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1、Critical ThinkingUnit 2, Book II2021/6/161Text 1 Critical ThinkingPart I: (Paras. 1 4) What is critical thinking? (definition)Para. 1: Its a system for opening every existing system.Para. 2: Or, critical thinking is thinking that analyzes thought, that assesses thought, and that transforms thought f
2、or the better.Para. 2: (There is a third way to talk about critical thinking) Its thinking about thinking while thinking in order to think better.Para. 4: In other words, critical thinking, , transforms thinking in two directions: more systematically and more comprehensively.2021/6/162Part II: (Para
3、s. 5 6) Critical thinking is important. Para. 5: Its important because we, as creatures, are deeply determined by our thinking.Para. 6: Our future as a species is dependent on whether we can develop the wherewithal to raise our collective thinking so as to produce positive changes in societies acros
4、s the world.2021/6/163Part III: (Paras. 7 10): The task of developing critical societies is a Herculean one.Para. 7: topic sentence and background information.Paras. 8 - 10: There are many barriers to critical thought. - Para. 8: human egocentricity, sociocentricity, self-delusion, narrow-mindedness
5、 - Para. 9: fear, human insecurity, human habits, bureaucracy2021/6/164 - Para. 10: Then for us who are teaching, student resistance to critical thinking is an obstacle. . mistaken notions, ignorance, our limited knowledge, stubbornness, our activated ignorance, (finally) our resistance to doing the
6、 intellectual work .2021/6/165Part IV (Paras. 11 15): How do we cultivate critical thinking?Paras. 11 and 12: This can be done only person-by-person through a process, which we call intellectual work. Think of the “Elements of Thought” . Are we in the habit of asking questions?Paras. 13 15: What sta
7、ndards do you use to assess your thinking and the thinking of others?“I use the standards of clarity, accuracy, precision, relevance, depth, breadth, logic and fairness.”2021/6/166The last two paras.: conclusionOur students should learn to think critically so as to know how to change their thinking
8、in keeping with the changes of the world.2021/6/167What is critical thinking?Why is it important for us?Why is it so difficult?How can we cultivate it?2021/6/168What is “being critical”?Critic comes from the Ancient Greek, meaning a person who offers reasoned judgment or analysis, and criticism is t
9、he activity of judgment or informed interpretation, which can be synonymous with analysis.2021/6/169 Being critical in academic terms refers to two broad characteristics of a researchers way of thinking. 1.A critical researcher is always questioning. a.asking question / expressing doubts: nothing is
10、 taken for granted. b.scrutinizing evidence: Where there is a claim made, clarify the evidence that supports. c.drawing a conclusion: check if the claims in question are credible - or not! 2021/6/16102.A critical researcher is open-minded, respectful of others (even while perhaps challenging their w
11、ork), and constructive. The objective of critical research is to advance knowledge, not to build ones own reputation or damage someone elses. 2021/6/1611So, how do you understand “being critical” in reading?2021/6/1612What do we mean by critical in reading?read between linesbe inquisitivejudge credi
12、bilitycomment rationallyreflect on oneself for improvement2021/6/1613read between lines: thinking carefully about what you read and why: not just looking for and reading the obvious2021/6/1614be inquisitive: (1)questioning and testing what you read, e.g. “do the authors viewpoints and ideas appear j
13、ustified? Why - or why not?”(2)asking good questions of others and of yourself(3)exploring further what is not adequately discussed in what you read 2021/6/1615judge credibility: (1)judging what is believable and what is not(2)spotting and challenging potential bias, distorted views, prejudice, and
14、self-interest - in the work of others, and in your own thinking(3)challenging ideas - where appropriate, and based on credible evidence 2021/6/1616comment rationally: not just repeating the ideas of others, but looking for connections (or disparities), and constructing your own arguments supported b
15、y a range carefully considered viewpoints2021/6/1617reflect for improvement:(1)looking for gaps, and putting forward new or different solutions;(2)adapting your plan, your goal, your way of reading and learning based on your developing insights2021/6/1618What is the “critical thinking” stairway?What
16、 do people do when they think critically?2021/6/1619Discussion (I) When you have a problem, or simply when you want to do sth., or achieve a certain goal, what do you do to arrive at the final destination?2021/6/1620Discussion (II)Sherlock Holmes and John Watson have never met each other but they ar
17、e going to share a flat. When they meet for the first time, they must wonder:Who is the guy and what is he like?How did Holmes get the answers?How did Watson get the answers?2021/6/1621Holmes way to get the answer Question observation processing information (analyzing what is seen and recognizing lo
18、gical relationship between the visible and the invisible) assumption putting the assumption to test reconstructing belief arriving at accurate conclusion2021/6/1622Watsons way to get the answerpuzzledwaiting to be told the answer2021/6/1623Critical Thinking “Stairway”1.Questions / problems / plan /
19、goal, etc.2.observation: gathering relevant information3.processing information: analyzing, comparing, synthesizing, recognizing logical relationship between the visible and the invisible4.assumption: Recognizing the existence (or non-existence) of logical relationships between information; drawing
20、warranted conclusions and generalizations 5.test: putting the assumption to test, verifying if it is accurate6.Reconstruction: reconstructing your patterns of beliefs on the basis of wider experience if previous assumption proves to be inaccurate7.Conclusion / judgment: rendering an accurate judgment2021/6/16241.Critical reading2.Logical thinking3.Creative thinking4.Logic5.Great thinkers / philosophers and their thoughtHere may be where you begin to explore about “critical thinking”: http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinkingFurther Reading2021/6/1625 结束语结束语若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢！若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢！
