellleaveasarrangedthoughitmightraintomorrow.(不用although）B）if既可引导条件状语从句又可引导让步状语从句，根据其句意而定。Ifheispoo
81、r,heisveryhonest.Ifwebreak,wecanbenefitfromourfailure.2）whatever,whenever,wherever,whoever,whichever,however这几个词可引导让步状语从句，相当于Nomatterwhat(when,where,who,which,how),表示不论在什么条件下都可进行随意的选择，只是后者常用于口语。Whatever(Nomatterwhat)happens,weshallneverlosehope.3)while,whereas这两个词引导的让步状语从句突出对比主句和从句所表示的两种情况的差异。Heisex
82、periencedwhile(whereas)heisyoung.4)whetheror(not)所引导的让步状语从句是提供两个对比的情况，译为“不管”.Whethertheycomehereorwegothere,thetopicofdiscussionwillremainunchanged.5)让步状语从句的倒装Though所引导的让步状语从句可以倒装。在倒装句中，though可用as或that代替，但是句子必须倒装。其结构如下“形容词（副词，动词，分词，名词）+though（as，that）+主语+谓语”Hardas(though)shetried,shefailedtopassthee
83、xam.Failthoughhedid,hewouldnevergiveup.6.方式状语从句1）as和justas，译为“如,犹如,正如”.PleasedoitasItaughtyou.2)asif和asthough既可以用于陈述语气也可用于虚拟语气，译为“好像，仿佛”。Itlooksasthoughitisgoingtorain.Hetreatsherasifshewerehisdaughter.7.比较状语从句引导比较状语从句的连接词有:（not)asas,(not)thesame,morethanJanedoesnotstudysohardasMary.Goldisheaviertha
84、nothermetal.8.目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的连接词有:1）（so）that和inorderthatShewentdowntowninorderthatshewouldbuysomeclothes.2)lest,forfearthat和incase，有否定意义，都可译为“以防，以免”，但lest从句一般用虚拟语气，谓语用should+V.;forfearthat和incase一般用虚拟语气，但有时也可用陈述语气。Sheemphasizeditagainandagain,lesthe(should)forget.Takeanumbrellawithyouincaseitrains.9
85、.结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的连接词有:sothat,suchthat,sothat,suchthat等注意sothat中的so后只能跟形容词或副词，suchthat中的such后只能接名词。Thewindwassostrongthatwecouldhardlymoveforward.Hemadesuchaninspiringspeechthateverybodygotexcited.10.状语从句中主语和系词的省略1）时间状语从句和让步状语从句当从句的主语与主句的主语相同，而且其后是系词be的任何形式时，可以将从句的主语和系词省略。Robbiehadarrangedforthismanto
86、comewheneverneeded.Heisagoodman,thoughratherdull.2)条件状语从句在ifitisnecessary，ifitispossible等句中可省略it和系词be。Ifnecessary,ringmeathome.四、时态和语态一.时态1.一般时1）一般现在时a.表示经常性的动作，存在的状态（包括日常行为、习惯、能力、特征或普遍真理、事实等）Shealwaystakesawalkintheevening.Timeandtidewaitfornoman.b.表示现在（包括现在瞬间和完成的动作）NowIaddchocolatepowder.c.表示过去（通常
87、指刚刚过去的一次性动作，不要求时间状语。常用于报纸画面的标题）Whatwindblowsyouhere?d.表示将来（包括表示最近的将来，预定的行为及用于表示将来的从句中）NextTuesdayismymothersbirthday.2）一般过去时a.表示过去（包括过去的状态、习惯或某一时间所发生的动作）TomstayedwithfriendsinLondonlastsummer.b.表示现在、将来或过去将来Ididntknowyouwerehere.Wewouldnotleaveuntilshecameback.3）一般将来时a.表示单纯的将来事实Theysaythatitwillbeafi
88、nedaytomorrow.b.一般将来时与状语从句谓语动词的一般将来时经常和表示时间和条件的状语从句连用。在一般情况下表示时间和条件的状语从句用一般现在时表示将来（只有连词before引导的时间状语从句可用一般将来时）Illaskhimassoonashecomes.Itwillbelongbeforehewillcomeback.c.其他可以表示将来时的结构或时态及其用法1)begoingto+v.“决定，打算要做什么事，或有迹象表明就要发生，可能会出现什么事情”2)现在进行时“可以表示按计划或安排将要发生的事”常用的这些动词有：join,play,eat,work,return,take
89、,wear,meet,move,sleep,have,do,stay,arrive,leave,speak,start,come等3)beto+v.“或表示计划、安排或用来征求意见”4)beaboutto+v.“即将发生的动作，句中不可用表示将来时间状语”5)一般现在时系词be以及come,go,begin,leave,sail,arrive,return,start,stop,end,open,stay等动词的一般现在时可以表示将来时间，指根据规定预计要发生的动作或状态。Whendoesthepressconferencebegin?2.进行时进行时j1）现在进行时）现在进行时表示现在（即说
90、话人的说话时刻）正在进行的动作，可与now,atpresent,atthismoment,thesedays等时间状语连用，也可不用时间状语。DoyouknowwhatJohnisdoingnow?但是在某些特殊情况下，现在进行时也可用于少数瞬间动词，表示不断重复的动作，一种临时或目前的情况或措施。Thelittlegirlisjumpingwithjoy.Imnotsleepingwell.Iwanttotakeaholiday.2）过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作，并常和表示过去的时间状语连用。Whenhecalledme,Iwasreading.Thelittlegir
91、lwhowasstandingthereranaway.3)将来将来进行时进行时表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，并常和表示将来的时间状语连用。Theywillbemeetingusatthestationthisafternoon.3.完成时1）现在完成时:现在完成时的动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响（或结果）。TomhasvisitedChinamorethantwentytimes.HaveyouseenProfessorWang?Wehaveworkedhardsincethenewtermbegin.2）过去完成时:表示在过去某个时期或时刻之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态，也可用在befo
92、re和until引导的从句中，表示后发生的情况（或并未发生）。hardly,scarcely,nosoonerthanHehadvisitedAmericatwentytimesinthepreviousthirtyyears.Shedisappearedbeforehehadhadachancetoapologize.3）将来完成时:表示将来某个时刻已经完成的动作，但有时也可表示一种推测。by(then,theendoftheyear)next(Friday,week)ShewillhavearrivedtherebynowTheywillhavebeenhereforfiveyearsne
93、xtJuly.要注意如下问题：1）如果主句中谓语动词的时态是一般过去时，则从句要用过去有关的时态。HedidntknowwhereIwasatthattime.Wepromisedthatwewouldgiveherwhateverhelpsheneeded.2)由于时间的着眼点不同，并列谓语和并列句中可以用不同的时态。Shenevercannorshallforgetyourgoodness.Iwas,havealwaysbeen,andwillforeverbeyourdevotedfriend.3)主句的谓语为一般将来时，句中的宾语从句或状语从句的谓语用一般现在时表示将来。Ifyouco
94、metomorrow,Iwillgotothestationtomeetyou.Illgowhereyougo.二、语态1.主动语态2.被动语态1）为了强调动作的承受者；2）动作的发出者不明确或不需要指出时。结构形式：系动词be+及物动词的过去分词解时态、语态题时要注意的问题：1.下列动词一般无进行时：feel,own,want,have,believe,remember,hate,like,mind等2.不及物动词（或短语）和表示状态的词无被动语态。如happen,occur,rise,fit,suit,feellike,become,go,takeplace,consistof等3.be+
95、过去分词既可能是被动语态也可能是系表结构4.一般来说，表示被动意义要用被动，但英语里有些主动句可表示被动意义，如look,feel,smell,sound,taste,wash,pick,iron,sell等Shesoundedamodestwoman.HisbookdoesntsellRipeapplespickeasily.五、虚拟语气英语中共有三种语气：1）陈述语气：陈述事实。2）祈使语气：提出请求、命令等。3）虚拟语气：表示主观愿望和假设的情况。1.条件从句的虚拟语气if1)表示与现在的事实相反，用ifV.ed,would/should/could/might+V.IamsorryIa
96、mverybusyjustnow.IfIhadtime,Iwouldcertainlygotothemovieswithyou.2)表示与过去事实相反，用ifhad+V.ed,would/should/could/mighthave+V.edThefloodmighthavecausedgreatdamagetothepeopleifwehadntbuiltsomanyreservoirs.3)表示对将来发生的情况的怀疑或实现的可能性很小，用ifshould+V./were,would/should/could/might+V.If it should rain tomorrow, I wou
97、ld stay at home.4)错综时间条件句。If you had spoken to him last time you saw him,you would know what to do now.If I were you , I wouldnt have made so many mistakes last night.2.用在其它从句的虚拟语气1）用在wish之后的宾语从句中a.表示现在的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时，be换成wereIwishIgotmorelettersfromthem.b.表示过去的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或couldhave+V.edIwishIhadgi
98、venmoretimeinstudyingEnglishlastterm.c.表示未来不大可能实现的愿望，从句谓语用would+V.Iwishhewouldinvitemetothepartythisweekend.2）用在It is about(high) time+that从句（表示应该做，但还没做）。That从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，that可省略。Its high time we began our morning exercises. 在would rather，would sooner， would just as soon “宁愿”的宾语从句中，从句谓语动词有两种：1）表示现在
99、或将来虚拟时，谓语一般都用一般过去时；2) 表示过去虚拟用过去完成时。I would rather you came next week instead of today.I would rather that I had not finished the task.3）用在表示命令、建议、要求和愿望的宾语从句中,谓语动词用should+V.(可省略should) 常见这类动词有：suggest, request, insist, decide, advise, order, propose, ask, object,urge,vote,demand, recommend, command,
100、desire等The law requires that everyone take a test for a drivers license.由上述动词派生或转化出来的名词在同位语从句和表语从句中，谓语动词也要用这种形式。It was a suggestion that Brown (should) be dropped from the team.4)在it is/was +形容词（分词）+that从句，谓语动词用should+V.(可省略should)It is essential that a child (should) be honest with their parents.常用
101、这类形容词有：important,urgent, vital, preferable, crucial, appropriate, necessary, essential, desirable, advisable, insisted, suggested, ordered, requested, commanded等如果这些形容词或分词用作宾语补足语，其引导的宾语从句的谓语动词也用（should) doI think it necessary that she (should) have her bike repaired.5）在as if, as though和if only引导的状语从
102、句中，表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时。If only he had told us the truth in the first place, things wouldnt have gone so wrong.三虚拟语气的特殊情况1.Ifonly用于简单句，用一般过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望；用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。要是就好了！IfonlyIwereyou!hehasalreadyleft,ifonlyyouhadcomefiveminutesealier.2.在if条件句的虚拟语气中有时会出现主从所指的时间不一致的情况，即混合型虚拟条
103、件句。Ifyouhadntstayedsolatelastnight,youwouldntbesosleepynow.3.带有介词without，butfor(要不是),otherwise(否则），butthat,exceptfor,only,but,or等的虚拟语气的使用.Withoutelectricitywewoulddonothing.Butforyourhelp,wecouldnothavefinishedthetasksowell.4.If条件句其谓语为were,should,had时，可省略if,把were,should,had移到主语之前构成倒装句。Werehetoleavet
104、oday,hewouldgetthereonSaturday.Hadyoufailedtheexam,youmightnothavepassedthecourse.5.由lest以防，forfearthat唯恐，incase以防引起的从句。lest和incase引导的目的状语从句出现在过去时中，一般用虚拟语气，而且should可省略。forfearthat从句可用should,也可用may或might.Pleasebringanumbrellawithyoulestitshouldrain.Sheputthecoatoverherdaughterforfearthatsheshouldcatc
105、hcold.虚拟语气的陷阱题虚拟语气的陷阱题例例Thankyouverymuchindeed.IfithadnotexactlyforyouradviceIreally_whatIshouldhavedone.A.dontknowB.didntknowC.hadntknownD.wouldnthaveknown【分析分析】此题容易误选此题容易误选C或或D，认为此句既然为虚拟语气，认为此句既然为虚拟语气语境，当然应选择与虚拟语气有关的答案。此句的句意语境，当然应选择与虚拟语气有关的答案。此句的句意是是“真的是太感谢你了。要不是因为你给我建议，我就真的是太感谢你了。要不是因为你给我建议，我就不知道
106、该怎么做了。不知道该怎么做了。”句中句中ifithadnotbeenforyouradvice和和whatIshouldhavedone用了虚拟语气，用了虚拟语气，假假设，但是句中的设，但是句中的“我不知道我不知道”也要用虚拟语气吗？换句也要用虚拟语气吗？换句话说，话说，“我不知道我不知道”是与事实相反的假设吗？显然不是。是与事实相反的假设吗？显然不是。所以它不能用虚拟语气，应用陈述语气所以它不能用虚拟语气，应用陈述语气(Idontknow)，表明这是事实（表达自己对对方的感谢之意）。表明这是事实（表达自己对对方的感谢之意）。1)“Itsalongtimesincewelasthearfrom
107、her.”“Yes,howIwishIknewhowsheisgettingalong.”“我们很久没收到她的来信了。”“是啊，我多希望知道她现在过得怎么样。”按照英语语法，Iwish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气，所以其后的Iknew也的确用的是虚拟语气，但是Iknew后的宾语从句用不用虚拟语气呢？不用。句中“我多么希望知道”，说明现在并不知道，即现在“知道”并不是事实，只是一种想法，故用了虚拟语气；但是“她现在过得怎么样呢？”则是她现在的实际情况，是事实，故用陈述语气。(2)IwishIknewwhatishappening.但愿我知道现在正在发生什么事。此句Iknew用虚拟语气，说
108、明现在想知道，但实际并不知道；其后的whatishappening没用虚拟语气，是因说话者想知现在实实在在的情况，即想知道“现在正在发生什么情况”这一事实。比较下例：(3)IwishIknewwhatwashappening.要是我当时知道正在发生什么事就好了。此句用whatwashappening也非虚拟语气，而是陈述语气的过去进行时态，指过去正在发生的事情。六、其它常考句型一.倒装句1.当there，here，then，now等副词位于句首时，谓语动词为be，come，fall，go，lie，stand等时，句子一般全部倒装（但主语为代词时不倒装）Herecomesthebus.Heret
109、heycome.2.当否定词或含有否定意义的词或短语放在句首时，句子一般部分倒装。这类词有atnotime,no,little,seldom,never,notonlybutalso,hardly(scarcely)when,innoway,rarely,notuntil,undernocircumstances,notasingleword,nosoonerthan等Notonlydoesherunfast,butalsoheplaysfootballwell.3.一些表示时间，程度的副词位于句首时，句子要部分倒装OnlytodaydidIlearnthegoodnews.Justthena
110、longcameTom.4.介词短语放句首Byhissidesathisfaithfuldog.5.If条件句其谓语为were,should,had时，可省略if,把were,should,had放句首构成倒装句。Werehetoleavetoday,hewouldgetthereonSaturday.Hadyoufailedtheexam,youmightnothavepassedthecourse.二.强调句Itis(was)+强调成分+that（who）+句子（原句的剩余部分）Itisonlywhenoneisillthatonerealizesthevalueofhealth.Itwa
111、sDoctorLithatweinvitedtogiveusalecture.ItisProfessorWangthat(who)sentmetheletter.三.情态动词的一些特殊用法1.should(oughtto)+have+V.edYououghttohavewrittenalettertoJohn,butyoudidnt.2.must+have+V.edThealarmclockdidntringthismorning.Youmusthaveforgottentowindit.3.could/can+have+V.edHewalkedthere,buthecouldhavetake
112、nataxi.4.may/might+have+V.edShesaidthattheymighthavemissedthetrain.5.neednt+have+V.edYouneednthavegonetodowntowntoseethefilmyesterday.ItwillbeonTVtonight.6.情态动词+be+V.ingShemustbewateringtheflowersnow.四.反意疑问句TherewontbeanyconcertthisSunday,willthere?Iamverybusy,arent(aint)I?Nobodycamein,didthey?Every
113、oneknowstheanswer,dontthey?Nothingcanstopusnow,canit?Lendmeahand,willyou?Letsgoin,shallwe?Letusdothatthisway,willyou?Heneversaidshewouldcome,didhe?Idontbelievehecanfinishthework,canhe?(=Ithinkhecant)若陈述句的谓语动词为usedto时，其疑问部分可用didnt或usednt当陈述句用mustnot时，其疑问部分用may。五.主谓一致1.语法一致的原则1)以alongwith，togetherwith
114、,with,aswellas,accompaniedby,ratherthan,but,except连接的两个主语时，其谓语的单复数应以第一个主语为主。Severalpassengers,togetherwiththedriver,werehurt.Nooneexceptmyparentsknowsanythingaboutit.2.表示时间、重量、长度、价格的复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。Fiftyyearsisnotalongtime.Fourthousanddollarsismornthanshecanafford.3.非谓语动词、从句或其它短语作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。Earl
115、ytobedandearlytoriseishealthful.Howthebookwillselldependsontheauthor.4.如果主语是由and连接的两个单数名词，但前面有each，every，no等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。Everyboyandgirlinthisregionistaughttoreadandwrite.2.意义一致的原则Thepopulationoftheearthisincreasingveryfast.Onethirdofthepopulationhereareworkers.这类的集合名词有：family,class,audience,committ
116、ee,crowd,crew,group,party,population,team,public,council,village等3.就近原则指谓语动词单复数取决于离它最近的词语，而无考虑其它的词。1.以eitheror,or,neithernor,和notonlybutalso连接的两个主语，其谓语的单复数修饰应以与谓语最近的主语为主。Eitheryouorhehastogotherewithme.Notonlythemotherbutalsothechildrenwerehurt.2.由there或here引起的主语，而且又不只是一个时，采取就近原则。Hereisapen,afewenve
117、lopesandsomepaperforyou.Therewasasausage,twoorangesandapieceofcheeseonthetable.第三部分翻译应用英语能力考试的翻译解题着重测试考生将英语正确译成汉语的能力。共4题，20分，测试时间20分钟。要求考生4个汉语句子翻译成英语，要求准确、通顺、符合英语习惯。考生应掌握以下翻译（汉译英）技能：1）正确翻译一般语句，基本符合英语习惯2）正确掌握被动句式的译法3）正确掌握倍数的译法4）正确掌握定语从句的译法5）正确掌握长句的译法6）正确掌握虚拟语气及一些特定词语的译法翻译的标准：忠实和通顺1.忠实：是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息2
118、.通顺：是指译文规范、流畅、明白易懂。3.忠实与通顺的关系：忠实是通顺的基础，通顺是忠实的保证。（一）翻译的技巧：1.词义的选择abrokenmanabrokensoldierbrokenmarriagebrokenEnglishabrokensetofbooksdevelopaninterestdevelopbusinessdevelopmyargumentdevelopafilmdevelopnewplants翻译的技巧：2.增词法1）增加表示名词复数的词和量词Flowersareeverywhereinthegarden.Thereare20cowsand30horsesonthefar
119、m.2)增加名词Thistypecomputerischeapandgood.Ialwaysdowashingandcleaningatweekends.3)抽象名词或代表特殊意义的名词译成汉语要加词dependence依赖性correctness正确性jealousy嫉妒心理preparation准备工作4)增加动词Afteralltheadventures,hewouldliketostayinthissmallvillage.Heenteredtheclassroomwithabookinhishand.5)增加表示时态的词IhavebeeninNewYorkayear.Mymother
120、saysIamnotthegirlwhoIwas.6)增加语气助词Howbeautifultheseais!FinallyIpassedtheexam.7)增加概括词ChinaandAmericasignedanagreementlastweek.8)增加原文中由于句法需要所省略的部分。Isityourdictionary?Yes,itis.MarytakesthejobasateacherwhileLindaasadoctor.9)增加表示语态的词Thetwomanwerechargedofrobbery.Governmentisrequiredtobeefficient.3.省略法1）省略
121、作主语的人称代词Iam30yearsoldandIhavebeenworkinginthisfactoryfor10years.Ifweheatthewater,itmaybecomevapor.2)省略物主代词Iwashmyfaceinthemorning.Heputhishandinhispocket.3)省略“it”Itistoolate.Ihavetoleave.Itwaswithgreatdifficultythatthelittlegirlfoundherwaytoschool.4)省略连词Weknowitisgoingtorainbecauseitisverycloudyouts
122、ide.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?5)省略冠词Thecomputerplaysanimportantroleinourlives.Atigercanrunfasterthanalion.6)省略前置词Alotofchangeshappenedinmyhometown.4.词类转译法1）转译成动词Spaceshipsareusedfortheexplorationofuniverse.Iamanxioustoknowmyresultearlieraftertheexamination.Tomwasupat6:00a.m.thismorning.2)转译
123、成名词Theprincesswasbadlytreatedbythestepmother.Thedoctordidhisbesttocurethesickandthewounded.3）转译成形容词Itisnousearguingwithhimbecauseheistooconceited.Theyinsistontheequalityofmenandwomen.4)转译成副词TheyhadheateddiscussionontherelationsbetweenChinaandAmerica.IhadthehonortobetheinterpreterofourPremierlastyear
124、.5.正反、反正汉译技巧1）肯定译否定Ifailedintheexam.YourtemperismorethanIcanbear.2)否定译肯定Shewontgoawayuntilyoupromisetohelpher.Allthestudents,withnoexception,shouldattendthemeeting.（二）定语从句的翻译技巧1.限制性定语从句用前置法将原文的定语从句翻译成定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将复合句译成中文的单句。Ihavebutonelampbywhichmyfeetareguided.Idontknowthemanwhowastalkingwithyo
125、ujustnow.用后置法翻译成并列句Thelungsareeasilyattackedbyseveraldiseaseswhicharetreatablebysurgery.Apainterneedsinspirationfromwhichallcreationflows.融合法是指把原句中的主语和定语从句融合在一起译成一个独立句子的方法。翻译英语Therebe句型和带定语从句的复合句时常用融合法。Therearemanypeoplewhowanttoliveinthecities.Hedidnotfindanyoneinthehousewhowillbeparticularlyintere
126、stedinhiscareer.2.非限制性定语从句前置法译成定语词组LastnightIreadanovel,whichisaboutthelifeofChinesepeoplein1970s.后置法译成并列分句Afterdinnertheyresumedtheirexperiment,whichcontinuedtillintothenight.ItoldthestorytoMary,whotoldittohermother.译成独立句Wewillputoffthetripuntilnextmonth,whentheweatherwillbewarmer.3.兼有状语职能的定语从句Hein
127、sistedonbuildinganotherhousewhichhehadnousefor.Iplantobuyadressformydaughter,whosebirthdayistoday.Imadegreatefforttolearncomputerskills,whichwouldenablemetofindabetterjobaftergraduation.n1.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyou
128、rcompositionisMyPlanfortheSpringFestival.nThe Spring Festival is the most importanttimeofthewholeyearforChinesepeople.Wewillusuallyhavealongvacation.Soitisreallya good idea to make my plan for the SpringFestival in advance. On the first day of theSpringFestival,Ialwaysgotomygrandparents home and hav
129、e a wonderfuldinner.Soitwillbethesamethisyear. Afterthe family get-together, I am going to have atrip with my friends. Qingdao will be a goodchoiceformeatthattime.OnthelasttwodaysoftheSpringFestival,Iwillgobackandhavearest.Youknow,therelaxationisalsoimportantforusduringtheholiday. Thesearemyplansfor
130、theSpringFestival,whataboutyours?MayeveryonehaveagreatSpringFestival.n2.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutes to write a composition. You shouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisWhyILikeLearningEnglish.nNowadays,studyingEnglishgainspopularity in China. Many rich parents woul
131、drather send their children abroad to receiveeducationthanletthembeeducatedinChina.IamalsoamongthefansofEnglish.First,IlikeEnglishbecauseithasbecomeaninternationallanguage.IfIcanspeakEnglish,thenIcangoalmostanywherearoundtheworldwithoutanycommunication problem. Secondly, becauseEnglish sounds so sof
132、t, especially AmericanEnglish,Ilovetohearitandspeakit.SoIlikelearningEnglish!n3.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisMyDream.nIhaveadreamthatIwillbealwaysyoung.ThenIwillhaveenoughenergytodoeverythingthatIwant.Mor
133、eover,Idonthavetoworryaboutbeingtoooldtotakecareofmyself,thusbecomingaburdentomyfamily.Iknowthatmydreamwillnotcometrue.However,IthinkitisluckythatIamyoungnow.SoIwilltreasuremytime,enjoymylifeandtrymybesttodoeverythingwell.n4.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldw
134、riteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisAboutSelf-study.nWeallknowthatforaschoolstudent,theamountoftimespentinclassroomswithteachersisverylimited.Itisthereforeveryimportantforhimtotakefulladvantageofhissparetimetohaveself-study.Tomakehisself-studysuccessful,oneneedsbothgoodmethodsandpersev
135、erance.Beforestartinghisself-study,oneshouldrecallthewayhisteachergiveslessons.Withthosemethodsinmind,onewouldstudymoreefficiently.Perseveranceisalsoessentialinself-study.Sincenoonewouldurgehimtofinishsomethinginself-study,onecanonlyrelyonhimselftoovercomethelazinesstocontinuewithhisstudy.n5.Directi
136、ons:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisTheJobILike.nIhavedecidedtotaketeachingasmylife-longcareer.Avarietyofreasonshaveledmetochoosethisoccupationoverothers.First,teachingislearning.Tomakemylecturesmoreconstructiveandstim
137、ulating,Ihavetoreadmorebooks,explorenewknowledgeandgainabetterunderstandingoftheworld.Second,teachingmeansfreedomandindependence.Asateacher,Imfreetousemyownideasandmakemyowndecisions.Finally,Iliketeachingbecauseitofferscertainpeaceofmind.Nothing,notevenabigsalary,canequalfortheopportunitytocontinuel
138、earning,thesatisfactionofbeingyourownboss,andagentlepeaceoflife.n6.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisMyFavoriteTVprogram.nIlikewatchingTVverymuch.AndmyfavoriteTVprogramisnews.BecauseIcanknowwhatishappeninginou
139、rnationandintheworldeverydaythroughnews.AndIwatchTVfornewsatthesametimeeveryday.IbelievethatmanypeoplelikewatchingTVfornewstoo.Icanfindsomeinterestingthingsthroughnews.Alsowecanknowwhatwecandoandwhatwecannotdothroughnews.Icanacquiresomeknowledgefromnews.n7.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minut
140、estowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisMyFamily/LivinginaBigFamily.nMyfamilyisabigfamily.MyfatherwasborninShaoxing,Zhejiangprovincein1946.AndhecametoShanghaiwithmygrandparentswhenhewasalittleboy.Hehastwoolderbrothers.OnelivesinShanghai,theotherlivesinJiangs
141、unow.MymotherwasborninAnshuncity,Guizhouprovincein1952.Shehasoneyoungerbrother,andtwoyoungersisters.AndIn1960s,sheenteredthefactorywheremyfatherwasin.Atthattime,thefactorywasinAnshun,thenitwasmovedtoWuhancity.Aftermyparentsretiredfromthework,theycametoShanghaiandlivewithus,theirchildren,mysisterandm
142、e.Lastyear,the13peopleofmyfamilyincludingmyfathersbrothersfamilywentbacktoShaoxingtovisitourrelativesthere.ItwasthesecondtimeIhadgonethere.Andweallfelthappy!Andthisyear,weplantogobacktovisitmymothersmotherinAnshun.Ithasbeenmorethan30yearssincemyfatherleftthere.Andhisbrothersfamilywilljoinustogether.
143、Wearelookingforwardtotheircoming.n8.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisAboutTelevision.nBeforethetelevisionwasinvented,manyfamiliesenjoyedlisteningtotheradiowhentheywerefree.Sincethetelevisionwasinvented.Ithasb
144、ecomeoneofthemostpopularwaysofentertainmentformostpeople.Peoplecanacquireeverykindofknowledgefromthetelevision.Wecanlistentomusic,watchmovies,listentothenewsreport,etc.onTV.Nowadays,televisionhasalreadybecomepartofourlife.Anditbringsusalotoffun.Andthetelevisionprogramismoreexcitingthanbefore.n9.Dire
145、ctions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisMyClassmates.nIhavemanyfriendsinmyclass.Theyrelovelyandinteresting.Iwouldliketointroducesomeofthem.Aliceisverycute.Shesalsokindtoeveryoneandshesveryenthusiastic.Shesalwaysreadytoh
146、elpothers,butsheisforgetful.Shealwaysforgetstobringhertextbooks,butourteachersalwaysforgiveher.Benisthemosttalkativeboyinourclass.Hisnicknameis“chatterbox.”Hehasagreatsenseofhumorandhealwaysmakesmelaugh.Lindaisaquietstudent.Sheisgoodateverysubjectbutshenevershowsoff.Allenisaverytallboy.Heplaysbasket
147、ballverywellandheisonourschoolteam.Heoftensays,“Playingbasketballisgoodforyourhealth.”Howaboutyourclassmates?Doyoulikethem?Trytoadmireyourclassmates.Youwillbehappier.n10.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisMyFav
148、oriteBook/TheBookILikeBest.nBooksarefriendstohuman.Fictionsarealwaysmyfavorite.Andamongsomanyfictionnovels,Iregard20,000leaguesundertheseaasthebest.ThenovelitselfisanimaginarystorycreatedbyVerne,afamousFrenchwriterwholivedmorethan100yearsago.Ittellsanadventureofacaptainandhiscrew.Althoughthenovelwas
149、writtensomanyyearsago,itstillhasmillionsofreaderstoday,especiallychildren.Interestingenough,someimaginarythingshavebeenturnedintoreality.Forexample,thesubmarinewasactuallyinventedmanyyearslater.nIfyousharemyinterestinthisbook,pickituprightnow.n11.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowritea
150、composition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisMyFavoriteFood.nMyfavoritefoodisegg.Firstly,itissoft,deliciousandnutritious.Itisakindofgoodfoodfortheold,theyoungandtheweak.Secondly,itiseasytocook.WhenIwasaprimaryschoolstudent,myparentswerebothbusyworking.Sometimestheyhadnotim
151、etocookmealsforme.Ihadtocookbymyself.IrememberedthefirsttimeIcookedamealformyparentssomeboiledeggs,andtheyweremovedalot.Thirdly,itisuseful.Wecanuseeggstomakecakes,noodlesandotherfood.Ilikeeggsverymuch.Howaboutyou?n12.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatle
152、ast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisMyFavoriteFood.nMyfavoritefoodisegg.Firstly,itissoft,deliciousandnutritious.Itisakindofgoodfoodfortheold,theyoungandtheweak.Secondly,itiseasytocook.WhenIwasaprimaryschoolstudent,myparentswerebothbusyworking.Sometimestheyhadnotimetocookmealsforme.Ihadtocookby
153、myself.IrememberedthefirsttimeIcookedamealformyparentssomeboiledeggs,andtheyweremovedalot.Thirdly,itisuseful.Wecanuseeggstomakecakes,noodlesandotherfood.Ilikeeggsverymuch.Howaboutyou?n13.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourc
154、ompositionisMyEnglishStudy.nWhentheEnglishcoursebeganayearago,thelessonsseemedquiteeasy.Therewerenotmanynewwords,andIknowallthegrammarrules.Butverysoon,Imetsomedifficulties.ThisisbecausemypronunciationwaspoorandIfoundlisteningandspeakingverydifficult.Ibegantorealizethatlisteningandspeakingareimporta
155、ntskillsandItriedhardtoimprovethem.Iamgladtosaythat,thankstothehelpofmyteachersandcolleagues,Ifindthemmucheasiernow,butthereisstillalongwaytogo.IbelievethatgoodEnglishwillhelpmetofindbetterjobsandhaveamoresuccessfulcareer.n14.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshould
156、writeatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisMyBestFriend.nIhaveabestfriendnamedLiNing,whoseEnglishnameisWilson.Heis25yearsoldnow.Wevebeenfriendssincewewereinprimaryschool.Heisakindpersonwhoisalwaysreadytohelpothers.Hepresentlyworkswithajoint-venturecompany,whichhascooperativerelationswiththec
157、ompanyIserve.Therefore,wehavemanyopportunitiestomeeteachotherfrequentlytotalkaboutbothourworkandourlife.Becausewebothliketravelingverymuch,ifwearefree,wewilltraveltogetheratleastonceayear.Ihopewewillbegoodfriendsforever.n15.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwr
158、iteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisHowtoOvercomeDifficultiesinMyEnglishStudies.nWhenitcomestothetalkabouthowtoovercomedifficultiesinEnglishstudies,opinionsareveryfarfrompersontoperson.Astome,Ithinktherearethreecriticalpoints.Firstly,readingEnglisharticlesasoftenaspossibleisgoodforustoo
159、vercomethedifficultiesinEnglishwriting.Secondly,listeningtotheEnglishnewsfromtimetotimeisaveryusefulsolutionforustoovercomeEnglishlisteningdifficultiesandimprovingourlisteningskills.Lastbutnottheleast,Ithinkspeakingisalsoaveryimportantaspect.OnlywhenyoucanspeakEnglishloudly,canyouovercomethepractica
160、lproblemsinouruseofEnglishinyourlife.Allinall,letEnglishbewithyoueverywhereandtherewillbenodifficultiesinyourEnglishstudy.n16.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisMyStudyPlan.nInordertomakemyselfmorecompetitivein
161、thejobmarket,IdecidetomakeastudyscheduletoimprovemyEnglish.Iwillstrictlyfollowtheplanafteritsetsdown.n1.Everymorningfrom7to7:30AM,IwillreadanEnglishpaperforhalfanhour.AndIwillfindouteveryword,whichIdontrecognize.AfterthatIwilllookitupinthedictionaryandtrytorememberit.n2.Duringtheworkintheday,Iwilltr
162、ytouseeverychancetopracticemyEnglishsuchaswritinganemail,havinganEnglishconversationwithothercolleaguesetc.n3.IntheeveningIwillstilltakeonehourtocontinuemystudy.Forthefirsthalfanhour,Iwilldosomespeakingexercise.TheresthalfanhourIwilldoasummaryreviewonwhatIstudiedtoday.nIthinkifIcanholdonthisplanforo
163、neyear,myEnglishwillsurelybeimprovedalot.Fighting!n17.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisTheChineseNewYear.nTheChineseNewYearisourtraditionallunarNewYear.ItisthebiggestandmostimportantfestivalinChina.Itistimeto
164、saygoodbyetotheoldyearandwarmlywelcomethecomingofNewYear.Wecelebratethisfestivalalltogetherwithourfamily.Allchildrenputonnewclothesandsetofffireworkstoexpresstheirhappiness.AllfriendsandrelativesgreeteachotherandwishforbiggersuccessandbetterluckintheNewYear.ThisisourChinesenewyear.n18.Directions:For
165、thispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisTheComputer.nThereisnodoubtthatthecomputerhasbecomeasymbolofmodernsociety.Forexample,viatheInternetwecansendamessagetoafriendorarelativeinadistantplacewithinseconds;wecandoshoppingwithoutgo
166、ingout;wecanstayathomeanddobusinesswithforeigncompanies.InfactwecandomanythingsmoreeasilyandmorecheaplybyusingtheComputer.So,Icannotimaginewhatsocietywouldbelikewithoutthecomputer.n19.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcomp
167、ositionisHowtoKeepHealthy.nItisveryimportantforustokeephealthy.First,weshouldhavegooddiets.Wemusteatsomemeat,chickenandfish,plentyoffreshfruitandvegetables,alotofrice,noodlesandbread.Wemustnothavetoomuchfriedfoodortoomuchsoftdrink.Second,weshouldhavegoodeatinghabits.Forexample,wemusthavethreemealsad
168、ay.Wemustwashourhandsbeforeeating.Inaddition,weshouldtakeanactivepartinsportsandrecreation.Whenwefeeltired,wecangooutforaholidaytorelaxourselves.Ifyouwanttoenjoyyourlife,pleaserememberthemostimportantthingistokeephealthy.n20.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldw
169、riteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisMyPlanfortheNationalDayHoliday.nHowtimeflies!TheNationalDayHolidaycomesagain!Ihaveexpecteditforalongtime!TwomonthagoIwasplanningatripforthisNationalDayHoliday.IwouldgotoQingdao,afamouscitywithbeautifulviews.WhenIwasachild,Ilikedthesea,andhercolour,be
170、causeitlookslikethesky.Ofcourse,Illswiminthesea;playwithmylittlebrotherJohnonthebeach.Oh,myworkmatetoldmethatQingdaohasthebestseafoodinChina.IthinkIwontmissit!n21. Directions: For this part, you areallowed25minutestowriteacomposition. You should write at least150 words, and the theme of yourcomposit
171、ionisAdvantagesandDisadvantagesoftheMobilePhone./MyOpiniononCellPhones.(mobilephone等等于于cellphone,根据所给题目替换文中的名称根据所给题目替换文中的名称)nMobilephonesaresopopularnowthatpeopleinouragecanhardlylivewithoutthem.nTostartwith,themobilephonehasmadecommunicationeasierthanithaseverbeen.Withamobilephone,wecancontactother
172、swheneverwewantandwhereverwhenweareaslongasthereisnoproblemwiththesignal.nInaddition,themobilephonenowadaysisnolongermerelyameansofcommunication.Wecanuseamobilephonetostoreinformation,playgames,listentomusicandeventakepicturesifitismultifunctional.nOfcourse,themobilephonealsohasitsdisadvantages.Oneo
173、bviousdisadvantageismobilephonesareharmfultoourhealthbecausetheycreateradiation.Furthermore,theuseofmobilephonewilldistractoutattentionwhenwearewalkingonthestreet,crossingtheroadand,inworstcases,drivingacar.Thebiggestproblemis,however,themobilephonehasacceleratedthepaceofourlife,keepingusbusyallthet
174、ime.Wemightreceiveaphonecallduringameeting,avacationandevenduringoursleepatmidnight,whichisverydisturbing.nDespiteallthesedisadvantages,thereisnodenyingthatthemobilephonehasbeenpartofourdailylife.Therearetimeswhenweneedsomepeaceforawhileandwishallmobilephonesdisappeared.Butafterthat,westillhavetogob
175、acktotheworldfullofmobilephones.n22.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisAboutFriendship.nFriendshipisoneofthegreatestpleasuresthatpeoplecanenjoy.Itimpliesloyalty,cordiality,sympathy,affectionandreadinesstohelp.R
176、ealfriendsarethosewhocansharealloursorrowsanddoubleallourjoys.Nomanmakesmostofhislife,eitherinbusinessorinsociety,withoutcarefullyandconscientiouslystrivingtowintherightkindoffriendsashegoesalong.nTruefriendscherishtheidealsandfeelingswithyou;theywillnotdesertyouwhenyouareinhotwaters;theywillnotflat
177、terortakeadvantageofyouwhenyouhavewonvictory;andtheywilladviseyousincerelywhenyouareledastray.n23.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisADaytoRemember.nThestoryofhowIlearnttoswimisdramatic.Onehotsummerafternoon,my
178、fatherandIwenttotheswimmingpool.Whilemyfatherwasaway,Islippedintothepool!IwassoafraidthatIshouted!ButthewaterkeptcomingtowardsmeandIdrankalot.Iwasmovingupsidedownandtryingveryhardtokeepmyheadabovethewater.nAminutewaslikeahundredyearstome.Justthen,myfathersawmeandseemedtobeshocked.Hesaid,Calmdown,jus
179、twaveyourarmsandlegslikethis!AndIgotit!Ifinallylearnttoswim!FromthisexperienceIlearntthatonespowerisunlimited.Andonehastostaycalmwhenindanger.n24.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisMyTeacher.nIhavemanyteachers,
180、butmyfavoriteteacheris.Heisastronglybuiltthirty-year-oldman,whoisoftensimplydressed.HehasbeenteachingusEnglisheversince2007.Hedevotesallhistimeandenergytoteaching,oftenworkinglateintothenightpreparinghislessons.Heiscapableofmakinghislessonslivelyandinteresting,andallofuslikehislessons.Heisverystrict
181、withusbutheshowsusgreatconcern.Heoffersushelpwheneverweneedit.Weallconsiderhimnotonlyourgoodteacherbutalsoourclosefriend.Weallrespectandlovehim.n25.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisMyHobbies.nEveryonehasdiffe
182、renthobbies.Somepeoplelikepaintingandotherslikeplayingbasketball.Ilikegames,bothindoorandoutdoor.Ilikecollectingcardsandplayingcardswithmyfriends.Butmyfavoritegamesarevideogames.Icouldplaythemalldaylong.Ialsolikebeingoutsideinthefreshair,soIplayalotofsports.Ilikeridingandroller-skatingverymuch,andsw
183、immingismyfavoritesport.nInaddition,Ilikedrawingpicturesandreadingcomics.ListeningtomusicandsingingsongsarethingsIenjoytoo,andImlearninghowtoplaytheguitar.Finally.,IenjoylearningEnglishbecauseIlikespeakingwithforeignersandIlikewatchingDisneycartoons.nAsyoucansee,myhobbieskeepmebusyandexcited.Imalway
184、slookingfornewthingstodo!n26.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisSports.nLikemostpeople,Ienjoydoingsomeexercisesinmysparetime,andmyfavoritesportisswimming.ItdoesntmeanIdontlikeothersportsatall.ButIthinkswimmingi
185、sthekindofsportthatfitsmemost.First,asagirl,swimmingcankeepmefit.Second,swimmingcanenrichmylife.Ononehand,whenIfeellonely,Icangototheswimmingpooltokilltime.Ontheotherhand,whenIwanttogooutwithfriends,swimmingisalsoadesirablechoice.Lastbutnotleast,whenIfeelupset,swimmingcancheermeup.WhenIswim,Ialsomak
186、eagoal,andtrytoreachthegoal;IalwaystellmyselfIcandoit.Swimminghasbecomepartofmylife.Ilikeit.n27.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisWaterandLife.nAsaresultofhumanactivities,freshwaterisbecomingincreasinglyscarce
187、.Foronething,theglobalindustrializationhasraisedwaterpollutionlevelssosharplythatwearedestroyingourfreshwatersupply.Foranother,withthefastgrowthoftheworldspopulation,thehumanconsumptionofdrinkingwaterisalsotremendouslyincreasing.Wehavetoadmitthattheworldisfacingseriouswatercrisis.n28. Directions: Fo
188、r this part, you are allowed 25minutes to write a composition. You should write atleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisBadMannersinPublic.nAlthough bad manners in public are condemnedwidely, they are still not uncommon in our life. Forinstance, some people can hardly refrain from usingcellpho
189、nesandtalkingloudlyonabus.Therearealsomanypeoplewhoturnablindeyetosomeonewhoisin trouble on a bus. When a pregnant woman or ahandicappedorelderlypersonneedsaseat,theyjustclose their eyes. In many places, I even see peoplehangtheirlaundryoutside,sometimesbetweentrees.Whatannoysmemostisspitting.Thosew
190、hospitalotinpublicmightnotrealizethatspittinghelpstransmitdiseasesandthespitwoulddefinitelyspoilthebeautyofourenvironment.n29.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisMyIdealFriend.nInAmericanIndianLanguages,“friend”
191、meanstheonewhoiswillingtosufferforyou.Tome,anidealfriendwouldatleaststandbyyouandsupportyouwhenyouareintrouble.Hewouldshareyourhappinessandsorrow.Itwouldbebetterifhecandriveyoutowardstherightdirectionandalwayshelpyoutobemoresuccessful.Imetsuchafriendinmycollegedays.Wespentthefirstyearincollegetogeth
192、erandsupportedeachotherinalmosteverythingrangingfromdailydormitorylifetocoursechoosing.Friendshipisbasedontrust,andtogaintrustfromsomeoneyouneedtobehonestandsinceretowardshim.n30.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast8150words,andthethemeofyourcomposit
193、ionisThePersonIFeelMostGratefulto.nThepersonIfeelmostgratefultoismymother.Sheistheonewhohasgivenmelifeandtakencareofmesincemybirth.Noonelovesmemorethanshedoes.Shehasalwaysbeengivingandsacrificingsilentlytomakemefeelcomfortable.Sheissuchatraditionalmotherwhoseliferevolvesaroundhersonandhouseholdchore
194、s.Shealsoworkshardtosupportourfamilythoughshefailedtohaveagoodeducationwhenshewasyoung.Shelovesourfamilyandmeandherloveisunconditional.ThatswhyIfeelmostgratefultoher.n31.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisMyJob
195、.nIamaprofessionalEnglishspeakingtourguide.Everyyear,theSpringFestivalistheonlyholidaythatIcanspendleisuretimewithmyfamily.Normally,wegotravelingabroad.Butduringthiscomingone,wedecidedtogotoBeijinginsteadofsomewhereelsefaraway.ThewholeworldisnowintheexcitementofthecomingBeijingOlympicGamesof2008,and
196、IhaveheardsomanypositivecommentsaboutthechangingofBeijingcityandhowbeautifulandoverwhelmingtheOlympicStadiumis.Howcanwemissit?WealsoputtheGreatWallonourschedule.ToclimbtheGreatWallonceagainisalwaysthedreamofmygrandma.Ithasbeen40yearssinceherfirsttripthere.Tomyparents,thistripwillbethecelebrationofth
197、eir30yearsanniversary.Well,wewillgivethemsomeprivatetime.ThewholefamilyislookingforwardtothiscomingSpringFestivalverymuch.Butbacktothepracticallife,Iamtheonewhohavetodoallthework.TheysaidthatswhatIamgoodat.n32. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 25minutes to write a composition. You should w
198、rite atleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisMaketheMostoftheSchoolDays.nWhydowegotoschool?Manypeoplehaveaskedthemselves such a question. And the answers aredifferent. In my opinion, we go to school to acquireknowledge for future work and life. We learnlanguages,techniquesandevenhowtocommunica
199、tewithothers.Allofusshalltakefulladvantageofourschooltime to learn more. We may have chances tojoin some hobby groups, student union and publicactivities. We will learn the skills for organizing,communicating,thinkingandspeaking.Italsohelpstostrengthen our confidence. So we can learn manythingsfromo
200、urschooltimeandthesethingswillhelpusgetabetterjobandbetterlifeinfuture.Dontwasteyourschooltime.n33.Instructions:Youressayshouldbenolessthan150words.Foraboutthreedecades,Chinahasbeenupholdingone-childfamilyasitsfundamentalpolicyoffamilyplanning.WriteanessayonthetopicMyViewonOne-childFamily.Andyoushou
201、ldbaseyouressayontheoutlinebelow.n1.一些人对独子家庭持肯定态度。一些人对独子家庭持肯定态度。2.另一些人另一些人持否定的态度。持否定的态度。3.我的看法。我的看法。nChinahasbeenupholdingone-childfamilypolicyformanyyears.ItsnecessaryforChinatoupholdthispolicyinordertosolveitspopulationproblem.Therearetwokindsofopinionsonthispolicy.nManypeoplebelieveonlythispolicy
202、cansolveourcountrysproblem.Weallknowmanyotherproblemsarisefrompopulationproblem,suchaspollution,shortofresources.SoifChinawantstodevelopfast,itmustdecreaseitspopulation.Whatsmore,withonechild,afamilywillhavefewerresponsibilitiessothattheymayliveabetterlife.However,ontheotherhand,somepeoplefindthispo
203、licyalsohassomedisadvantages.Noweveryfamilyhasonechild,thismeansthatinthefutureacouplemustsupportfouroldpersons,andtheyalsoneedtohavetheirchild.Itwillbeverydifficultforthemtosupportthisfamily,sotheyhavetoworkharderandharder.Besides,therewillbefeweryoungstersinthefutureasaresultofthispolicy,anditsdan
204、gerousforourcountry.AsfarasIamconcerned,thefoundationofthispolicyisnecessaryatthattime,butwiththedevelopmentofChina,wecanmakesomechange,weshouldchooseanewpolicyoffamilyplanningtosuitthenewenvironment.n34.Instructions:Youressayshouldbenolessthan150words.Manypeopledreamtohaveaprivatecarnowadays.Doyout
205、hinkitisagoodideatohaveacarforeveryfamilyinChinaatpresent?WriteanessayonthetopicOwningaPrivateCar.Youshouldbaseyouressayontheoutlinebelow.n1.私家车给人们带来的方便。私家车给人们带来的方便。2.私家车给人们私家车给人们带来的麻烦或问题。带来的麻烦或问题。3.你认为拥有私家车是利你认为拥有私家车是利大于弊，还是弊大于利大于弊，还是弊大于利?nNowadays,moreandmorepeopleownprivatecars.nIsitagoodorbadthi
206、ngtohaveaprivatecar?Justasacoinhastwosides,sotherearebothadvantagesanddisadvantagesofhavingaprivatecar.nTwoadvantagesareobvious.First,itplaysaveryimportantpartinprovidingitsownerwithconvenience,enablingtheownertogowherehewantstoquicklyandeasily.Second,itcanhelpitsownersavealotoftime,whichmaybewasted
207、bywaitingforothervehicles.However,italsohasitsdisadvantages.Foronething,itwillhaveanegativeeffectonboththecrowdedtrafficsystemandtheenvironmentinthelongrun.Foranother,itplacesburdenonthepublicutilityinprovidingmoreparkinglots.nInshort,owningaprivatecarhasbothitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.Itisadvisab
208、lethatweshouldpaymuchattentiontotheenvironmentalprotectionbynothavingaprivatecar.n35.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisAboutNewspaper.nAnewspaperisamediumthattellsthenewsofthedayandotherthings.Therearegoodnews
209、papersandbadnewspapers.Youcanbemoreknowledgeableandbettereducatedifyoureadagoodnewspapereachday.Agoodnewspapershouldhavewell-trainedandreliablepeopleworkingforit.Oneimportantroleamongnewspaperworkersisthereporter.Itsthereportersjobtomakesurethatthefactsarecheckedbeforetheyareprinted.Somereportersdon
210、otalwaysbothertodothis.Anewspapershouldgivecurrentnewsasithappens.Anewspapermayalsogivesomecommentsonthenews,whichcanhelpyouworkouthowthenewsofthedaymayaffectyou.n36.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisOnMoney.n
211、Nowadays,alotofpeoplethinkthemoremoneytheyhave,themorehappinesstheywillobtain.Asaresult,theywilltrytheirbesttogetmoney,evenwithoutconsideringthelaw.Butinmyview,thegreatesthappinessliesinonessatisfactionwithonessurroundings,notinmoney.nWithmoneyyoucanbuyabedbutcannotbuysleep;youcanbuybooksbutnotknowl
212、edge;youcanbuyfoodbutnotappetite;youcanbuyfinerybutnotbeauty;ahousebutnotahome;medicinebutnothealth;amusementsbutnothappiness;apassporttoeverywherebutnotheaven.nSolongaswecanlookatthingswithahappyheart,wecanbehappy.Ithasnothingtodowiththemountofmoneywehave.Therefore,peopleshouldntpaytoomuchattention
213、tothemoneywehave.n37.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisHealthandWealth.nNowadays,keepinghealthyisplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleinpeoplesdailylife.Inourlife,healthismoreimportantthanwealth.Asaproverbsays,Ther
214、eisnothingmorevaluablethanhealth.Ontheonehand,astrongpersoncandoalmostanythingaslongashe/shetrieshard.Ontheotherhand,however,richpeoplewillnotbeabletoenjoythewealthiftheirdaysarenumbered.nButmanyothershavesuchargumentsasfollows.Foronething,wealthypeoplewillbeabletobuymorehealthfulfoods.Foranother,th
215、eycanenjoybetterfacilitiestoimprovetheirhealth.nAsfarasIamconcerned,bothhealthandwealthareimportanttoourlife.Weshouldtrytostrikeabalancebetweenthemandgainwealthwithahealthybody.n38.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andthethemeofyourcomposi
216、tionisMyFirstYearatCollege.nMyfirstyearofcollegecamewithmanychangesandchallenges.Beingfarawayfromhome,Ihadmanynewroommatestogetalongwithandastomachtofeed.SoonImadealotofnewfriends.Westayeduplatetalkingaboutouridealsandambitionstogether.nStudyincollegewasmuchharderthanIhadthought.Thekeytosuccessincol
217、legeismorethanintelligence.Youmustwanttostudyandsucceed.Myparentsspentgoodmoneyonmystudyanditsimportantformetogetthemoneyworthn39. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 25minutes to write a composition. You should write atleast150words,andthethemeofyourcompositionisHowtoLearnEnglishWell.nNowada
218、ys more and more people are learningEnglish,orgoingtostudyEnglish.ButsometimestheyfeeluncertainabouthowtolearnEnglishwell.TolearnEnglishwell,firstlyyouneedtoreadEnglishasmuchas you can, so that you can know many words.SecondlyyoushouldlistentoEnglishradioprogramsandwatchEnglishTVprogramsasoftenasyou
219、cansothat the new words you have learned will be yourfriends.Thirdlyandlastly,youhavetopracticewhatyou have learned. Speak more and write more, andyourspokenandwrittenEnglishwillbeimprovedsoon.n40.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed25minutestowriteacomposition.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andtheth
220、emeofyourcompositionisAboutEnglishStudy.nTherearefourkeypointstostudyEnglish:listening,speaking,readingandwriting.Firstly,weshouldbebravetotalkwithothersinEnglish.Bydoingthis,wecanimproveourtalkingandlisteningskills.Secondly,weshouldtrytolistentoallkindsofEnglishprogramsasmuchaspossible.Inthisway,wecangraduallyimproveourpronunciation.Thirdly,weshouldoftenreadEnglishbooks.Whenwecomeacrossanewword,weshouldguessitsmeaningthroughthecontentfirst.Thenlookitupinthedictionarytohaveacheck.Ithinkitisagoodwayofreading.Aslongaswelisten,speak,readandwritemore,wearesuretomakeremarkableprogress!
