《涉外合同翻译》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《涉外合同翻译(16页珍藏版)》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、涉外合同翻译LOGO一、涉外合同的定义:一、涉外合同的定义: 涉外合同,是指具有涉外因素的合同,即合同的当事人、合同的客体或者产生、变更、终止合同关系的法律事实中任何一个具有涉外因素的合同。在涉外合同中,最主要的是具有对外贸易性质的涉外合同(或称为对外贸易合同),它是指我国法人或者其他组织同外国的法人、其他组织或者个人之间为实现一定的经济目的而订立的合同。二、涉外合同的类型:二、涉外合同的类型:国际货物销售合同;国际技术转让合同;中外合资/合作经营企业合同;国际工程承包合同;补偿贸易合同;中外合作开采自然资源合同;涉外劳务合同;国际租赁合同;涉外信贷合同;国际BOT(Build-Operate
2、-Transfer)投资合同。LOGO三、涉外合同的特点:三、涉外合同的特点: 合同属于庄重文体,用词极其考究,具有特定性和严肃的风格。总体上看,合同的词汇特点体现在以下两大方面:1、用词专业,具有法律意味(professional or legal)The premium rates vary with differed interests insured.If the buyer fails to pay any account when due, the buyer shall be liable to pay the seller overdue interest on such un
3、paid amount from the due date until the actual date of payment at the rate of five percent per annum, such overdue interest shall be paid upon demand of the seller. 以上两句均含有“interest”一词,但是由于行业背景的不同,其意义也大相径庭。第一句出自保险业,意思是“被保险的货物”;第二句源于国际贸易,意思是“一方由于未能支付到期的应付款项而向另一方支付的利息”。由此可见,在合同翻译过程中,要特别注意专业性的问题。LOGO2、
4、用词正式、准确(formal and accurate)2.1 注意一些以here、there或where等作前缀的副词。如:hereafter, hereby, herein, hereinafter, hereinbefore, hereof, hereto, hereunder, hereupon, herewith, thereafter, thereby, therefrom, therein, thereafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereupon, therewith; whereas, whereby, wherein, w
5、hereon, etc.这些虚词的使用使得句子简练、严谨,从而显示出该类语言正规、严肃、权威等文体特征。If, after the contract made by and between the parties becomes effective, there is no agreement therein on the terms and provisions regarding quality, price or remuneration and place of performance, etc. or such agreement is unclear, the parties ma
6、y, through consultation, agree upon supplementary terms and provisions;there is no agreement后面用了therein,为agreement下了明确的界说,指agreement in the contract,因therein表示 in that; in that particular context; in that respect之意,在此它指上文所指的范围。 LOGOWe hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing st
7、atement is true and correct and all available information and data has been supplies herein, and that we agree to show you documentary proof upon your request.从语法的角度分析,本句中hereby的语法功能为副词,在这句中是强调所说明、证明的内容,因此可译为“特此”。The titles to the articles are for convenience of reference only, not part of this cont
8、ract and shall not in any way effect the interpretation thereof.此句中的“thereof”相当于“of that”,根据上下文来看,“thereof”一词的意思是“of the said contract”。LOGO2.2 注意may、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等词语的法律内涵May、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等词的确很常见,但是在合同中这些词具有特殊的意义,所以翻译起来要极其谨慎,避免引起纠纷。May:在表示合同上的权利(Right)、权限(
9、Power)或特权(Privilege)的场合中使用。若表示某种权利在法律上具有强制性的时候,更多的是“be entitled”。Shall:在合同中并不是单纯的将来时,一般用它来表示法律上可以强制执行的义务(Obligation)。如未履行,即视为违约,并构成某种赔偿责任。所以,shall在译文里,通常表示“应该”或“必须”,当然,也有不翻译的时候。例如: LOGOThe parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by frien
10、dly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the Peoples Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. (双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的
11、或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协议的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。)上句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”(shall),如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,则用选择性“约定”(may)。LOGOShould:在合同中用于句首时,通常用来表示语气较弱的假设,多翻译成“万一”或“如果”,极少译成“应该”。The board meeting shall be convened and presided over by the Chairman. Should the chairman be a
12、bsent, the vice-Chairman shall, in principle, convene and preside over the board meeting.董事会会议应由董事长召集、主持;若董事长缺席,原则上应由副董事长召集、主持。Will:一般使用在没有法律强制的情况下,也用做表示承担义务的声明,但语气和强制力比Shall弱。May not(或shall not):用于禁止性义务,即“不得做什么”。LOGO四、外事合同英语词汇特点及翻译要点:四、外事合同英语词汇特点及翻译要点:1、用词正式、准确(formal and accurate)具有法律效力的商务合同用词都很正式
13、、规范,避免口语化。如:The Licensee will notify the Licensor and shall assist the Licensor in taking such action as the Licensor deems appropriate。显然, 该句中的notify、assist、deem比同义词inform、help、think更为正式。如果句中接连出现这类词语,其风格自然显得郑重、严肃具有浓厚的正式文体色彩。LOGO2、注意介词或介词短语的翻译The participants in the Joint Venture shall commence disc
14、ussion with regard to the extension of the period of existence of the Venture and in the event of their agreeing upon such extension, they shall record such agreement in a written document signed by all of them not later than three years prior to the expiry of the current period.就本合资企业的存续时限的延期问题,各方应
15、进行讨论;一旦各方就此达成一致,应形成书面协议,由各方在本合同期限到期之前的三年内签字生效。LOGO3、注意词语并列的现象(juxtaposition) 国际商务合同力求正式而准确,避免可能出现的误解或分歧,所以同义词(近义词)并列的现象十分普遍。有时候是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有时候也属于合同用语的固定模式。 比如,terms在合同中一般指付款或费用(手续费、佣金等有关金钱的)条件,而conditions则指其它条件,但是“terms and conditions”常常作为固定模式在合同中出现,就不宜分译成“条件和条款”,而直接合译成“条款”。再比如:The amendments to o
16、r alteration of this contract become effect only after they are signed by parties hereto and approved by the original approving authorities.在词句中,“amendments to and alteration of ”表示“修改”,如不采用这种译法,而是逐字翻译,势必会使译文显得罗嗦而难以理解。LOGO类似的表达还有:applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules(适用法律法规)、a
17、ny and all(全部)、any duties, obligations or liabilities(所有责任)、charges, fees, costs and expenses(各种费用)、covenants and agreements(合同,协议)、customs and usages(惯例)、free and clear of(无)、import duty and tax(进口税捐)、keep secret and confidential(保密)、licenses and permits(许可)、null and void(无效)、packing and wrapping e
18、xpenses(包装费)、rights and interests(权益)、settle claims and debts(清理债务)、ships and vessels(船只)、sign and issue(签发)、support and maintenance(维护)、use and wont(习惯,惯例),等等。LOGO五、特殊用语使用:1. Whereas 鉴于正式而重要的合同,尤其是英美法系的合同,多用它在前文中引出签约背景和目的,起连词作用:Whereas the Contractor is desirous to provide the manpower for the Work
19、s;鉴于承包人想为此工程提供劳动力;2.In witness whereof 作为所协议事项的证据:该短语常用于合同的结尾条款:In witness whereof, the parties have executed this Contract in duplicate by their duly authorized representatives on the date first above written.作为所协议事项的证据,双方授权代表于上面首次写明的日期正式签订本协议一式两份。LOGO3、In consideration of 以为约因/报酬约因是英美法系的合同有效成立要件之一
20、,没有则合同不能依法强制履行。但是,大陆法系的合同则无此规定。Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and the covenants herein, contained, the parties hereto agree as follows:兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因,订约双方协议如下:4、Now, therefore 兹特此短语用于Whereas条款之后引出具体协议事项的常用开头语,并与其后hereby的结合。Now, therefore, its hereby agreed and understood as follow
21、s;兹特协议和谅解如下:LOGO5、Now these presents witness 兹特立约为据本句话也是用于Whereas条款之后引出具体协议事项。Presents = the present writings 是主语,witness是谓语:Now these presents witness that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows:兹特立约为据,并由订约双方协议如下:6、In the presence of 本短语只在有见证人时使用-在订约双方当事人签名的下方由见证人签名作证,一般是相关的律师(Attorney)或公证处(Notary Public):In the presence of the parties hereto have hereunder set their respective hands and seals:作为协议事项的证据,订约双方各自签名盖章如下:LOGOThank you!谢谢观赏!