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1、The medieval period Part I Romance21. the bringing of Roman civilization to England;2.the growth of nationality: a centralized government instead of a loose tribal society;3.the new language and literature (Chaucer).3 I. The literary characteristics Politically, a feudalist system was established; R
2、eligiously, the Rome-backed catholic church had a much stronger control over the country; Culturally and literarily4 Great changes took place in languages.(1) French became the official language used by the king and the lords; (2) Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universiti
3、es; (3) Old English was spoken only by the common English people.5( 1) Romance, which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds， is a popular literary form in the medieval period. It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the me
4、eting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved. 6Characterization is standardized, so that heroes, heroines and wicked stewards can be easily moved from one romance to another. While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward. 8a means of
5、showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.91. the matter of France;2.matter of Greece and Rome;3.matter of Britain tales (King Arthur).10If the epic reflects a heroic age,the romance reflects a chivalric one.11Show courtesy to others. Be dressed app
6、ropriately. Dont go barebacked in public places. Be considerate towards the aged, the infirm, the sick and the disabled and give priority to them. Be chivalrous to the female by following the rule “lady first”. Never use vulgar language.chivalric of poetry= chivalrous121. the author of Sir Gawain an
7、d the Green Knight -the best romance of the period; 2. William Langland & Piers Plowman . 3. Geoffrey Chaucer & The Canterbury Tales131415the legends of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table, which form the subject-matter for a number of medieval romancesusually known as Arthurian romances.
8、 16It is uncertain whether Arthur was a historical figure. Medieval sources say he was a 6th-century warrior and champion of Christianity who united the British tribes against the Saxon invaders, died in battle at Camlann 539, and was buried at Glastonbury.17Arthurian legends are often distinguished
9、 from the romances dealing with the matter of France (i.e. legends of Charlemagne and his knights) or the matter of Rome (classical Roman legends or myths).18a late 14th-century Middle English alliterative romance;known as the “beheading game”;involving a hero who goes on a quest that tests his prow
10、ess19Temptation and testing;Hunting and seduction;Nature and chivalry;Games;Times and seasons.202122Part IIChaucer &The Canterbury Tales 23the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages ;the first poet to have been buried in Poets Corner of Westminster Abbey;a crucial figure in developing the legitima
11、cy of the vernacular, Middle English, at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were French and Latinbest known for The Canterbury Tales.25For the first time in English literature, Chaucer presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time a whole ga
12、llery of vivid characters from all walks of life 26He introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the old English alliterative verse. He used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter抑扬格抑扬格五音步五音步押韵对句-heroic couplet英雄对偶句.2728Pict
13、ure forGeneral prologuePilgrims29between 1387 and 1400;a collection of stories in a frame story;the story of a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury (England); The pilgrims from all layers of society tell stories to each other to kill time while they travel to Canterbury.30If w
14、e trust the General Prologue, Chaucer intended that each pilgrim should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two tales on the way back. He never finished his enormous project and even the completed tales were not finally revised. 31Scholars are uncertain about the order of the tales. As the p
15、rinting press had yet to be invented when Chaucer wrote his works, The Canterbury Tales has been passed down in several handwritten manuscripts.32A splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal;The first of its kind in the history of English literature.Prologue + 24 tales33Chaucer dominated the works
16、of his 15th-century English followers and the so-called Scottish Chaucerians. For the Renaissance, he was the English Homer.34Edmund Spenser paid tribute to him as his master; many of Shakespeares plays show thorough assimilation of Chaucers comic spirit. Today, Chaucers reputation has been securely
17、 established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor, and humanity. 35He describes a panorama of his time and his country;As a forerunner of humanism, he praises mans energy, adroitness, intellect, quick wit and the love for life;Living in a transitional period, Chaucer is not entirel
18、y devoid of medieval prejudices (religious; non-revolutionary, etc.).36A couplet is a pair of lines of metre in poetry. Couplets usually comprise two lines that rhyme and have the same metre. A couplet may be formal (closed) or run-on (open). In a formal (or closed) couplet, each of the two lines is
19、 end-stopped, implying that there is a grammatical pause at the end of a line of verse. In a run-on (or open) couplet, the meaning of the first line continues to the second.37Rhyming couplets are used often used in Early Modern English poetry, as seen in Chaucers The Canterbury Tales. Similarly, Sha
20、kespearean sonnets often employ rhyming couplets at the end to emphasize the theme.38A heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used in epic and narrative poetry, and consisting of a rhyming pair of lines in iambic pentameter. Use of the heroic couplet was pioneered by Geoff
21、rey Chaucer in the Legend of Good Women and the Canterbury Tales., and was perfected by John Dryden in the Restoration Age.39 O could I flow like thee, and make thy O could I flow like thee, and make thy streamstreamMy great example, as it is my My great example, as it is my themetheme! ! Though dee
22、p yet clear, though gentle yet not Though deep yet clear, though gentle yet not dulldull; ; Strong without rage, without oerflowing Strong without rage, without oerflowing fullfull. .(Coopers Hill by John Denham)40Iambic pentameter is a commonly used type of metrical line in traditional English poet
23、ry and verse drama. The term describes the rhythm that the words establish in that line, which is measured in small groups of syllables called “feet”（音步）（音步）. The word iambic refers to the type of foot that is used, known as the iamb, which in English is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed
24、 syllable. The word pentameter indicates that a line has five of these feet.41An iambic foot is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The rhythm can be written as:da DUMThe da-DUM of a human heartbeat is the most common example of this rhythm.42A standard line of iambic pentameter
25、is five iambic feet in a row:da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM43To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shellsThe scansion of this can be notated as follows: / / / / /To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells（John Keats To Autumn）44英雄双韵体是一种英国古典诗体，由十音节英雄双韵体是一种英国古典诗体，由十音节双韵诗体演化而来，每行五个音步，每个音双韵诗体演
26、化而来，每行五个音步，每个音步有两个音节，第一个是轻音，第二个是重步有两个音节，第一个是轻音，第二个是重音。句式均衡、整齐、准确、简洁、考究。音。句式均衡、整齐、准确、简洁、考究。45英雄双韵体由第一位桂冠诗人英雄双韵体由第一位桂冠诗人约翰约翰 德莱顿德莱顿首创并命名，并领导了英国首创并命名，并领导了英国17-18世纪的诗世纪的诗风。有很多相关资料认为，最早广泛使用风。有很多相关资料认为，最早广泛使用英雄双韵体的作家是乔叟，因此英雄双韵英雄双韵体的作家是乔叟，因此英雄双韵体是乔叟创造的，这一回答并不全面。体是乔叟创造的，这一回答并不全面。英雄双韵体不是简单的韵律概念，还是个英雄双韵体不是简单的
27、韵律概念，还是个风格与格式概念。乔叟确实写过双行体，风格与格式概念。乔叟确实写过双行体，却从来没有写过英雄双行体的诗。当时流却从来没有写过英雄双行体的诗。当时流行行十音步双行体十音步双行体decasyllbic couplet，在，在乔叟的诗中，经常能看到这种双句押尾韵乔叟的诗中，经常能看到这种双句押尾韵的形式，但这还不是英雄双行体，只是十的形式，但这还不是英雄双行体，只是十音步双行体的句子而已。音步双行体的句子而已。46英雄双韵体的发展和形成经历了很长时间，英雄双韵体的发展和形成经历了很长时间，到德莱顿时基本定型，文学评论界对英雄双到德莱顿时基本定型，文学评论界对英雄双韵体的界定是有严格定义
28、的。韵体的界定是有严格定义的。一般来说需满足以下几个条件：一般来说需满足以下几个条件：1、五音步抑扬格、五音步抑扬格 2、押尾韵对偶句、押尾韵对偶句 3、韵尾为、韵尾为AA BB CC DD.不重复不重复4、风格简洁、风格简洁47简单来说，德莱顿之前的诗句，不应该称之为英简单来说，德莱顿之前的诗句，不应该称之为英雄双行体，因为他是第一个创作这种体裁诗作的雄双行体，因为他是第一个创作这种体裁诗作的作家。作家。德莱顿之前的诗句，包括乔叟所创作的诗句在内，德莱顿之前的诗句，包括乔叟所创作的诗句在内，应称之应称之双行体双行体，与英雄双行体形式和风格相近的，与英雄双行体形式和风格相近的诗句，应称为诗句，
29、应称为十音步双行体十音步双行体。事实上，双行体是英国诗歌的主要表现形式，各事实上，双行体是英国诗歌的主要表现形式，各种韵律格式都有，乔叟时代属于百花齐放时代，种韵律格式都有，乔叟时代属于百花齐放时代，乔叟不仅写过十音步双行体，还写过其他音步的乔叟不仅写过十音步双行体，还写过其他音步的双行体，但乔叟并没有将十音步双行体当做一种双行体，但乔叟并没有将十音步双行体当做一种体裁来写，而是作为诗中的元素穿插其间。体裁来写，而是作为诗中的元素穿插其间。不管是乔叟，还是莎士比亚，都没有听说过英雄不管是乔叟，还是莎士比亚，都没有听说过英雄双行体这个名词，也意识不到这会是未来一种统双行体这个名词，也意识不到这会
30、是未来一种统治诗坛的文学体裁的萌芽。治诗坛的文学体裁的萌芽。48Part IIIBallads49Two kinds of Ballads1.The folk or popular ballad is anonymous and belongs to the oral tradition.2.The literary ballad is written down or created by a poet.501 . Definition of Popular BalladsA short definition of the popular ballad (known also as the f
31、olk ballad or traditional ballad) is that it is a song, transmitted orally, which tells a story. Typically, the popular ballad is dramatic, condensed, and impersonal: 51the narrator begins with the climactic episode(高潮插曲高潮插曲), tells the story tersely by means of action and dialogue (sometimes by mea
32、ns of the dialogue alone), and tells it without self-reference or the expression of personal attitudes or feelings.521.The beginning is usually abrupt.2.The language is simple.3.The story is told through dialogue and action.4.The theme is usually tragic.5.There is often a refrain（叠句；副歌）（叠句；副歌）.53the
33、 ballad stanzaThe most common stanza forma quatrain（四行诗）（四行诗） in alternate four- and three-stress lines; usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme. 一节四行，一、三行各有四个重音，不押韵；一节四行，一、三行各有四个重音，不押韵；二、四行各有三个重音，押韵。二、四行各有三个重音，押韵。54Thomas Percys Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765) Francis J. Childs Eng
34、lish and Scottish Popular Ballads (1882-98), which includes 305 ballads.Bertrand H. Bronsons The Traditional Tunes of the Child Ballads (4 vols., 1959-72).55Historical;Legendary;Fantastical;Lyrical;humorous56By far the most significant group of these ballads is the series of 37 ballads of different
35、lengths in Childs collection, that deal with the famous outlaw Robin Hood and his men and their activities. Taken together, the ballads on Robin Hood are important specimens of English literary heritage57reflecting the hopes and fears and the loves and hates as well as the illusions of common Englis
36、h people at the time; the fascination of their poetic form born of simplicity and dramatic intensity.58The Robin Hood of modern folk-mythology is a creature built up, generation by generation, to meet the needs and desires of his audience. The earliest Robin Hood was a yeoman(自耕自耕农农), not a wronged
37、nobleman, who haunted Barnsdale Forest, not Sherwood; he didnt become a Saxon or mere Englishman fighting the Norman oppressor until Sir Walter Scott dressed him up for his walk-on in Ivanhoe. 59a manysided robber:an outlaw robbing the rich only;strong, brave & clever;tender-hearted and affectionate
38、;hatred for the oppressors and love for the poor; the reality of the 14th century in England60Today, most scholars accept Robin as a literary invention, based in part on other figures like Gamelyn and Fouke fitz Waryn, as well as real-life outlaws.(historical & legendary)61Over his long career, Robi
39、n Hood has been adopted and adapted into nearly every aspect of popular culture.an icon of popular culture, appearing in toys, comics, jewelry, and ephemera62Robin Hood. United Artists, 1922. Adventures of Robin Hood. Warner Brothers, 1938. Robin Hood. Walt Disney Productions, 1973. Robin and Marian
40、. Columbia, 1976. Robin Hood. 20th Century-Fox, 1991. Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves. Morgan Creek Productions, 1991Robin Hood. Universal Pictures, 20106364656667Child ballad 275a medieval Scots ballad about a battle of wills between a husband and wifeA good example of a humorous ballad682. literary
41、ballad a narrative poem written in deliberate imitation of the form, language, and spirit of the traditional ballad. 69Masterpieces of literary ballads In England, some of the best literary ballads were composed in the Romantic Period: Coleridges Rime of the Ancient Mariner Walter Scotts “Proud Mais
42、ie” Keats La Belle Dame sans MerciWordsworths Lyrical Ballads of 1798, (We Are Seven )70canto, a subdivision of an epic or other narrative poem, equivalent to a chapter in a prose work. The Divine Comedy written by Dante is separated into 100 cantos for example.Alexander Pope / Lord Byron/ Ezra Poun
43、d71a tradition or story handed down from earlier times and popularly accepted as true but actually a mix of fact and fiction. The term is also applied to any fictitious tale concerning a real person, event, or place and is likely to be less concerned with the supernatural than a myth.The term comes
44、from the Medieval Latin legenda, meaning “to be read,” which was derived from legere, meaning “to read.” 72Originally, the term denoted a story about a saint which was read aloud during the services of the early Christian church. Among the many Greek legends are the epics of Homer: The Iliad and The
45、 Odyssey. Some legendary characters are King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, Robin Hood, and Beowulf.73 a folk song or orally transmitted poem telling in a direct and dramatic manner some popular stories usually derived from a tragic incident in local history or legend. The story is told
46、simply, impersonally, and often with vivid dialogue. Appearing in many parts of Europe in the late Middle Ages, ballads flourished particularly in Scotland from the 15th century onward.74A number of ballads narrating incidents on the English border deal with bloody battles fought on the border of En
47、gland and Scotland. The two most famous border ballads are Chevy Chase and The Battle of Otterburn, both referring to the battle between the Scots and the English in 1388.751. Read the excerpt of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight carefully, and then make a comment on it. ( theme; characters; structure; style, etc.)2. Whats the consequence of the Norman Conquest? .(Politically; religiously; culturally; literarily)3.Make a brief survey of the middle English literature.76复习1.名词名词2.文学常识文学常识3.主要作品选读赏析主要作品选读赏析4.作家作品评论作家作品评论5.附加作业：尝试用韵诗翻译附加作业：尝试用韵诗翻译The Canterbury Tales 前前18行。行。.6.GANKAN77谢谢观赏！谢谢观赏！
