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1、Advanced English Lesson ten The Sad Young Men Ben2021/7/241Unit 10 The Sad Young Men The Sad Young Men by Rod W. Horton & Herbert W. Edwards by Rod W. Horton & Herbert W. Edwards 2021/7/242Teaching PointsI. Background knowledgeII. Introduction to the passageIII. Text AnalysisIV. Rhetorical devicesV.
2、 Questions2021/7/2432021/7/244I. Background KnowledgeA. The Author -Rod W.Horton (1910-) Born in White Plains N.Y. Instructor, New York University,(1937-45) Assistant professor (1945-49) Associate professor (1949-57) Cultural affairs officer (1957-64) Professor, Colorado University (1964-) Visiting
3、professor, University of Brazil (1954-(1954-56)56) Visiting professor, University of Coimbra (1961-(1961-64)64) Publications: Backgrounds of American Literary Thought (1952) Backgrounds of European Literature (1954)2021/7/245I. Background Knowledge I.B.Some terms: II. III. -The Sad Young Men IV. -Th
4、e Lost Generation V. -The Beat Generation VI. -The Angry Young Men 2021/7/246I. The Sad Young Men and The Lost Generation refer to the same group of people. The former was created by F. Scott Fitzgerald; the latter, by Gertrude Stein. They were applied to the disillusioned intellectuals and aesthete
5、s of the years following the First World War, who rebelled against former ideals and values, but could replace them only by despair or cynical hedonism.II. After WWII appeared The Beat Generation in US. It was applied to certain American artists and writers who were popular during the 1950s. During
6、the 1960s “beat” ideas and attitudes were absorbed by other cultural movements, and those who practiced the “beat” life style were called “hippies”.III. At this time there appeared in England a group called The Angry Young Men. This term was applied to a group of English writers of the 1950s whose h
7、eroes shared certain rebellious and critical attitudes towards society.2021/7/247I. Background KnowledgeC.Other literary figures: -Gertrude Stein -E. Hemingway 2021/7/2481. Gertrude Stein (1874-1946)1. Gertrude Stein (1874-1946) American author and patron of the arts. American author and patron of t
8、he arts. A A celebrated celebrated personality, personality, she she encouraged, encouraged, aided, aided, and and influencedthrough influencedthrough her her patronage patronage as as well well as as through through her her writingmany writingmany literary literary and and artistic artistic figures
9、. figures. The fifth and youngest child of the Daniel and The fifth and youngest child of the Daniel and Amelia Stein family, Gertrude was born on February 3, Amelia Stein family, Gertrude was born on February 3, 1874 into upper middle class surroundings in Allegheny, 1874 into upper middle class su
10、rroundings in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. In 1902 she went abroad and from 1903 Pennsylvania. In 1902 she went abroad and from 1903 until her death lived chiefly in Paris. until her death lived chiefly in Paris. When she was 3 years old the family moved to When she was 3 years old the family moved to V
11、ienna and then on to Paris before returning to America Vienna and then on to Paris before returning to America in late 1878. in late 1878. So I was five years old when we came back to So I was five years old when we came back to America having known Austrian German and French French, America having
12、known Austrian German and French French, and now American English, a nice world if there is and now American English, a nice world if there is enough of it, and more or less there always is.enough of it, and more or less there always is. 2021/7/2492021/7/2410 Her father moved the family to Oakland,
13、Her father moved the family to Oakland, California soon after their return. Her brother California soon after their return. Her brother Leo, 2 years her senior, and Gertrude found like Leo, 2 years her senior, and Gertrude found like interests and became close allies through much of interests and be
14、came close allies through much of their early lives. Gertrude was 8 when she made their early lives. Gertrude was 8 when she made her first attempt at writing. her first attempt at writing. Reading became an obsession for her Reading became an obsession for her beginning with Shakespeare and books o
15、n natural beginning with Shakespeare and books on natural history. Gertrudes love affair with words would history. Gertrudes love affair with words would later reveal itself in her own works. In school later reveal itself in her own works. In school she was fascinated with the structuring of she was
16、 fascinated with the structuring of sentences. sentences. I suppose other things may be more I suppose other things may be more exciting to others.I like the feeling the exciting to others.I like the feeling the everlasting feeling of sentences as they diagram everlasting feeling of sentences as the
17、y diagram themselves.themselves. 2021/7/2411 In 1891 her father died suddenly, and the In 1891 her father died suddenly, and the oldest brother Michael assumed the position of earning oldest brother Michael assumed the position of earning a living for the family. The Steins moved to San a living for
18、 the family. The Steins moved to San Francisco where Gertrude became intrigued by the Francisco where Gertrude became intrigued by the theater and opera.a passion she would continue after theater and opera.a passion she would continue after she moved to Baltimore in 1892 to live with a wealthy she m
19、oved to Baltimore in 1892 to live with a wealthy aunt. aunt. .how strange it was for me coming from a .how strange it was for me coming from a rather desperate inner life I had been living for the rather desperate inner life I had been living for the last few years to a cheerful life of all aunts an
20、d last few years to a cheerful life of all aunts and uncles.uncles. Gertrude entered Radcliffe College in 1893. As Gertrude entered Radcliffe College in 1893. As a student she developed a special philosophical a student she developed a special philosophical relationship with her teacher, William Jam
21、es. James relationship with her teacher, William James. James told her, I hope you will pardon me if you recognize told her, I hope you will pardon me if you recognize some features of my ideal student as your own. some features of my ideal student as your own. 2021/7/2412 On a particularly nice spr
22、ing day during On a particularly nice spring day during final exams in James course she wrote at the top final exams in James course she wrote at the top of her paper. of her paper. Dear Professor James, I am sorry but Dear Professor James, I am sorry but really I do not feel a bit like an examinati
23、on really I do not feel a bit like an examination paper in philosophy today.paper in philosophy today. The next day she received a postcard from The next day she received a postcard from James saying, I understand perfectly how you feel James saying, I understand perfectly how you feel I often feel
24、like that myself. and then gave her I often feel like that myself. and then gave her the highest mark in his course. the highest mark in his course. With philosophy and psychology courses With philosophy and psychology courses behind her, Gertrude decided on a career in behind her, Gertrude decided
25、on a career in medicine and enrolled at Johns Hopkins University. medicine and enrolled at Johns Hopkins University. She later studied medicine in Europe and She later studied medicine in Europe and eventually dismissed the whole idea. Wanderlust eventually dismissed the whole idea. Wanderlust had c
26、aptured her attention as she traveled through had captured her attention as she traveled through Italy, Germany, and England.living for awhile Italy, Germany, and England.living for awhile with brother Leo in London. with brother Leo in London. 2021/7/2413 She returned to America to live with friend
27、s She returned to America to live with friends in New York. It was here that she wrote her first in New York. It was here that she wrote her first novel Q.E.D. It would, for some reason, be lost novel Q.E.D. It would, for some reason, be lost for 30 years and not be published until 4 years for 30 ye
28、ars and not be published until 4 years after her death under the title of Things As They after her death under the title of Things As They Are. Are. Leo Stein moved to Paris and took up Leo Stein moved to Paris and took up residence at 27 Rue de Fleurus. Gertrude joined residence at 27 Rue de Fleuru
29、s. Gertrude joined him in 1904, and would not touch foot upon him in 1904, and would not touch foot upon American soil again for 30 years. soon becoming American soil again for 30 years. soon becoming a legend in her own time. a legend in her own time. Steins best known works are: Steins best known
30、works are: Three Lives (1909), The Making of Americans (1925), Autobiography of Alive B. Toklas (1933).2021/7/24142. Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) American novelist and short story writer, one of the great American writers of the 20th century. 2021/7/2415 His fiction focuses on peopl
31、e living essential, dangerous lives soldiers, fishermen, athletes, bullfighters who meet the pain and difficulty of their existence with stoic courage. His celebrated literary style, influenced by Ezra Pound and Gertrude Stein, is direct, terse and often monotonous, yet particularly suited to his el
32、emental subject matter. 2021/7/2416 During World War I he served as an ambulance driver in France and in the Italian infantry and was wounded just before his 19th birthday. Later, while working in Paris as correspondent for the Toronto Star, he became involved with the expatriate circle surrounding
33、Gertrude Stein. With the publication of The Sun Also Rises (1926), he was recognized as the spokesman of the “lost generation”.2021/7/2417 During the Spainish Civil War, Hemingway served as a correspondent on the loyalist side; from this experience came his great novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940
34、). Hemingway fought in World War II and then settled in Cuba in 1945. His novelette The Old Man and the Sea (1952) celebrates the indomitable courage of an aged Cuban fisherman.2021/7/2418 In 1954, Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature. Owing to ill health and diminishing mental facult
35、ies, in July 1961, he commmitted suicide by shooting himself.2021/7/2419II. Words and Expressions 1. romanticize1. romanticize(L2, P1) vt.使浪漫化, 使传奇化 romantically adv.浪漫地 romanticism n.浪漫精神, 浪漫主义 romanticist n.浪漫主义者 romanza n.浪漫曲, 叙事短诗, 抒情短诗2021/7/2420Words and expressions2. speakeasy2. speakeasy (L7
36、, P1) - a place where alcoholic drinks are sold illegally during Prohibition.3. Puritan morality3. Puritan morality (L7, P1) - extreme or excessive strictness in matters of morals. Strict Puritans even regarded drinking, gambling and participation in theatrical performances as punishable offences.4.
37、 flask-toting(L10, P1) 4. flask-toting(L10, P1) - adj. always carrying a small flask filled with whisky or other strong liquor. 2021/7/2421Words and expressions5. sheik 5. sheik (L10, P1) - a masterful man to whom women are supposed to be irresistibly attracted6. flapper6. flapper(L11, P1) - (colloq
38、.) a young woman considered bold and unconventional in actions and dress.7. drugstore cowboy 7. drugstore cowboy (L11, P1) - a western movie extra who loafs in front of drugstores between pictures2021/7/2422Words and expressions8. Victorian8. Victorian(L1, P3) - showing the middle-class respectabili
39、ty, prudery, bigotry, etc. generally attributed to Victorian England over which Queen Victoria ruled (1837-1901)9. Bohemian 9. Bohemian (L5, P4) - a person, especially an artist, poet, etc. who lives in an unconventional, nonconforming way2021/7/2423Words and expressions10. Prohibition10. Prohibitio
40、n(L12, P4) - the forbidding by law of the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic liquors for beverage purposes (the period of 1920-1933), the prohibition by Federal law.11. jingoism11. jingoism(L7, P5) n.主战论, 武力外交政策,沙文主义,侵略主义 jingoist n.沙文主义者, 侵略主义者 jingo n.沙文主义者2021/7/2424Words and expr
41、essions12. soap opera12. soap opera (L15, P5) - a daytime radio or television serial drama of a highly melodramatic, sentimental nature. It has been so called since many original sponsors were soap companies.13. Greenwich Village13. Greenwich Village(L1, P7) - section of New York City, on the lower
42、west side of Manhattan; noted as a center for artists, writers, etc.14. Babbittry14. Babbittry(L9, P7) - (after George Babbitt, title character of a satirical novel by Sinclair Lewis) a smugly conventional person interested chiefly in business and social success and indifferent to cultural values. n
43、. 市侩作风、庸俗之人 Philistine n. (中东古国)腓力斯人, 仇敌, 俗气的人; adj. 俗气的, 无教养的2021/7/2425Words and expressions15. fast15. fast(L7, P8) - adj. living in a reckless, wild, dissipated way16. boobery 16. boobery (L12, P9) - same as Babbittry, smug, self-satisfied, conformist in cultural matters n. 愚人之统称, 愚笨; booby: n.
44、呆子, 傻瓜17. keep up with the Joneses17. keep up with the Joneses (L22, P9) - strive to get all the material things ones neighbors or associates have.2021/7/2426III. Introduction to the TextIII. Introduction to the Text1. 1. Type of literature Type of literature a piece of expositive writing 2.2. Main
45、ideaMain idea explaining a period in American history; it focuses on attitudes, revolt of the young peopledisappointed and disillusioned writers and artists, back from World War I (1914-1918), once lived abroad as expatriates, later returned voluntarily. They were called Lost Generation because they
46、 were critical and rebellious. However, they never lost because they were creative and productive. 2021/7/24273. 3. The themeThe theme “ The intellectuals of the twenties, the sad young men, cursed their luck but didnt die; escaped but voluntarily returned; flayed the Babbitts but loved their countr
47、y, and in so doing gave the nation the liveliest, freshest, most stimulating writing in literary experience.”4. Clear and simple structural organization 4. Clear and simple structural organization - P. 1 : introducing the subject - P. 2-9: supporting and developing the thesis - P. 10-11: bringing th
48、e discussion to an end 2021/7/2428IV. Text AnalysisIV. Text Analysis1. Identifying and understanding Americanisms in this essay -speakeasy -sheik -flask-toting -drugstore cowboy -flapper -Babbittry -soap opera -fast -boobery2021/7/24292. Effective Writing Skills 1). Effective use of topic sentences
49、2). Developing a new but related aspect of the thought stated in the thesis in each paragraph or paragraph unit. 3. Rhetorical Devices 1). metaphor 2). personification 3). metonymy 4). transferred epithet 2021/7/24304. Special Difficulties 1). Prefixes “-un” and “-in” (-im, -il, -ir) bearing a negat
50、ive meaning 2). Paraphrasing some sentences 3). Identifying figures of speech 2021/7/2431V. Detailed Study of the TextPart IPart IParagraph 1Paragraph 1Sentence 1: sensationally romanticized: (This so-called problem) was treated in a passionate, idealized manner to shock thrill and rouse the interes
51、t of people.paraphrase: After World War I, during the 1920s, every aspect of life in U. S. was commented upon, but people comment upon the Rebellion of the Younger Generation more than all the other aspects. People treated it very romantically and sensationally.2021/7/2432Sentence 2: 1).The slightes
52、t mentionby the young:middle aged: Middleaged people lived through the Twenties so they can recall what life was like then.the young: The young people have only heard about all this and were very curious about the lives of young people of another generation.nostalgic, curious: Both are transferred e
53、pithets. They really modify “the middle-aged” and “the young” respectively.paraphrase: At the very mention of this post-war period, middle-aged people begin to think about it longingly and young people become curious and start asking all kinds of questions.2021/7/24332). memories of country road: Th
54、ese are the recollections of the nostalgic middle-aged. deliciously illicit thrill: A visit to a speakeasy, a very enjoyable and exciting action, was prohibited because these places sold alcoholic drinks illegally. Puritan morality: excessive strictness in matters of morals. Strict Puritans even reg
55、arded drinking, gambling and participation in theatrical performances as punishable offences. fashionable experimentations in amour: trying out new ways of lovemaking as everyone was doing at that timeparked sedan: in a sedan car parked on lonely country roads2021/7/24343). questions aboutdrugstore
56、cowboy: Some of the questions asked by curious young people. naughty: mildly indecent jazzy: (a party) playing jazz music sheik: a masterful man to whom women are supposed to be irresistibly attractedmoral and stylistic vagaries: odd and eccentric dress and conductflapper: in the 1920s, a young woma
57、n considered bold and unconventional in action and dressdrugstore cowboy: a western movie extra who loafs in front of drugstores between pictures2021/7/2435Sentence 5: The answers to suchjazz-mad youth. 1). The answers to such “ yes” and “no”: paraphrase: People cannot give a simple “yes” or “no” an
58、swer to such questions. They should be answered with both “yes” and “no” because of necessity. 2). “yes”Problem:paraphrase: During the process when children grow up to become adults, there always exists a Younger Generation Problem. In this sense the answer must be “yes”.2021/7/24363). “no” jazzmad
59、youth:see in perspective: to view or judge things or events in a way that show their true relations to one another.degeneration: moral corruption, depravityjazzmad: blindly and foolishly fond of jazz musicparaphrase: When looking back now to those days and view things in their true relations to one
60、another, we see that the social behavior of the young people was not very wild, irresponsible, and immoral. Their behavior was far from being as sensational as the degeneration of jazzmad youth. Therefore, in this sense, the answer must be “no”. 2021/7/2437Paragraph 2Paragraph 2Sentence 1: paraphras
61、e: In fact, the revolt of the young people was a necessary and expected consequence of the conditions that existed in this period of history.Sentence 2: paraphrase: We must remember that the revolt of the young did not take place only in the U. S., but affected all the countries in the Western world
62、. Their revolt was the result of World War Ithe biggest and most serious war in a hundred years.2021/7/2438Sentence 3: 1). It was reluctantlyor tradition: subconscious: occurring without conscious perception, or with only slight perception, on the part of the individualtradition: stories, beliefs, c
63、ustoms, etc., handed down orally from generation to generationparaphrase: Some people in the U.S. fully understood, though unwillingly, that the U.S. should no longer remain isolated politically or in matters of social customs and practices. If these people did not state their views openly, at least
64、, they understood it subconsciously.2021/7/24392). We had reachedbordering oceans:reach international stature: to develop and grow into a nation respected and esteemed by all other nations in the worldprovincial: narrow in outlook/views, limited like that of rural provinces. Here the word means narr
65、ow like that of a single countrythe U.S.paraphrase: metaphor, comparing “provincial morality” to “artificial walls”. We have become a world power so we can no longer in our action just follow the principles of right and wrong as accepted in our own country, nor can we remain isolated geographically
66、protected by the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In other words, the U.S. can no longer pursue a policy of isolationism.2021/7/2440Paragraph 3Paragraph 3Sentence 1: Victorian: showing the middle-class respectability, prudery, bigotry, etc. generally attributed to Victorian Englandgentility: the quality
67、 of being genteel; now, specifically excessive or affected refinement and elegance paraphrase: In any case, America could not avoid casting aside its middle-class respectability and affected refinement. 2021/7/2441Sentence 2: roaring: very active or successful; briskimpersonality: the lack or absenc
68、e of a personal or human character; the quality or state of not involving personal feelings or the emotionsaggressiveness: implies a bold and energetic pursuit of ones ends, connoting, in derogatory usage, a ruthless desire to dominate and, in a favorable sense, enterprise, initiative, etc.code: any
69、 set of principles or rules of conductparaphrase: After World War I, America became a highly industrialized country. There were big successful factories operating everywhere. Business became huge corporations devoid of any human feelings and the ruthless desire to dominate was exercised to a large s
70、cale. In this new atmosphere, the principles of polite, courteous and considerate behavior and conduct that were formed in a quieter and less competitive age (before World War I) could no longer exist.2021/7/2442Sentence 3: medium: environmentbattle for success: metaphor. They had to fight as in a b
71、attle in order to become successful.paraphrase: With or without a war, as one generation followed another, the young people found it increasingly difficult to accept standards of behavior that seemed in no way to be related to the noisy, busy world of business, and it was in this bustling business w
72、orld that they were expected to become successful.2021/7/2443Sentence 4: 1). The war actedsocial structure: agent: an active force or substance producing an effectcatalytic agent: catalyst; a person or thing acting as the stimulus in bringing about or hastening a resultparaphrase: metaphor, the war
73、being compared to a catalytic agent. The war only helped to speed up the breakdown of the Victorian social structure.2). by precipitatingviolent energies:paraphrase: By throwing our young people suddenly and unexpectedly into a World War, which was a form of mass murder, we released the violent ener
74、gies which the young people had so far held in check or repressed.3). which, after the shootingsociety:paraphrase: When the war was over, the young people used their newly released violent energies, both in Europe and America, to destroy the nineteenth-century society that was getting old and becomi
75、ng unacceptable. 2021/7/2444 Part IIPart IIParagraph 4Paragraph 4Sentence 1: challenge: anything, as a demanding task, that calls for special effort or dedicationmores: customs, especially the fixed or traditional customs of a society, often acquiring the force of lawparaphrase: Thus in a world wher
76、e everything was changing, our young people had to take up the demanding task of reforming our traditional social customs in order to keep up with this changing world.2021/7/2445Sentence 2: air: an outward appearance; general impression or feeling given by sth.sophistication: the state of being arti
77、ficial, worldly-wise, urbane,etc.pose: a way of behaving or speaking that is assumed for effect; pretenseBohemian: a person, especially an artist, poet, etc., who lives in an unconventional, nonconforming wayparaphrase: In America at least, the young people were strongly inclined to shirk their resp
78、onsibilities. They pretended to be worldly-wise, drinking and behaving naughtily. They pretended to live like unconventional artists or poets, breaking the moral code of the community.2021/7/2446Sentence 3: 1). The faddishnesspattern of escape: faddishness: the following of fadspattern: a regular, m
79、ainly unvarying way of acting or doingparaphrase: The young people did many of the following foolish and wild things in their attempt to escape their responsibilities. They went in for all kinds of fads, spent money freely on transitory pleasures and momentary novelties. They pretended to be wildly
80、gay and experimented with all kinds of sensations, including those produced by sex, drugs, alcohol and perversions.2). an escaperesponsibilities:paraphrase: The young people could do all these things in their attempt to escape their responsibilities because after the World War there was general pros
81、perity in the country and people were tired of politics, economic restrictions and international responsibilities.2021/7/2447Sentence 4: 1). Prohibitionillicit: Prohibition: the forbidding by law of the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic liquors for beverage purposes; specifically in
82、 the U.S., the period (1920-1933) of Prohibition by Federal lawparaphrase: The young people found greater pleasure in their drinking because Prohibition, by making drinking unlawful, added a sense of adventure.2). The much-publicizedescapism:much-publicized: reported often and widely in newspapers a
83、nd magazinesorgy: any wild, riotous, licentious merrymakingGreenwich Village: section of New York City, on the lower west side of Manhattan, noted as a center for artists, writers, etc., formerly a villageparaphrase: The much-publicized wild and riotous life of the intellectuals in Greenwich Village
84、 and their defiant open declarations of their motives and intentions provided the young people with a philosophy that could justify their escapism.2021/7/2448Sentence 5: 1). And likeran out: paraphrase: And like most wild, riotous lives led by the escapist, this one also ended when the escapists did
85、nt have any more money to spend.2). The crashto sober up:paraphrase: metaphor, comparing “the wild, riotous living of the escapists” to “a party”, and “the escapists” to “drunken revelers”. The Great Economic Depression which started in the U.S. in 1929 brought the young escapists back to their sens
86、es and stopped the wild, riotous lives they were living.2021/7/2449Paragraph 5Paragraph 5 Sentence 2: 1). The prolonged stalemateidealistic citizens:the stalemate of 1915-1916: This refers to the stalemate on the Western Front in Europe. Grueling trench warfare took place, but the battle lines remai
87、ned virtually stationary for three years.insolence of Germany towards the United States: This refers to the sinking of the Lusitania, a liner under British registration, by a German submarine on May 7, 1915. In the sinking, 1,195 persons lost their lives, of whom 128 were U.S. citizens. The consider
88、able sympathy for Germany that had previously existed in the U.S. to a large extent disappeared, and there were demands from many for an immediate declaration of war.to declare our status as a belligerent: to declare war. America entered the war rather late, on April 6, 1917.2021/7/24502). our young
89、flags:paraphrase: Our young men joined the armies of foreign countries to fight in the war.The whole sentence means: Many people could not endure the events of the stalemate, the insolence of Germany, and Americas not declaring war, and encouraged by the warlike President Roosevelt, young Americans
90、went to the war by themselves.2021/7/2451Sentence 3 & 4: fun: amusement, sport, recreation, adventure, etc. the young idealistic people thought fighting in a war was sth. adventurous and romantic.turn belly up: to finish, to end. a term borrowed from fishing. A fish that floats belly up is dead.para
91、phrase: Why did the young people go to the war without American governments calling on? The answer could be found in Williams or in Passos works. That is they wanted to take part in the glorious adventure before the whole war ended. And during that period, they still considered military service a ro
92、mantic occupation.2021/7/2452Sentence 5 & 6: magnolia-scented: meaning not clear. It may mean: 1). “having the scent of the magnolia”, for the soap opera was put up by companies selling magnolia-scented soap; 2). “very sweet and cloying” because the magnolia flower has a very sweet scent; 3). “of, r
93、elating to, or resembling the South (the southern states of America) of pre-civil war days.”soap opera: a daytime radio or television serial drama of a highly melodramatic, sentimental nature. So called since many original sponsors were soap companies.dissolve: (in motion pictures and TV) to fade or
94、 make fade into or out of view.2021/7/2453paraphrase:paraphrase: Young Americans did not really understand a war. They did not know the cruelty of a war. They adored it, honored it and thought it was always a glorious, romantic and beautiful thing! Actually it was not! In their mind, the civil war o
95、f 1861-1865 was always portrayed in the movies and in stories as a highly sentimental drama (nostalgic to people from the southern states) and the war with Spain in 1898 always ended in a scene in a movie showing the one-sided victory at Manila or the Americans charging up San Juan Hill.2021/7/2454S
96、entence 7: Furthermoreexciting. paraphrase: Furthermore, many speakers at high school meetings told the boys that hard life of the war would help to form their character. These speakers convinced more than enough such boys, who were sensible in many other respects, that fighting in the European war
97、would not only be idealistic and exciting but also be of great value to them personally.Sentence 8: the “intellectuals” in the ambulance corps: “intellectuals” is put in quotes to show that they were college-age students who considered themselves to be intellectuals and would-be writers or those who
98、 had intellectual interests or tastes. They did not want to take part in the actual killing so they joined the ambulance corps.2021/7/2455Sentence 9: Those who were conflict.Preparedness: preparing work for the army / warNational Guard: not the regular troops/army, but the U.S. militiarushed to enli
99、stconflict: hurried to join the army when America officially declared warSentence 10: draft: the choosing or taking of an individual or individuals from a group for some special purpose, especially for compulsory military service.paraphrase: There were so many people who crowded to join the army tha
100、t the troubled sergeants (who were in charge of this job) had no way but beg the volunteers to return home and wait until they were called up for service. But no one would go back home to wait since they worried that they might be refused by the army and that would make them feel ashamed. So their p
101、assion to serve the army continued great (they were still enthusiastic).2021/7/2456Part IIIPart IIIParagraph 6Paragraph 6Sentence 1: spirit of carnival: festive spirit, spirit of revelry and merry-makinghigh: characterized by sublime, heroic, or stirring events; excitinghave a good taste of : metaph
102、or, to have real or thorough experience ofparaphrase:paraphrase: Naturally, the festive spirit and the enthusiasm for exciting military adventure disappeared once the eager young men experienced what twentieth-century warfare was really like.Sentence 2: distinction: the quality that makes one seem s
103、uperior or worthy of special recognitionto: used to indicate result. They fought with distinction resulting in their lasting glory. paraphrase:paraphrase: The young people fought very bravely and well, and as a result they will always be honored and admired. But when the war ended and when they retu
104、rned home in 1919 they found everything changed, including themselves.2021/7/2457Sentence 3: action: military combat in generalparaphrase: It was particularly true for the young men of college age, who joined the army and took part in lots of real fighting out of idealism. On returning home, they fe
105、lt much more at a loss/ puzzled. They sensed the future was hopeless for them.Sentence 4: Fourth-of-July bombast: pompous and patriotic speeches made during the Fourth of July celebrationsparaphrase: These young men felt very bitter when they returned to their hometown which was almost unaffected by
106、 the war. The nave people here were still talking pompously and patriotically as the young men themselves had done a few years ago. The young men who had seen considerable action were now disillusioned and hardened people.2021/7/2458Sentence 5: paraphrase: They felt more bitter because they couldnt
107、find jobs. Their old jobs were taken by those who stayed at home and did not fight in the war. There were no new jobs because of the economic recession and the few jobs that were there were given to non-veterans because the bosses felt the veterans were difficult people to handle. Sentence 6: they h
108、ad outgrowncould understand.paraphrase: metaphor, comparing their unsuitability to growing too large for ones clothes. These young people could no longer adapt themselves to lives in their hometown or their families. They suddenly felt very confused and weary of the world. They and their relatives c
109、ould not understand why this happened.2021/7/2459Sentence 7: 1). Their energiesby the warparaphrase: The war released their inhibited energies and destroyed their innocence and simplicity.2). they were beingfor democracy.resume the pose of self-deceiving Victorian innocence: to resume living and beh
110、aving simply and innocently as the former Victorian social structure required them to do. If they did this, they would be deceiving themselves because they knew this Victorian morality was now outmoded and wrong.paraphrase: These veterans returning from the war were disillusioned people but filled w
111、ith violent energy released by the war. They knew they did not fight to make the world safe for democracy but for the imperial interests of the different nations. They knew the old Victorian social structure in the U.S. was out-of-date and should be changed. Yet they were now being asked to hold in
112、check these energies released by the war and to start living and behaving as they did before the war started.2021/7/2460Sentence 8: the returning veteranprofiteers.paraphrase: The returning veteran soldiers also had to face the stupid cynicism of the victorious allies in Versailles who acted as cyni
113、cally as Napoleon did. They had to face Prohibition which the lawmakers hypocritically assumed would do good to the people. And they also had to face the self-satisfied patriotic air of the war profiteers.2021/7/2461Sentence 9: 1). Somethingto “give”give: to bend, sink, move, break down, yield, etc.
114、 from force or pressureparaphrase: (under all this force and pressure) something in the youth of America, who were already very tense, had to break down.2). after a short periodof behavior.paraphrase: After a short period of bitter indignation, the young people reacted by completely overthrowing the
115、 polite and refined standards of behavior.2021/7/2462Paragraph 7Paragraph 7Sentence 1: paraphrase: metonymy. The writers and artists living in Greenwich Village set the example which other young intellectuals throughout the country followed.Sentence 2: dubious reputation: a reputation that was quest
116、ionable, shady; dishonestBohemianism and eccentricity: The two words here are more or less synonymous, both emphasizing the odd and unconventional lives of the intellectuals and artists.paraphrase: As a living place, Greenwich Village had long been widely but unfavorably known for its unconventional
117、 and nonconforming way of life.2021/7/2463Sentence 3: paraphrase: Greenwich Village once said that it was the center for the intellectuals of the country. And it did keep its promise by providing shelter/houses for many important writers.Sentence 4: 1). it was only naturalartistic centerBabbittry: (
118、after George Babbitt, title character of a satirical novel by Sinclair Lewis) a smugly conventional person interested chiefly in business and social success and indifferent to cultural values; Philistine2021/7/2464“Puritanical” gentility: excessive strictness in matters of morals. Strict Puritans ev
119、en regarded drinking, gambling and participation in theatrical performances as punishable offences.paraphrase: (metonymy, “pens” standing for their writing and “Babbittry” for qualities once displayed by George Babbitt.) It was only natural that hopeful young writers whose minds and writings were fi
120、lled with violent anger against war, Babbittry, and “puritanical” gentility, should come in great numbers to live in Greenwich Village, the traditional artistic center.2).to pour out sensation.paraphrase: They employed their newly acquired creative strength to write vigorously; to demolish the old w
121、orld; to scoff at the morality that their grandfathers respected, and by spending all their time, energy and money on art, love and the pursuit of new sensations.2021/7/2465Paragraph 8Paragraph 8Sentence 2:1). to add “flaming youth”little matchsticks: metaphor, misdeeds compared to matchsticks. They
122、 helped to intensify the flame of revolt.paraphrase: (metaphor, the revolt of the young compared to a conflagration.) Many other young people began to intensify and spread this revolt of the young by their own misdeeds (breaking the law and living unconventional lives).2).it wasflames.paraphrase: me
123、tonymy and metaphor. The young intellectuals living in Greenwich Village helped to keep the revolt alive and to spread it throughout the country.2021/7/2466Sentence 4: 1). Each townunconventionalityfast: living in a reckless, wild, dissipated wayparaphrase: Each town was proud that it had a group of
124、 wild, reckless people, who lived unconventional lives.2).this self-consciousthe nation.paraphrase: Deliberately living an unconventional life soon became a common thing among rich young people (those who could afford to join country clubs). It also became a common feature among less rich people thr
125、oughout the country.2021/7/2467Sentence 5: Before longirresistible.paraphrase: metonymy, pulpit representing the church. Before long this movement was officially accepted as a fact by the church, by the movies and magazines, and by the advertising agencies, but they showed their recognition in diffe
126、rent ways. The church denounced it from the pulpit. The movies and magazines pretended to denounce it but in reality succeeded in making it more attractive by depicting it as something naughty. The advertising agencies encouraged it indirectly by playing up sex attraction in their advertisements sel
127、ling from cigarettes to automobiles.2021/7/2468Sentence 6: 1). Who had been playingChateau-Thierry.Belleau Wood: small forest in France, east of Paris; site of a battle (1918) in World War IChateau-Thierry: town in N France, on the Marne; scene of intensive fighting in World War Iparaphrase: At the
128、time the young soldiers were fighting the battles of Belleau Wood and Chateau-Thierry, their younger brothers and sisters at home, who were still very small, were playing with marbles and dolls.2).Who had sufferedrebellionvulgar: common; popularparaphrase: metaphor, comparing living unconventional l
129、ives to playing with toys. These young brothers and sisters did not take part in the war, so they had no feeling of real disillusionment or loss. Nevertheless they began to imitate the manners of their elders and live the unconventional and nonconforming lives of those who were rebelling against soc
130、iety.2021/7/2469Sentence 7: Their parentsnew gaiety.paraphrase: At first the parents of these younger people were shocked by the decadent lives of their children, but soon they themselves and their friends began to adopt the new Bohemian and eccentric way of life.Sentence 8: the “wild party”Floral H
131、eights.paraphrase: living and acting in wild, unconventional ways had become as common a sight and an accepted mode of American life as the flapper, the Model T, or the Dutch Colonial home in Floral Heights.2021/7/2470Part IVPart IVParagraph 9Paragraph 9Sentence 1 & 2: paraphrase: The true intellect
132、uals who started the revolt against society did not feel pleased or honored by the imitation of their life-style by so many people. What they really wanted was to change America. They wanted the American people to respond more readily and deeply to art and culture, to be less greedy for material gai
133、n, and not to accept standardization so easily.Sentence 3: InsteadRotary luncheon.paraphrase: People did not pay attention to their ideas. Instead their Bohemian manners and behavior were imitated by everybody. This wild and eccentric way of life became as standard and conventionalized as a Rotary l
134、uncheon.2021/7/2471Sentence 5: Flaming diatribessociety.paraphrase: They began to write bitter, abusive criticism denouncing the materialism and cultural Babbitry of American society.Sentence 6: the rallying pointAmerica.paraphrase: metaphor, comparing the book to a rallying. The critical articles w
135、ritten by sensitive persons (young intellectuals) disgusted with America were to be found in the book.Sentence 7: The burdenbeing ignored.paraphrase: The main theme of all the articles in the book was that people were not paying serious attention to what the most gifted and intelligent people (the y
136、oung intellectuals) were saying.2021/7/2472Sentence 8: Journalism wassexually inadequate.1). Journalismmoneymaking1). Journalismmoneymakingparaphrase:paraphrase: Journalism is only a tool that helps businessmen to make money.2). American familyinadequate2). American familyinadequatekeep up with the
137、Joneses: to strive to get all the material things ones neighbors or associates haveparaphrase:paraphrase: American families spend so much of their time on making money and strive so hard to get all the material things their neighbors have that their lives have became joyless, standardized, hypocriti
138、cal and sexually unsatisfying.2021/7/2473Sentence 9: These defectsthings better.1). The country was blinddollar1). The country was blinddollarparaphrase:paraphrase: a. personification, America could see and hear nothing except the shining gleam and the ringing sound of the dollar; b. metaphor, compa
139、ring “America” to “a blind and deaf person”; c. metonymy, “glint and ring of the dollar” standing for “attraction of wealth and money”. The American people are not moved or stirred by anything. They are only conscious of money and wealth.2). There was littlebetter2). There was littlebetterparaphrase
140、:paraphrase: The young sensitive intellectuals could find no cure for their worries and anxieties in America, so they emigrated to Europe where everything was done in a better way.2021/7/2474Sentence 10: Most of itsfollowed suitparaphrase: Most of the writers who contributed to the book Civilization
141、 in the United States did as they advised other people to do and left for Europe. Many more artistic people and those who hoped to become artistic people someday followed their example.2021/7/2475Paragraph 10Paragraph 10Sentence 1: paraphrase: Because these intelligent / outstanding writers (who too
142、k a lead in the foreign-living way) lived for a not long time in Europe, they regarded themselves as the “lost generation”, (which was) the same term used by the writer Gertrude Stein in one of his books.Sentence 2: common denominator: a characteristic, element, etc. held in common paraphrase: The “
143、lost generation” was in no way a literary movement. It was only a name given by Gertrude Stein to the American expatriates living in Paris. Yet the attitude of these expatriate writers influenced other writers and their attitude was also expressed in most of the writings of their time.2021/7/2476Sen
144、tence 3: 1). The warwas deadVersailles: city in N France, near Paris; the Allies and Germany signed a peace treaty here (1919) ending World War Iparaphrase: The horrors and senselessness of war, the power politics of Versailles that displayed no regard for the sincere ideals for which the war was su
145、pposed to have been fought, convinced these young men and women that the world no longer cared for things of the spirit, for intellectual pursuits, or for the refinement of thought and feeling.2). the defeated aesthete: John Andrews is a character in Dos Passos first successful novel Three Soldiers
146、(1921). He is highly sensitive to art and beauty but fails to succeed in life.3). wandering alcoholics: characters in Hemingways novel The Sun Also Rises (1926). The novel concerns a group of psychologically bruised, disillusioned expatriates living in post-war Paris, who take psychic refuge in such
147、 immediate physical activities as eating, drinking, traveling, brawling and lovemaking.2021/7/2477Sentence 4: Besides Stein,sophisticated society.1). who tried toLeft Bank1). who tried toLeft Bankparaphrase:paraphrase: All these novelists, dramatists, poets and critics who lived in Antibes and on th
148、e Left Bank tried to discover their true moral or spiritual nature while living in these places.2). 2). who directednative land.who directednative land.paraphraseparaphrase: These people wrote bitter and critical articles, stories, etc., attacking the United States, their native land.3). Who, almost
149、homesickness3). Who, almosthomesicknessparaphrase:paraphrase: Almost everyone of them came back one after another within a few years to the U.S. Because they all felt unhappy and depressed at being away from home and family.4). 4). to produce workssociety.to produce workssociety.paraphrase:paraphras
150、e: They came back to the U.S. and produced works which were made more mature by the influence and their experience of a more urbane and worldly-wise society (of Europe).2021/7/2478Paragraph 11Paragraph 11Sentence 3: could never be writtenself-pity paraphrase: No one could ignore this period and cons
151、ider it non-productive for this decade produced many famous writers such as Dos Passos, Hemingway, etc. even in a moment of self-pity these writers themselves cannot but admit that their decade was a very productive one.2021/7/2479Sentence 4 : 1). flayedcountryparaphrase: They bitterly attacked the
152、smug, self-satisfied, conventional and materialistic people in the U.S., but loved America.2). And in so doing,experience.paraphrase: In the process of doing the above things, these young intellectuals produced the liveliest, freshest and most stimulating literary works that America had so far ever seen. 2021/7/2480
