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1、Unit 7 American LiteratureWhatdoyouknowaboutAmericanliterature?11.Early fiction2.Transcendentalists3.Power of Imagination4.New Visions and America5.Reform and liberation6. Regionalism7.A new wave8.the Modernists9.the Lost Generation“10.the Harlem Renaissance11. New Drama12.Depression Realism and Esc
2、apism13. the Beat Generation“14. New American VoicesContents 8.theModernists9.theLostGeneration“10.theHarlemRenaissance11.NewDrama12.Depression,RealismandEscapism13.theBeatGeneration“14.NewAmericanVoicesContents:Literature of Colonial AmericaLiterature of the 18th Century1.Earlyfiction2.Transcendent
3、alists3.PowerofImagination4.NewVisionsofAmerica5.Reformandliberation6.Regionalism7.Anewwave2Poor Richards Almanack穷查理年鉴The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin富兰克林自传 addressed to Franklins illegitimate son WilliamBenjamin Franklin (1706-1790)Literature of the 18th Century31. Early Fiction/American Rom
4、anticism/Early RomanticismThepost-Revolutionaryperiod:WashingtonIrvingJamesFenimoreCooper41. Early Fiction/American Romanticism/Early RomanticismWashingtonIrvingWashington Irving (1783 1859)wasan American author, essayist, biographer andhistorianoftheearly19thcentury.Hewasbestknown for his short sto
5、ries The Legend of Sleepy HollowandRip Van Winkle.Irving,alongwithJamesFenimoreCooper,was among the first American writers to earnacclaim in Europe, and Irving encouragedAmericanauthorssuchasNathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,HenryWadsworthLongfellow,andEdgarAllanPoe.他被称作美国文学之父，标志着美国文学的开端。5JamesFenim
6、oreCooperJames Fenimore Cooper was aprolificandpopularAmericanwriteroftheearly19thcentury.Heisbestremembered as a novelist whowrote numerous sea-stories andthehistoricalnovelsknownasTheLeatherstocking Tales, featuringfrontiersmanNattyBumppo.Among his most famous works istheRomanticnovelThe Last of t
7、he Mohicans, often regarded as hismasterpiece.1.1 Early Fiction/ EarlyRomanticism6JamesFenimoreCooperThe Leatherstocking TalesThe Pioneers (1823)The Last of the Mohicans (1826)The Prairie (1827)The Pathfinder (1840)The Deerslayer (1841)1. 1 Early Fiction/ EarlyRomanticism7JamesFenimoreCooper皮袜子故事集主要
8、因其描写印第安人和边疆居民而受到推崇，作者以多谋而不算高贵的印第安人与同样足智多谋的林中人之间的争斗为创作主题，取得了丰硕的成就。按内容顺序杀鹿者（TheDeerslayer）居先写青年时期的班波帮助莫希干人首领抢回未婚妻的故事；最后的莫希干人(TheLastoftheMohicans)叙述英法为争夺殖民地而进行的战争中整个莫希干部落遭到毁灭的故事；探路人(ThePathfinder)写日渐衰老，但身体硬朗的班波在爱情上自我牺牲的故事；拓荒者(ThePioneer)则更明确的表现出班波对“文明”社会的抵触和逃避；大草原(ThePrairie)叙述了班波的死亡，在和以前的几篇的对照中，使“文明”
9、与“自然”的矛盾更加复杂。Cooper是美国文学史上第一个使用边疆题材第一个使用边疆题材的作家，他把“西部”、“荒野”、“开拓精神”等概念引进美国文学作品里来。1.1 Early Fiction/ EarlyRomanticism81.2.TranscendentalistsRalphWaldoEmersonHenryDavidThoreau9NewEnglandTranscendentalism/AmericanRomanticismMatureIn1836,alittlebookcameoutwhichmadeatremendousimpactontheintellectuallifeof
10、America.ItwasentitledNaturebyRalphWaldoEmerson.“The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul.Spiritispresenteverywhere.”This new voice led American Romanticism to a new and matureperiod,theperiodofNewEnglandTranscendentalism.Thiswasthemost significant development of American literature in the mid
11、-19thcentury.10WhatdoyouknowaboutTranscendentalism?11TranscendentalismNew England Transcendentalism was an important movement inphilosophy and literature that flourished during the early to middleyears of the nineteenth century (about 1836-1860). It was, inessence,romanticidealismonPuritansoil,asser
12、tingtheexistenceofanidealspiritualrealitythattranscendsthephysicalandempirical,andisknowablethroughindividualsintuition.Notquitehappyaboutthematerialistic-orientedlifeoftheirtime,thetranscendentalistsformedthemselvesintoaninformalclub,theTranscendentalist Club. They expressed their views, publishedt
13、heirjournal,theDial日晷,andmadetheirvoiceheard.TheleadingfigureRalph Waldo EmersonManifestoNature12TranscendentalismTheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspiritasthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.Spiritwaspresenteverywhere.Itexistedinnatureandmanalikeandwasthechiefelementoftheuniverse.TheTranscendenta
14、listsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividualandbelievedthattheindividualwasthemostimportantelementinsocietyandtheidealkindofindividualwasself-reliantandunselfish.Peopleshoulddependonthemselvesforspiritualperfection.TheybelievedthattheindividualsoulcouldcommunewithGod,therefore,itwasdivine.Ittooknature
15、as symbolic of the Spirit or God.AllthingsinnatureweresymbolsoftheSpiritualorGodspresence.Naturewasalive, filled with Gods overwhelming presence. Everything in theuniversewasviewedasanexpressionofthedivinespirit.Itstressedthepowerof intuition.13Representative Works of Emerson1. Nature (1936)2. The A
16、merican Scholar (1838)manifestoofAmericanTranscendentalismAmericansshouldwriteabouthereandnowinsteadofimitatingandimportingfromotherlands.HecalledonAmericanwriterstowriteaboutAmericainawayparticularlyAmerican.AmericasDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence吹响了美国文化独立的号角14HenryDavidThoreau15WorksWorks 16
17、1.3. High RomanticismEdgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)Herman Melville (1819-1891)Walt Whitman (1819-1892)Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)171.3. High RomanticismEdgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)EdgarAllanPoewasborninBoston,Massachusetts.Hisparentsdiedwhenhewastwo.Edgarwastakenintothehom
18、eofaRichmondmerchantJohnAllan.AttheageoffivePoecouldrecitepassagesofEnglishpoetry. Later one of his teachers in Richmond said:Whiletheotherboyswrotemeremechanicalverses,Poewrotegenuinepoetry;theboywasabornpoet.OnethegreatestandunhappiestofAmericanpoets,amasterofthehorrortale.EdgarAllanPoefirstgained
19、criticalacclaiminFranceandEngland.侦探小说(detectivestory)鼻祖、科幻小说(sciencefiction)先驱之一、恐怖小说(horrorfiction)大师、唯美主义(aestheticism)者。181.3. High RomanticismTheFalloftheHouseofUsher厄舍古屋的倒塌TheMasqueoftheRedDeath红死病的假面具191.3. High RomanticismTheRaven乌鸦ToHelen致海伦AnnabelLee安娜贝尔李201.3. High RomanticismNathaniel Ha
20、wthorne (1804-1864)NathanielHawthornewasborntoafamilywithalongPuritantraditioninSalem,Massachusetts. Some of his ancestors wrenotorious for the persecution of the QuakersandfortheSalemWitchcraftTrialin1692.His father, Nathaniel Hathorne, was a seacaptain and died when the young Nathanielwas four yea
21、r old. Elizabeth Clarke ManningHathorne, his mother, withdrew to a life ofseclusion,whichshemaintainedtillherdeath.NathaniellateraddedawtomakehisnameHawthorne.YoungHawthornewasintenselyaware of the misdeeds of his Puritanancestors, and this awareness led to hisunderstanding of evil being at the core
22、 ofhumanlife.211.3. High RomanticismHawthornesWorks:TheScarletLetter(1850)红字Twice-Told Tales(1837)故事重述Mosses from an Old Manse(1846)古屋青苔“YoungGoodmanBrown”(1835)年轻小伙子布朗Like Edgar Allan Poe, Hawthorne took a dark view of human nature. He explored certain moral themes such as guilt, pride and emotiona
23、l repression.221.3. High RomanticismHerman Melville (1819-1891)231.3. High RomanticismWaltWhitman (1819-1892)WaltWhitmanwasanAmericanpoet,essayistandjournalist.WhitmanisamongthemostinfluentialpoetsintheAmericancanon,oftencalledthefatheroffreeverse.Hisworkwasverycontroversialinitstime,particularlyhis
24、poetrycollectionLeaves of Grass.241.3. High RomanticismLeaves of Grass is a poetry collection.Thoughthefirsteditionwaspublishedin1855,WhitmanspenthisentirelifewritingLeaves of Grass. revising it in severaleditionsuntilhisdeath.诗集取名草叶集有深刻寓意。“草叶”象征惠特曼的诗。以“草叶”命名诗集也是诗人民主思想的体现，因为它赋予最普通的遭人践踏的小东西以崇高的地位和尊严。
25、草叶也是包括诗人在内的千千万万具有强大生命力的美国“新人”形象。251.3. High RomanticismEmilyDickinson (1830-1886)EmilyElizabethDickinsonwasanAmericanpoet. Born in Massachusetts, to a successfulfamilywithstrongcommunityties,shelivedamostly introverted and reclusive life. Shebecameknownforherspeciallikingforwhiteclothingandherreluct
26、ancetogreetguestsor,laterinlife,evenleaveherroom.Mostofherfriendships were therefore carried out bycorrespondence.261.3. High RomanticismEmilyDickinson (1830-1886)EmilyElizabethDickinsonwrotehundredsofpoemsincluding“BecauseICouldNotStopforDeath”,“ImNobody!WhoareYou?”,“WildNights!WildNights!”27Becaus
27、eIcouldnotstopforDeathHekindlystoppedformeTheCarriageheldbutjustOurselvesAndImmortality.WeslowlydroveHeknewnohasteAndIhadputawayMylaborandmyleisuretoo,ForHisCivilityWepassedtheSchool,whereChildrenstroveAtRecessintheRingWepassedtheFieldsofGazingGrainWepassedtheSettingSun因为我不能停步等待死神他便好心地停车将我扶上马车上只有我们两
28、个还有“永生”同行。我们缓慢前进他知道无需匆忙而我已经放下劳作与闲暇只为他的谦恭我们经过学校，孩子们正在玩耍正值课间休息他们围成一圈我们经过注目凝视的庄稼我们经过西下的落日BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath28或许可以说他从我们身旁经过露水使我的身体颤抖冰凉因为我的长袍薄如蝉翼我的披肩只是薄纱我们在一幢房子前停步它仿佛是地面隆起的小丘屋顶难以辨认屋檐埋在地下自那之后几世纪过去了然而却觉得比那天的时间更短我第一次猜出原来那马头是朝着永恒OrratherHepassedusTheDewsdrewquiveringandchillForonlyGossamer(薄纱),myGo
29、wnMyTippetonlyTulleWepausedbeforeaHousethatseemedASwellingoftheGroundTheRoofwasscarcelyvisibleTheCorniceintheGroundSincethentisCenturiesandyetFeelsshorterthantheDayIfirstsurmisedtheHorsesHeadsWeretowardEternityBecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath294. Reform and LiberationHarrietBeecherStowe (1811-1896)302.
30、RealismRealismisamodeofwritingthatgivestheimpressionofrecordingfaithfullyanactualway oflife.As adominantliterarytrenditisassociatedchieflywiththe19th-centurynovelofmiddle-orlower-class life, in which the problems of ordinary people inunremarkablecircumstancesaredepictedindetail.In the work of some n
31、ovelists, realism passes over into themovement of naturalism, in which determinist views of humanbehaviorpredominate.2.1Realism2.2Regionalism/LocalColorism2.3Naturalism312. 1 RealismWilliamDeanHowells (1813-1920)WilliamDeanHowellswasanAmericanrealistauthorandliterarycritic.Hewasknown for the novel T
32、he Rise of Silas Lapham.豪威尔斯是美国现实主义文学的倡导者和奠基人之一。322.1 RealismHenryJames (1843-1916)Henry James was an American-bornwriter,regardedasoneofthekeyfiguresof19th-centuryliteraryrealism.AmongJamessmasterpiecesareDaisy Miller (1879); in which the protagonist,theyoungandinnocentAmericanDaisyMiller, finds he
33、r values in conflict withEuropeansophistication;andThe Portrait of a Lady(1881).International theme AmericanslivinginEurope332. 1 RealismInThe Wings of the Dove(1902)aninheritance destroys the love of ayoungcouple.JamesconsideredThe Ambassadors(1903)his“perfect”workofart.Jamessmostfamousshortstoryis
34、The Turn of the Screw,aghoststoryin which the question of childhoodcorruptionobsesses(困 扰 )agoverness.The Wings of the DoveThe AmbassadorsThe Golden Bowl342. 1 RealismEdithWharton,(18621937)Edith Wharton, was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American novelist, short storywriter,anddesigner.Sheoftentraveledw
35、ithHenryJamesinEurope.Whartoncombinedherinsiders view of Americas privilegedclasses with a brilliant, natural wit towritehumorousnovelsandshortstoriesofsocialandpsychologicalinsight.Shewaswellacquaintedwithmanyofhereras other literary and public figures,including Henry James and TheodoreRoosevelt.35
36、2. 1 RealismThe House of Mirth,1905The Age of Innocence,1920(PulitzerPrizewinner)362. 1 RealismKateChopin(18511904)wasanAmerican author of short stories andnovels.Sheisnowconsideredbysometo have been a forerunner of feministauthorsofthe20thcentury.The Story of an HourThe AwakeningWorks:372. 2 Region
37、alism/Local ColorismMarkTwainSamuelLanghorneClemens(18351910)MarkTwain,wasanAmericanauthorandhumorist.Heismostnotedforhis novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer(1876),anditssequel,Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1885), the latter often called theGreatAmericanNovel.马马克克吐吐温温是是19世世纪纪美美国国现现实实主主义义文文学学主主要要奠奠
38、基基人人之之一一，在在现现实实主主义义小小说说理理论论和和小小说说语语言言风风格格方方面面，为为美美国国文文学学的的发发展展做做出出了了卓卓越越贡贡献献。他他提提倡倡创创作作具具有有乡乡土土气气息息的的文文学学作作品品，主主张张作作家家从从自自己己所所熟熟悉悉的的地地区区开开始始，运运用用人人民民的的语语言言，描描写写人人民民的的生生活活，刻刻画画他他们们的的性性格格和和灵灵魂魂。他他认认为为，倘倘然然作作家家都都遵遵循循这这一一原原则则进进行行创创作作，美美国国人人民民和和美美国国生生活活的的全全貌貌便便会会如如实实地地展展现现在在世世人人面面前前，也也只只有有这这样样，才会写出才会写出“伟
39、大的美国小说伟大的美国小说”。382.3 NaturalismItisamoredeliberatekindofrealisminnovels,stories,andplays,usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims ofnatural forces and social environment. American novelistsassociated with naturalism include Stephen Crane, TheodoreDreiser,UptonSinclair,JackLondon.T
40、hemostsignificantworkofnaturalisminEnglishisDreisersSister Carrie.Stephen CraneTheodoreDreiserUpton SinclairJack London392.3 NaturalismStephen CraneStephenCrane(18711900)wasanAmericannovelist,shortstorywriter,poetandjournalist.TheeighthsurvivingchildofMethodistProtestantparents,Cranebeganwritingatth
41、eageofeightandhadpublishedseveralarticlesbytheageof16.Having little interest in university studies, he left school in1891andbeganworkasareporterandwriter.CranesfirstnovelwasMaggie: A Girl of the Streets,whichcriticsgenerallyconsiderthefirstworkofAmericanNaturalism.Hewoninternationalacclaimforhis1895
42、CivilWarnovelThe Red Badge of Courage.40TheodoreDreiser2.3 NaturalismDreiser was born in Indiana, theninthchildofGerman-speakingparents.Hischildhoodwasspentinextremepoverty.AftersomemonthsatIndianaUniversity,hebecameareporter.His first novel, Sister Carrie, tellsthestoryofapoorcountrygirlwhogoes to
43、Chicago to pursue theAmerican dream. She has twoloversandliveswiththemoneafteranother without marriage. But shesurvivesandisrewarded.嘉莉妹妹嘉莉妹妹41Upton Sinclair2.3 Naturalism令辛克莱没有想到的是，小说对社会现实的影响远远大于其艺术贡献。他后来曾就此调侃，“我我想想打打动动公公众众的的心心，却却不不料料击击中中了了他他们的胃们的胃”。屠场一问世，美国国内肉类食品的销售量急剧下降，欧洲削减一半从美国进口的肉制品，整个美国畜牧业陷入一
44、片恐慌。而书中暴露的美国肉品加工行业的种种内幕，引发了公众对食品安全和卫生的强烈反响，直接推动了1906年纯净食品及药物管理法的通过。传说美国总统西奥多罗斯福吃早点边读屠场。突然他大叫一声：“我我中中毒毒了了。”紧跟着，把吃了一半的香肠统统扔出窗外历史过了一百年，一百年前美国人的不幸又落到了我们中国人的头上。422.3 NaturalismJack London (1876 1916)wasanAmericanauthor,journalist,andsocialactivist.Heis best remembered as theauthorofCall of the Wild.433.
45、ModernismModernPoetryModernFictionModernDramaModernism443.1 Modern PoetryEzraPoundT.S.ElioteecummingsWilliamCarlosWilliams453.1 Modern PoetryEzraPound(18851973)EzraPoundwasanAmericanexpatriatepoetandcritic,andamajorfigureintheearlymodernistmovementinpoetry.He became known for his role in developingI
46、magism.463.1 Modern PoetryEzraPound(18851973)Imagism意象派意象派thepoeticpracticeofasmallbutinfluentialgroupofAmericanandBritishpoetscallingthemselvesImagistsbetween1912-1917.Ledat first by Ezra Pound, and then by AmyLowell.InfluencedbytheJapanesehaiku(俳俳句句 ), partly by ancient Greek lyrics andChineseanci
47、entpoetry,theImagistscultivatedconcisionanddirectness,buildingtheirshortpoemsaroundsingleimages.意意象象派派的的宗宗旨旨是是要要求求诗诗人人以以鲜鲜明明、准准确确、含含蓄蓄和和高高度度凝凝炼炼的的意意象象生生动动及及形形象象地地展展现现事事物物，并并将将诗诗人人瞬瞬息息间间的的思思想想感感情情溶溶化化在在诗诗行行中中。它它反反对对发发表表议论及感叹。意象派诗议论及感叹。意象派诗短小、简练、形象鲜明。短小、简练、形象鲜明。476. 1Modern Poetry“In a Station of the
48、Metro”在地铁站里hasbeenregardedasaclassicworkofImagistpoetry.The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.483.1 Modern PoetryThe apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.The object treated is the faces in that dim and damp metro station. The impress
49、ion is brought out most vividly by the single, dominant image of flower petals on a wet, black bough which serves as the most concise, direct, and definite metaphor for the “faces” in the crowd.Analysis:人群中幻影般浮现的脸潮湿的，黑色树枝上的花瓣493.1 Modern PoetryT.S.Eliot(18881965)The Waste Land 荒原荒原Eliot published Th
50、e Waste Land in 1922. Hededicated it to Ezra Pound for Pounds greathelpineditingandreshapingthepoemfromalongerEliotmanuscripttotheshortenedversionthatappearsinpublication.Thepoemisoftenreadasarepresentationofthedisillusionmentofthepost-wargeneration.503.1 Modern PoetryeecummingsWilliamCarlosWilliams
51、513. 2 Modern FictionF.ScottFitzgeraldErnestHemingwayWilliamFaulknerSherwoodAndersonLost Generation:Other Modern Writers:SinclairLewisWillaCatherJohnSteinbeck523. 2 Modern FictionLost Generation:LostGeneration,ingeneral,thepost-WorldWarIgeneration,butspecificallyagroupofU.S.writerswhocameofageduring
52、thewarand established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The termstemsfromaremarkmadebyGertrudeSteintoErnestHemingway,“Youareallalostgeneration.”Hemingwayuseditasanepigraph题题词词to The Sun Also Rises (1926.The generation was “lost” in thesense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in
53、 thepostwarworld.迷迷惘惘的的一一代代第第一一次次世世界界大大战战后后美美国国的的一一个个文文学学流流派派。20年年代代初初，侨侨居居巴巴黎黎的的美美国国女女作作家家格格斯斯泰泰因因对对海海明明威威说说：“你你们们都都是是迷迷惘惘的的一一代代。”海海明明威威把把这这句句话话作作为为他他第第一一部部长长篇篇小小说说太太阳阳照照常常升升起起的的题题词词，“迷迷惘惘的的一一代代”从从此此成成为为这这批批虽虽无无纲纲领领和和组组织织但但有有相相同同的的创创作作倾倾向向的的作作家家的的称称谓谓。所所谓谓“迷迷惘惘”，是是指指他他们们共共有有的的彷彷徨徨和和失失望望情情绪绪。“迷迷惘惘的的
54、一一代代”尽尽管管是是一一个个短短暂暂的的潮潮流流，但它在美国文学史上的地位是确定了的。但它在美国文学史上的地位是确定了的。53FamouswritersErnestMillerHemingway欧内斯特欧内斯特米勒米勒海明威海明威GertrudeStein格特鲁德格特鲁德斯泰因斯泰因F.ScottFitzgerald斯科特斯科特菲茨杰拉德菲茨杰拉德WilliamFaulkner威廉威廉福克纳福克纳.543. 2 Modern FictionF.ScottFitzgeraldErnestHemingwayWilliamFaulknerLost Generation:The Great Gats
55、byThe Sun Also Rises A Farewell to Arms For Whom the Bell Tolls The Old Man and the Sea The Sound and the Fury Light in AugustA Rose for Emily55人生来就不是人生来就不是为了被打败，为了被打败，人能够被毁灭，人能够被毁灭，但不能被打败。但不能被打败。-Hemingway56(July21,1899July2,1961)Notableawards:PulitzerPrizeforFiction(1953)NobelPrizeinLiterature(195
56、4)ErnestMillerHemingwayAnAmericanauthorandjournalist.Hiseconomicalandunderstatedstylehadastronginfluenceon20th-centuryfiction,whilehislifeofadventureandhispublicimageinfluencedlatergenerations.57Majorworkstennovels,tencollectionsofshortstoriesandsixworksofnon-fictionAFarewelltoArms永别了，武器永别了，武器TheSun
57、AlsoRises太阳照常升起太阳照常升起TheOldManandtheSea老人与海老人与海ForWhomtheBellTolls丧钟为谁而鸣丧钟为谁而鸣TheGardenofEden伊甸园伊甸园.58GertrudeStein格特鲁德格特鲁德斯泰因斯泰因February3,1874July27,1946AnAmericanwriter,poetandartcollectorwhospentmostofherlifeinFrance.ShesaidtoHemingway:Youarethelostgeneration.AndHemingwayusethissentenceastheheadi
58、nginhisnovelthe Sun Also the Sun Also Rises.Rises.59F.ScottFitzgerald斯科特斯科特菲茨杰拉德菲茨杰拉德September24,1896December21,1940Mainworks:Americannovelistandshort-storywriter.Fitzgeraldisconsideredtheliteraryspokesmanofthe“jazzage”thedecadeofthe1920sThisSideofParadise人间天堂人间天堂TalesoftheJazzAge爵士时代的故事爵士时代的故事TheGr
59、eatGatsby了不起的盖茨比了不起的盖茨比60TheGreatGatsbywaspublishedin1922byF.ScottFitzgerald.Atfirstglance,thenovelappearstobeasimplelovestory,butfurtherexaminationrevealsFitzgeraldsmasterfulscrutinyofAmericansocietyduringthe1920sandthecorruptionoftheAmericandream.61WilliamFaulkner威廉威廉福克纳福克纳September25,1897July6,19
60、62AnAmericanwriterhewrotenovels,shortstories,aplay,poetry,essaysandscreenplaysduringhiscareer.A FableA FableandhislastnovelThe The ReiversReivers( wonthePulitzerPrizeforFiction)As I Lay DyingAs I Lay Dying(wontheNobelPrizeinLiterature)623. 2 Modern FictionSherwoodAndersonOther Modern Writers:Sinclai
61、rLewisWillaCatherJohnSteinbeckWinesburg, OhioMain Street (1920)Babbitt (1922)Arrowsmith (1925O Pioneers!The Grapes of WrathNobelPrize(1930)633. 3 Modern DramaEugeneONeill(1888-1953)Eugene ONeill was awardedthe Nobel Prize for Literature in1936.Desire Under the ElmsMourning Becomes ElectraThe Iceman
62、ComethLong Days Journey Into Night644 Harlem RenaissanceLangstonHughes(1902-1967)Harlem Renaissance a notable phase of black AmericanwritingcentredinHarlem(aperdominantlyblackareaofNewYork City) in the 1920s. The movement included the poetsLangstonHughes.Itbroughtanewself-awarenessandcriticalrespect
63、toblackliteratureintheUnitedStates.哈莱姆文艺复兴哈莱姆文艺复兴655. Postwar VoicesBlackWritersJewishWritersBeatGeneration665.1 Black WritersRichardWright(1908-1960)HewasanAmericanauthorofsometimescontroversial novels, short stories andnon-fiction.Muchofhisliteratureconcernsracialthemes,especiallythoseinvolvingthe
64、plightofAfrican-Americansduringthe19thcentury.Native Son 675.1 Black WritersRalphEllison(1914-1994)HewasanAmericannovelist,literarycritic,scholar and writer. Ellison is best knownforhisnovelInvisible Man,whichwontheNationalBookAwardin1953.Invisible Man小说描写一个无名无姓的黑人青年躲在纽约一家白人住宅的地下室里，叙述自己从种族歧视和种族压迫根深蒂
65、固的南方来到工业发达的北方大城市，为了寻求自我反而失去自我的经过，抒发了20多年来淤结在心头的郁闷，使自己得到一些慰藉；同时也揭示了存在于资本主义美国的人与人、人与社会以及种族之间的种种不正常关系。685.1 Black WritersHe was an American novelist, writer,playwright, poet, essayist and civil rightsactivist.MostofBaldwinsworkdealswithracial and sexual issues in the mid-20thcenturyintheUnitedStates.Go
66、 Tell It on the MountainThe Fire Next Time(1924-1987)695.2 Jewish WritersSaulBellow(1915-2005)Saul Bellow was a Canadian-born American writer.Forhisliterarycontributions,BellowwasawardedthePulitzer Prize, the Nobel Prize for Literature andNationalBookAward.HeistheonlywritertohavewontheNationalBookAw
67、ardthreetimes.His best-known works include Dangling Man, The Adventures of Augie March, Herzog, Mr. Sammlers Planet, Seize the Day, Humboldts Gift.Widely regarded as one of the twentieth centurysgreatest authors, Bellow has had a huge literaryinfluence.705.2 Jewish Writers(1904-1991)IsaacBashevisSin
68、gerwasaJewishAmericanauthorbornin.HehademigratedtotheUnitedStatesin1935,butcontinuedtowritein.Hewasoneoftheleadingfiguresin the Yiddish literary movement,and receivedtheNobelPrizeinliteraturein1978.The Magician of Lublin卢布林的魔术师PolandYiddish715.3 Beat GenerationIt refers to a group of American writer
69、s in the late1950s,ledbythepoetAllenGinsbergandthenovelistJack Kerouac Jack Kerouac. Writers of the “BeatGeneration” dropped out of middle-class society insearchofbeatificecstasythroughdrugs,sex,andZenBuddhism(禅 宗 佛 教 ). Their loose styles favourspontaneous self-expression and recitation to jazzacco
70、mpaniment.TheprincipleworksofthegroupareGinsbergs Howl 嚎 叫 and Kerouacs On the Road在路上在路上.725.3 Beat GenerationAllen Ginsberg was an American poetwhovigorouslyopposedmilitarism,materialismandsexualrepression.Inthe1950s,Ginsbergwasaleadingfigureofthe Beat Generation. Ginsberg was apracticingBuddhistw
71、hostudiedEasternreligiousdisciplines.(19261997)RepresentativeWork:Howl 嚎叫735.4 Postwar WriterJ.D.Salinger(19192010)JeromeDavidSalinger(pronounced/slndr/,) was an American author, bestknown forhis 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye,aswellashisreclusivenature.ThesuccessofThe Catcher in the Ryeledtopubl
72、ic attention and scrutiny: Salinger becamereclusive, publishing new work less frequently.Hislastoriginalpublishedworkwasin1965;hegavehislastinterviewin1980.746. Women WritersToniMorrisonisaNobelPrizeandPulitzerPrize-winningAmericannovelist,editor,andprofessor.Herbestknownnovelsare(1931)The Bluest Ey
73、e Song of Solomon Beloved756. Women WritersAlice Walker is an African Americanauthorandpoet.Shehaswrittenbothfiction and essays about race andgender. She is best-known for thenovelforwhichshewonthePulitzerPrizeforFiction.(1944)The Color Purple(1982)766. Women WritersMaxineHongKingston(Chinese:湯婷婷)is
74、aChineseAmericanauthorandProfessorretiredattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Kingstonhaswrittennovelsabouttheexperiences of Chinese immigrants living intheUnitedStates.Shehascontributedtothefeminist movement with such works as The Woman Warrior,whichdiscussesgenderandethnicity and how these concept
75、s affect thelivesofwomen.KingstonreceivedtheNationalBookAwardin1981forhernovelChina Men.(1940)776. Women WritersAmyTanisanAmericanwriterwhoseworksexplore mother-daughter relationships. Hermostwell-knownworkisThe Joy Luck Club,whichhasbeentranslatedinto35languages.In 1993, the book was adapted into a
76、commerciallysuccessfulfilm.Tan has written several other bestsellingnovels,includingThe Kitchen Gods Wife.(1952)78美国黑色幽默派代表作家，出生于纽约市布鲁克林一个犹太移民家庭。Review第二十二条军规Catch-22JosephHeller791.Romanticism2.1.1EarlyRomanticism3.1.2Transcendentalists4.1.3HighRomanticism2.Realism2.1Realism2.2Regionalism/LocalColorism2.3Naturalism3.Modernism3.1ModernPoetry(Imagism)2.2ModernFiction(LostGeneration)2.3ModernDrama4.HarlemRenaissance5.PostwarVoices5.1BlackWriters5.2JewishWriters5.3BeatGeneration6.WomenWriters80
