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1、第五第五讲篇章篇章结构构题专题二专题二 阅读理解阅读理解考考试大大纲明确要求考生明确要求考生“理解文章的基本理解文章的基本结构构”。高考。高考对文章文章结构的考构的考查主要涉及两个主要涉及两个层次：一是按段落的次：一是按段落的组织方方法理解文章的法理解文章的结构，二是按写作方法构，二是按写作方法(论证方法方法)理解文章的理解文章的结构。把握文章的基本构。把握文章的基本结构有利于理解文章的主构有利于理解文章的主题。篇章。篇章结构构题属于属于较高高层次的考次的考查，重在考，重在考查对整个文章内在整个文章内在逻辑关关系的理解，系的理解，对文章文章结构的清晰构的清晰认识及及对文中文中举例的目的等，例的
2、目的等，看考生看考生对整篇文章的整体理解如何。因此，把握全篇的文整篇文章的整体理解如何。因此，把握全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之脉，即句与句、段与段之间的的逻辑关系关系对理解文章的基本理解文章的基本结构会有很大帮助。构会有很大帮助。1按段落的按段落的组织方法理解文章的方法理解文章的结构构文章的体裁有文章的体裁有记叙文、叙文、说明文和明文和议论文等，不同体裁的文章文等，不同体裁的文章的的组织方法是不同的。文章方法是不同的。文章结构构题主要考主要考查考生在理解全文考生在理解全文的基的基础上上对文章所描述的事件的文章所描述的事件的发展展顺序、所序、所说明事物的明事物的结构构层次或在次或在论述述观点点
3、过程中使用的程中使用的论证方法方法进行推行推测、归纳和和总结的能力。主要的能力。主要设题形式：形式：Which of the following shows the organization/structure of the passage?How is the passage organized?Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? (2015高考北京卷高考北京卷，阅读理解理解D，节选) Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspec
4、t of life，mostly for the better.However，social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college.Surveys (调查) on this topic suggest that parents today
5、 continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overlyprotective even after their children move into college dormitories.The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago.This is usually interpreted as a sign that todays parents are trying to man
6、age their childrens lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.However，greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children.In the context (背景背景) of this discussion，it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change
7、 in the case of parents involvement with their grown children.If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their collegeage children frequently，would this have been possible？Probably not.On the other hand，does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to
8、do so wasnt present a generation ago？Many studies show that older parentstodays grandparentswould have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.Furthermore，studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and t
9、heir college children.The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new；nor are requests for more money to be sent from home.This phenomenon is neither good nor bad；it is a fact of college life，today and in the past.Thanks to the advanced technology，we live in
10、an age of bettered communication.This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college.But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their ch
11、ildren under their wings.70Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?_I：IntroductionP：PointSp：Subpoint(次要点次要点)C：ConclusionB【解析解析】文章文章结构构题。文章第一段是。文章第一段是introduction，介介绍了了“新科技新科技带来的一些改来的一些改变常被常被误认为是是态度的改度的改变”的的现象。第二段提出了第一个象。第二段提出了第一个论点点“父母在子女生活中参与度提父母在子女生活中参与度提高的高的现象通常被象通常被
12、误认为是在是在试图安排孩子的生活安排孩子的生活”。第三段。第三段提出了第二个提出了第二个论点点 “父母更多的参与不一定表明父母父母更多的参与不一定表明父母对子女子女不放手不放手”。第四段。第四段针对第二个第二个论点提出了分点提出了分论点一点一“是科技是科技的的进步步导致了父母致了父母对子女生活更多地参与子女生活更多地参与”。第五段。第五段针对第第二个二个论点提出了分点提出了分论点二点二(关关键词Furthermore)“是子女是子女经济不独立不独立导致父母致父母对子女生活的子女生活的过多参与多参与”。最后一段得出。最后一段得出结论“多多亏亏了高科技了高科技，我我们能更好地交流能更好地交流，父母
13、与孩子更多的父母与孩子更多的沟通交流并不是想庇沟通交流并不是想庇护孩子孩子”。方法点津方法点津在解答此在解答此类试题时，考生考生应做到：一做到：一读，就是通就是通读全文；二全文；二想想，就是想一想每个自然段的主要内容；三就是想一想每个自然段的主要内容；三归，就是把一些就是把一些内容相同或关系密切的自然段并在一起内容相同或关系密切的自然段并在一起，成成为一个大段；四一个大段；四查，就是再把各段段意就是再把各段段意连起来起来，看是否能构成一个看是否能构成一个连贯的整的整体；五体；五选，就是就是选出符合文章出符合文章结构的正确答案。因此考生在构的正确答案。因此考生在阅读文章文章时要要发挥自己的自己的
14、逻辑思思维能力能力，把握作者的写作思，把握作者的写作思路，路，这样才能准确答才能准确答题。此。此类试题从段落从段落组织方式上看有三方式上看有三种种类型：型：总分分总；总分；分分；分总。2按写作方法理解文章的按写作方法理解文章的结构构作者可采用不同的方法来作者可采用不同的方法来组织文章，如：文章，如：(1)时间顺序，按序，按时间先后先后顺序序说明某一事物的明某一事物的发展，或某一研究由展，或某一研究由过去至去至现在在的的发展情况。展情况。(2)空空间顺序，按照事物的空序，按照事物的空间结构构顺序序(从左到从左到右，从内到外，从整体到局部等右，从内到外，从整体到局部等)进行描写或行描写或说明。明。
15、(3)举例例论证，用所列，用所列举的事物来的事物来论证观点，通常列点，通常列举一些数据、事例一些数据、事例等。等。(4)对比或比或类比，通常以比，通常以对比各事物之比各事物之间的共同点或差异的共同点或差异为主。主要主。主要设题形式：形式：The passage is mainly developed by_The second paragraph is developed by_The author develops the passage mainly by_How does the writer support the underlined statement in Paragraph 2
16、? (2015高考重高考重庆卷卷，阅读理解理解D，节选) There are many places to go on safari (观赏野生野生动物物) in Africa，but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswanas Okavango Delta must rank as one of the worlds most exciting wildlife journeys.Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing uniq
17、ue rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.The morning ride，when the guides take you to beautiful，shallow lakes full of water lilies，tends to be mor
18、e active.It is unlike any other riding experience.With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face，it is truly exciting.You are very likely to come across large wild animals，too.On horseback it is possible to get quite close
19、 to elephants，giraffes and many other animals.The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though，as does your heart rate，as you move closer to them.In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace，with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals c
20、oming out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are，rides at this time of day are still very impressive.As the suns rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses，the romance of Africa comes to life.Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine.Looking back on your
21、 day，you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild.51The author introduces the riding experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by _Afollowing space order Bfollowing time orderCmaking classificationsDgiving examples【解析解析】篇章篇章结
22、构构题。A项意意为“按空按空间顺序序”，B项意意为“按按时间顺序序”，C项意意为“归类”，D项意意为“举例例”。根。根据文中出据文中出现的的The morning ride，In the evening，at this time of day和和Looking back on your day可知可知，文章是按文章是按时间顺序序进行描写的行描写的，所以所以选B项。B方法点津方法点津从从论证方法上看方法上看，篇章篇章结构构题一般考一般考查全文是用什么方式展全文是用什么方式展开开论述或述或组织起来的起来的，或者是某一段在全文所起的作用。常或者是某一段在全文所起的作用。常见的的论述方式包括按照事情述方式包括按照事情发展的展的顺序序，按照，按照时间的先后的先后顺序，按照人物的活序，按照人物的活动内容，按照地点和空内容，按照地点和空间的位置的位置变换，通，通过讨论、比、比较和描述等。段落在全文所起的作用一般有引出和描述等。段落在全文所起的作用一般有引出话题、举例子和下定例子和下定义等。不管是哪种形式的篇章等。不管是哪种形式的篇章结构构题，都需要都需要对文章深刻理解，把握文章的脉搏，特文章深刻理解，把握文章的脉搏，特别是段与段之是段与段之间的的逻辑关系，从而正确解决关系，从而正确解决问题。
