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1、第二部分第二部分 语法专项突破语法专项突破第八讲定语从句第八讲定语从句一、关系代词引导的定语从句一、关系代词引导的定语从句关系关系代词代词指代指代范围范围在从句中所在从句中所作成分作成分例句例句whowhom人人人人主语、宾语主语、宾语宾语宾语(2014湖南五市第一次联考湖南五市第一次联考)Sarah Brightman，who will fly to space in 2015，will be the first woman to fly there in the field of music.Mr.Smith is the person with whom I am working.关系关
2、系代词代词指代指代范围范围在从句中所作成在从句中所作成分分例句例句thatwhich人或物人或物主语、宾语表主语、宾语表语语(不引导非限不引导非限制性定语从句制性定语从句)A plane is a machine that can fly.I dont know the man (that) you mentioned.物物主语、宾语主语、宾语The book which you borrowed yesterday is really interesting.The train which has just left is for Beijing.关系关系代词代词指代指代范围范围在从句中在从
3、句中所作成分所作成分例句例句whose人或物人或物定语定语Do you know the boy whose father (the father of whom/of whom the father) is an engineer?He lives in a house whose windows(the windows of which/of which the windows) face south.1 (2013高高 考考 福福 建建 卷卷 )The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _ liv
4、es were affected.AwhoseBthatCwhoDwhichA解解析析：句句意意:这这本本书书通通过过那那些些生生活活受受到到影影响响的的人人的的视视角角讲讲述述了了地地震震的的故故事事。根根据据句句意意可可判判断断所所选选连连词词引引导导的的是是定定语语从从句句。定定语语从从句句中中关关系系词词的的选选择择是是由由关关系系词词在在定定语语从从句句中中所所作作的的成成分分来来决决定定的的。题题干干中中先先行行词词是是代代词词those，表表示示“那那些些人人”，而而在在定定语语从从句句中中缺缺乏乏的的成成分分意意思思应应是是“那那些些人人的的”，所所以以只只有有关关系系代代词词
5、whose符符合合题题意意，whose在在定定语语从从句句中中作作定定语语。关关系系代代词词that，who和和which在在定定语语从从句句中中只只能能作作主主语语或或宾宾语语。解解答答这这类类题题目目的的关关键键在在于于分分析析定定语语从从句句中中所所缺缺的的成成分分，也也就就是关系词在定语从句中所作的成分。是关系词在定语从句中所作的成分。2(2013高考山东卷高考山东卷)Finally he reached a lonely island _ was completely cut off from the outside world.Awhen Bwhere Cwhich Dwhom解析
6、：句意：最后他到达了一个完全与外部世界隔绝的孤岛解析：句意：最后他到达了一个完全与外部世界隔绝的孤岛上。句中的先行词上。句中的先行词a lonely island 在后面的定语从句中作主在后面的定语从句中作主语语,故用故用which 引导。因先行词是地点名词短语引导。因先行词是地点名词短语a lonely island，学生很容易误选，学生很容易误选where来引导定语从句而不去分析来引导定语从句而不去分析先行词在句中所作的成分。先行词在句中所作的成分。C二、二、that与与which，who，whom的用法区别的用法区别情况情况用法说明用法说明例句例句只用只用that的情的情况况(1)先行词
7、为先行词为all,Everything,anything,Nothing,little,much等不定代等不定代词时词时;(2)先行词被先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时等修饰时;(3)先行词由形容词最高级和先行词由形容词最高级和序数词修饰时序数词修饰时;(4)先行词既指人又指物时先行词既指人又指物时;(5)先行词被先行词被the only,the very修饰时修饰时;(6)句中已经有句中已经有who或或which,为了避免重复时。为了避免重复时。He told me everything that he knows.All
8、the books that you offered have been given out.This is the best film that I have ever seen.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.He is the only man that I want to see.Who is the man that is making a speech？情况情况用法说明用法说明例句例句只用只用which,who,whom的情况的情况(1)在非限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，只能用只能用whi
9、ch指物，用指物，用who/whom指人；指人；(2)在由在由“介词关系代词介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，用指物，用whom指人；指人；(3)先行词本身是先行词本身是that时，关时，关系词用系词用which，先行词为，先行词为those，one，he/she时多用时多用who。He has a son，who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually
10、 respected by others.(2013高考湖南卷高考湖南卷)Happiness and success often come to those_are good at recognizing their own strengths.Awhom BwhoCwhat Dwhich解析：句意：快乐和成功经常会眷顾那些善于欣赏自己优点解析：句意：快乐和成功经常会眷顾那些善于欣赏自己优点的人。分析句子成分可知，的人。分析句子成分可知，“_are good at recognizing their own strengths”是定语从句，修饰先行词是定语从句，修饰先行词those，从句中缺少
11、主语，故用，从句中缺少主语，故用who引导，所以答案为引导，所以答案为B。B三、关系副词引导的定语从句三、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词关系副词指代指代范围范围在从句中在从句中所作成分所作成分例句例句when(at/on/in/duringwhich)where(at/in which)时间时间时间状语时间状语(2012高考浙江卷高考浙江卷)We live in an age when more information is available with greater ease than ever before.地点地点地点状语地点状语(2013高考新课标全国卷高考新课标全国卷)When I
12、 arrived，Bryan took me to see the house where I would be staying.关系副词关系副词指代范围指代范围在从句中在从句中所作成分所作成分例句例句why(forwhich)原因原因原因原因状语状语I dont know the reason why(for which)he was late.关系关系副副词指代范指代范围在从句中所作在从句中所作成分成分例句例句温馨温馨提示提示(1)the way作先行词，当作先行词，当它在从句中充当方式状它在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可语时，其后的关系词可以是以是in which,that或省略；
13、或省略；(2)当它在从句中充当主当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用后的关系词就用that或或which。The way(that/in which) he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.(状语状语)比较：比较：The way (that/which)he explained to us was quite simple.(宾语宾语)关系关系副副词指代范指代范围在从句中所在从句中所作成分作成分例句例句温馨温馨提示提示当先行词是当先行词是situation,stage,
14、process,activity，case,condition等等,且关系词在且关系词在从句中作状语时从句中作状语时,要用关系副要用关系副词词where,作主语、宾语用作主语、宾语用which或或that。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.Well see a case where the music could cure people.先行词为先行词为occasions，当，当“时时机机”讲时，用关系副词讲时，用关系副词when；当；当“场合场合”讲时，用关系讲时，用关系副词副词wh
15、ere。Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.1.(2013高考北京卷高考北京卷)Many countries are now setting up national parks_animals and plants can be protected.Awhen BwhichCwhose DwhereD解析：句意：眼下，许多国家正在建立一些国家公园，动物解析：句意：眼下，许多国家正在建立一些国家公园，动物和植物在那儿可以得到保护。分析结构可知，此处是考查定和植物在那儿可以得到保护。分析
16、结构可知，此处是考查定语从句的引导词，先行词为语从句的引导词，先行词为national parks，定语从句中缺，定语从句中缺少地点状语，要用少地点状语，要用where来引导，相当于来引导，相当于in which。关系副。关系副词词when在定语从句中作时间状语在定语从句中作时间状语;which在定语从句中作主语、在定语从句中作主语、宾语；宾语；whose只作定语，三者均不符合语境，故正确答案为只作定语，三者均不符合语境，故正确答案为D项。解答这类题目首先要找准先行词，然后根据定语从句所项。解答这类题目首先要找准先行词，然后根据定语从句所缺的成分来确定选项。缺的成分来确定选项。2.(2013高
17、考浙江卷高考浙江卷)The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform _ visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built.Awhat Bwhere Cwhen Dwhy解析：句意：博物馆将在春季开放，届时将有一个展览，还解析：句意：博物馆将在春季开放，届时将有一个展览，还有一个观光平台，在这里参观者可以看到许多在建的大玻璃有一个观光平台，在这里参观者可以看到许多在建的大玻璃暖房。分析句子结构可知，暖房。分析句子结构可知，_ visitor
18、s can watch the big glasshouses being built为定语从句，为定语从句，a viewing platform为定语从句的先行词，从句缺少地点状语，要用为定语从句的先行词，从句缺少地点状语，要用where引导，所以正确答案为引导，所以正确答案为B项。项。B四、四、“介词关系代词介词关系代词”引导的定语从句引导的定语从句介介词词关关系系代代词词名名(代代)词介词词介词which/whomPlease pass me the book，the cover of which is blue.数词数词/形容词最形容词最高级高级ofwhich/whomHe has t
19、en cousins，the youngest of whom is clever.介词介词(短语短语)which/whom(2013高考重庆卷高考重庆卷)John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of whom are family members.介词介词which/whose名词名词She suffered from illness，in which case her husband had to stay home.(2012高考天津卷高考天津卷)I wish to thank Professor Smith，without wh
20、ose help I would never have got this far.温温馨馨提提示示(1)“复合介词短语关系代词复合介词短语关系代词which”引导的定语从句，引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。从句常用倒装语序。I can see a mountain in the distance，on the top of which stands an old temple dating from the Ming Dynasty. (2)不常见的不常见的“介词关系副词介词关系副词”结构，如结构
21、，如from where，since when等，意思上相当于等，意思上相当于from there，since then。I came here in 1949，since when I have been engaged in this work.我我1949年到这里，从那时起我就从事这项工作。年到这里，从那时起我就从事这项工作。China is the birth place of kites，from where kite flying spread to Japan，Korea，Thailand and India.中中国是风筝的故乡，从这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国是风筝的故乡，从
22、这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。国和印度。1(2013高考辽宁卷高考辽宁卷)He may win the competition，_he is likely to get into the national team.Ain which caseBin that caseCin what caseDin whose case解析：句意：他也许会赢得比赛，那样的话，他就可能会进入解析：句意：他也许会赢得比赛，那样的话，他就可能会进入国家队。此处引导定语从句，国家队。此处引导定语从句，in which case指代指代“他可能会赢他可能会赢得比赛得比赛”这件事情这件事情,介词后的关系代词不
23、能用介词后的关系代词不能用that,故排除故排除B项项;what不引导定语从句；不引导定语从句；whose指代指代“的的”,不符合语境。不符合语境。A2(2013高考浙江卷高考浙江卷)The children，_ had played the whole day long，were worn out.Aall of whatBall of which Call of themDall of whom解析：句意：孩子们玩了一整天，都累坏了。分析句子结构解析：句意：孩子们玩了一整天，都累坏了。分析句子结构可知，可知，_had played the whole day long是非限制是非限制性定语
24、从句，先行词性定语从句，先行词children指人，故排除指人，故排除A、B、C三项。三项。所以正确答案为所以正确答案为D项。项。D五、五、as引导的定语从句引导的定语从句定语定语从句从句区别区别例句例句as引引导限导限制性制性定语定语从句从句(1)“the same.that”that修饰的名词与原修饰的名词与原物是同一个；物是同一个；(2)“the same.as.”as修饰的是与先行词同修饰的是与先行词同类型的一个东西类型的一个东西This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.(同一个书包同一个书包)This is the same bag as
25、I lost yesterday.(同类型的另同类型的另一个一个)“such/so.as.”和和“such/so.that.”结构结构不同，不同，as引导定语从引导定语从句，而句，而that引导状语引导状语从句。从句。They talked in such simple English as children could understand.(定语从句定语从句)They talked in such simple English that children could understand it.(状语从句状语从句)定语定语从句从句区别区别例句例句as引引导非导非限制限制性定性定语从语从句句
26、(1)as引导非限制性定语从句，通常先引导非限制性定语从句，通常先行词为整个句子，意为行词为整个句子，意为“正如正如，正像正像”。as引导的从句既可以放引导的从句既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，有时在主句前，也可以放在主句后，有时还要插入主句中。还要插入主句中。as常用于下列习惯常用于下列习惯英语中：英语中：as we had expected正如我们所预料的正如我们所预料的那样那样as often happens正如经常发生的那样正如经常发生的那样as has been said before正如以前所说正如以前所说的那样的那样as is mentioned above正如上面提到正如上
27、面提到的的as is often the case情况往往是这样情况往往是这样The air quality in the city, as is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.正正如报告所显示的如报告所显示的,在在过去的两个月里过去的两个月里,这这个城市的空气质量个城市的空气质量已有所改善。已有所改善。They won the game,as we had expected.正如所预料的一样正如所预料的一样,他他们赢得了比赛。们赢得了比赛。定语从句定语从句区别区别例句例句as引导引导非限制性非限制性定语从
28、句定语从句(2)which引导非限制引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面性定语从句修饰前面整个句子时，常译为整个句子时，常译为“这一点，这件事这一点，这件事”等。等。which从句只能从句只能位于被修饰句子的后位于被修饰句子的后面。面。The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect.天气结果很好，这超天气结果很好，这超出了我的想象。出了我的想象。1(2013高考山东卷高考山东卷)There is no simple answer，_ is often the case in science.Aas B
29、that Cwhen Dwhere 解析：句意：没有简单的答案，在科学上情况通常是这样。解析：句意：没有简单的答案，在科学上情况通常是这样。因句中有逗号，其后面的句子中无连词引导，可判断是定语因句中有逗号，其后面的句子中无连词引导，可判断是定语从句。本句的先行词是空格前的整个句子从句。本句的先行词是空格前的整个句子,有此用法的是有此用法的是as。as在句中意为在句中意为“正如，正像正如，正像”。“as is often the case”常被常被看作是一个固定搭配，意为看作是一个固定搭配，意为“情况通常是这样情况通常是这样”，符合句意。，符合句意。that不能引导非限制性定语从句，不能引导非限
30、制性定语从句，when的先行词在后面的定的先行词在后面的定语从句中作时间状语，语从句中作时间状语，where 的先行词在后面的定语从句中的先行词在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故作地点状语，故B、C、D三项都不符合句意，应被排除。三项都不符合句意，应被排除。A2(2013高考安徽卷高考安徽卷)Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012，_ made one of the Chinese peoples longheld dreams come true.Ait Bthat Cwhat Dwhich解析：句意：莫言获得解析：句
31、意：莫言获得2012年诺贝尔文学奖，这件事使中国年诺贝尔文学奖，这件事使中国人民长久以来的一个梦想得以实现。此处为非限制性定语从人民长久以来的一个梦想得以实现。此处为非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子。句，修饰前面整个句子。it和和what不能引导定语从句，可排不能引导定语从句，可排除；除；that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。故选不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。故选D项。项。D3.(2013高考新课标全国卷高考新课标全国卷)“You cant judge a book by its cover，”_Aas the saying goes old Bgoes as the old sayingCas the old saying goes Dgoes as old the saying解析：句意：俗话说，解析：句意：俗话说，“你不能以貌取人你不能以貌取人”。as the old saying goes是一个固定的用法，表示是一个固定的用法，表示“俗话说俗话说”。其他的。其他的各个选项都是错误表达形式，故都可排除。各个选项都是错误表达形式，故都可排除。C
