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1、U3_mainGet StartedText StudySupplementary ResourcesGet Started_ mainGet StartedGet Started1. A General Introduction2. Focus InGet Started_1.1Get StartedGet Started_1.1Get Started Modernism was born at the turn of the 20th century and swept many countries. Many social and psychological problems found
2、 expression in cultural and literary form, thus representing the real mood and emotion of the ordinary people in the West who were torn by countless troubles arising out of the social, political and cultural contradictions and clashes. At this juncture, the emergence of a number of schools of social
3、 ideology in the late 19th century, such as Freuds theory of psycho-analysis, Bergsons theory of intuitionalism as well as the seemingly irrational ideas of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche helped define and clarify the spiritual needs of those intellectuals. These ideological varieties further emancipate
4、d peoples mind and gave them both courage and direction to tap the new area of human knowledge and ideology.Get Started_1.2Get Started In a way the change of the cultural and intellectual climate in this period had something to do with romanticism and cultural trend of the time. More radical modes o
5、f creation appeared, first in poetry and then spread to other forms of writing and art. They were more rebellious, more radical, more opposed to tradition and social reality and more concerned with their own forms of subjective representation. Such a changed approach moved eventually into modernism.
6、 Symbolism as an aesthetic movement opened the way for the eventual arrival of modernism, a grand and complicated cultural movement taking form at the beginning of the 20th century. It included literature and art and embraced many schools of ideological rebellion and alternative forms of artistic re
7、presentation. It marked the inception of a really new era in terms of cultural and intellectual development. Get Started_2.1Get Startedl To understand the background and definition of modernisml To compare the different modernist trends of literaturel To get familiar with the major modernist figures
8、l To get to know the literary and cultural criticism of new eraText Study _mainText StudyText StudyI. A General Account of ModernismII. Modernist Trend of LiteratureIII. Modernist Literature in Britain and Other English-speaking CountriesIV. Literary and Cultural Criticism of New EraText Study _I_1.
9、4Text StudyMain Ideasl The early signs of Modernism (the middle of the 19th century in France) Baudelaire in poetry/Manet in painting/Flaubert in prose fiction two schools of arts and letters: impressionism and symbolisml The definition of Modernism (by Morris Bib) i. two extremes: the reestablishme
10、nt of religious faith on the one hand and the defence of individualist, anarchist culture on the other ii. one middle line: the vacillation between faith and bewilderment, belief and suspicionMain Ideasl a salient characteristic of Modernismindividual awarenessl The core of Modernist thought i. the
11、sense of despair, bitterness and anxiety: the death of all modern idols: God, man, reason, science, progress and history age of anxiety: anxiety of meaninglessness (loss of a spiritual center, faith and values) ii. the maturation of the modernist movement: literary revolution by the “lost generation
12、”: to rebel against the senseless slaughter of WWI and the traditional values artistic revolution by the Dada: to break with the values of the 19th century and its philosophical and personal materialism and its rationalism Text Study _I_1.5Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study _I_1.5Text StudyMai
13、n IdeaslModernist performances in literature and art features: represent both progressive and radical tendencies; insist upon the subjectivity expressive means: expressionism, cubism, post-impressionism, futurism, etc. emblem: the adversary culture major figures among writers: T. S. Eliot, James Joy
14、ce, Gertrude Stein, Virginia Woolf major figures among composers: Arnold Schoenberg, Igor Stravinsky, Anton Webern major figures of modern dance: Emile Jaques-Delcroze, Rudolf Laban, Loie Fuller Main IdeasText Study _I_1.5Text StudyMain Ideas Modernist Influence to bring about a variety of Modernist
15、 genres and groups: Bolshevik tendencies, International Style, avant-garde activity, etc. to revolt against the values of the Industrial Revolution and bourgeois conservative values to cause a series of cultural and artistic works different from traditional form of art to open a way of thinking and
16、creation to human cultural and spiritual development, and move to the Postmodernist eraMain Ideasmajor figures among painters: Edouard Manetmajor figures among architects: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusierl Text Study _I_1.4Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study _I_1.4Text StudyMain IdeasMain
17、 IdeasText Study _I_1.4Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study _I_2.1Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsRealpolitik (power policy) 实实力力政政策策: It refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on power and on practical and material factors and considerations, rather than ideological notions o
18、r moralistic or ethical premises. In this respect, it shares aspects of its philosophical approach with those of realism and pragmatism. Realpolitik is a theory of politics that focuses on considerations of power, not ideals, morals, or principles. Balancing power to keep the European pentarchy was
19、the means for keeping the peace, and careful Realpolitikers tried to avoid arms races. The most famous German advocate of “Realpolitik” was Otto von Bismarck. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _I_2.2Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _I_2.3T
20、ext StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termsthe Lost Generation 迷迷惘惘的的一一代代: A term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. The term is common
21、ly applied to Hart Crane, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and others. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _I_2.5Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsDada or Dadaism 达达达达主主义义: A cultural movement that began in Zurich, Switzerland, during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922. Th
22、e movement primarily involved visual arts, literaturepoetry, art manifestoes, art theorytheatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works. Its purpose was to ridicule what its participants consid
23、ered to be the meaninglessness of the modern world. In addition to being anti-war, Dada was also anti-bourgeois and anarchist in nature. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _I_2.2Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsInternational Style 国国际际风风格格: A major ar
24、chitectural style that emerged in the 1920s and 1930s, the formative decades of Modernist architecture. The term had its origin from the name of a book by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson written to record the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture held at the Museum of Modern Art
25、 in New York City in 1932 which identified, categorized and expanded upon characteristics common to Modernism across the world. As a result, the focus was more on the stylistic aspects of Modernism. Hitchcocks and Johnsons aims were to define a style of the time, which would encapsulate this modern
26、architecture. They identified three different principles: the Text Study _I_2.6Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _I_2.5Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termsexpression of volume rather than mass, balance rather than preconceived symmetry and the
27、 expulsion of applied ornament.Interpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _I_2.6Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termsavant-garde activity 先先锋锋派派运运动动: Avant-garde represents a pushing of the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily in the cultural realm. The notion
28、 of the existence of the avant-garde is considered by some to be a hallmark of modernism, as distinct from postmodernism. Many artists have aligned themselves with the avant-garde movement and still continue to do so, tracing a history from Dada through the situationists to postmodern artists such a
29、s the language poets around 1981. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _I_2.5Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _I_3.1Text StudyComprehension ExercisesFill in the blanks.Comprehension Exercises1. The early signs of Modernism emerged in the midd
30、le of the 19th century. In the arts and letters, two schools originating in France had particular impact. They were and symbolism.2. The broadly acceptable definition of Modernism was given by Morris Bib, who stated that Modernism should contain and one middle line.3. The artists who rebelled agains
31、t the senseless slaughter of the WWI and raised the literary revolution in the 1920s were called .impressionismtwo extremesthe “lost generation”_Text Study _I_3.1Text StudyComprehension ExercisesComprehension Exercises4. In the visual arts the roots of Modernism are often traced back to painter , wh
32、o broke away in the 1860s from inherited notions of perspective, modeling, and subject matter.5. The second stage of Modernism is , a period with more reflection on and positive attitude towards the past.Edouard ManetPostmodernist era_Fill in the blanks. Modernism, in its broadest sense, is modern t
33、hought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural schools, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The term encompass
34、es the activities and output of those who felt the “traditional” forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social conventions and daily life were becoming outdated in the new conditions of economic, social and political developments under the influence of industrialization and coloniz
35、ation.Text Study _I_4.1Text StudyThink and DiscussSay something you know about Modernism, including its performance and features.Think and DiscussText Study _I_4.2Text StudyThink and Discuss Modernism despite its complexity and multiplicity in terms of ideological tendencies and representation modes
36、, could be regarded basically to be irrational, that is, in opposition to rational tradition of the Western culture and civilization. History has repeatedly proved that any radical drive or trend could not last long and so did modernism which, with all its justifications, only survived a few decades
37、 since its beginning and had to decline and finally disappeared as a movement though some of its ideas and forms or techniques still maintained. The reason is simple no one could not reject allThink and DiscussText Study _I_4.3Text StudyThink and Discussthe inheritances his ancestors have passed on
38、to him no matter whether these inheritances are valuable enough for him to benefit from. In that sense people after modernism, particularly the cultural people or intellectuals, have to take a lesson from Modernist Movement, that they should be cautious about the way to handle cultural heritage and
39、need to try to make use of the positive elements from tradition.Think and Discussdeath, dusk, autumn, fallen leaves, tolls at grave, burned-out candles, etc.representativestone of worksthemesBaudelaire, RimbaudVerlaine, MoreasMallarme, ValeryText Study _II_1.1Text StudyMain IdeasMain Ideascharacteri
40、zed by pain, frustration and sorrowdeny rational knowledge and logical thinking;ignore reality and use intuitional power;express idealistic beauties in abstract imageMajor Schools of ModernismSymbolismideas Ernest Hulme, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliotrepresentativesimage being the essence of intuitional lan
41、guage;catch images in life by intuitional powerideasImagismMarinetti, DAnnunziorepresentativesText Study _II_1.2Text StudyMain IdeasMain Ideasdeny the importance of past cultural heritage;eulogize modern urban life and the machine-age civilization;advert formalism;use mathematical symbols to create
42、“future art”FuturismideasModernist Techniques of Expressioni. preference for the symbolicii. fascination with the absurdiii. disillusionment with the traditional (anti-fiction, anti-drama)iv. representation of inwardnessText Study _II_1.3Text StudyMain IdeasMain Ideasdramatists: Eugene ONeil, Bertol
43、t Brecht, Johan August Stindberg,novelist: Kafka Metamorphosi The Trial and The Castlerepresentativessocial crisis and mans alienation are the central concernExpress-ionismideasText Study _II_2.1Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termscubism 立立体体主主义义: A 20th century avant-garde art movement, pione
44、ered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. The first branch of cubism, known as Analytic Cubism, was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement b
45、etween 1907 and 1911 in France. In its second phase, Synthetic Cubism, the movement spread and remained vital until around 1919, when the Surrealist movement gained popularity.Interpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _II_2.2Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural Terms
46、Text Study _II_2.3Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termssurrealism 超超现现实实主主义义: A cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. Surrealist works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequi
47、tur; however, many surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader Andr Breton was explicit in his assertion that surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. Interpretation of Cultural
48、 TermsText Study _II_2.4Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _II_2.5Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termsthe stream of consciousness 意意识识流流: a modernist literary school emphasizing psychological representation, featured by interior monologue and a
49、ssociative (and at times dissociative) leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing a characters fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _II_2.5Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termsexistentialism 存存在在主主义义: A t
50、erm applied to the work of a number of philosophers since the 19th century who, despite large differences in their positions, generally focused on the condition of human existence, and an individuals emotions, actions, responsibilities, and thoughts, or the meaning or purpose of life. Existential ph
51、ilosophers often focused more on what they believed was subjective, such as beliefs and religion, or human states, feelings, and emotions, such as freedom, pain, guilt, and regret, as opposed to analyzing objective knowledge, language, or science. The early 19th century philosopher Sren Kierkegaard
52、is regarded as the father of existentialism. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _II_2.5Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _II_3.1Text StudyComprehension ExercisesMatch the following schools of modernism with their representatives. Schools(1)
53、symbolism (2) futurism (3) imagism (4) expressionismRepresentativesa. Ezra Pound b. Baudelaire c. Eugene ONeilld. Marinetti Comprehension ExercisesText Study _II_4.1Text StudyThink and DiscussTell the major schools of modernism and their common techniques of expression. The major schools of modernis
54、m are: symbolism, futurism, imagism, expressionism, etc.Although they have diversities in their representative methods, the common techniques of expression they share are: preference for the symbolic; fascination with the absurd; disillusionment with the traditional (anti-fiction, anti-drama); repre
55、sentation of inwardness.Think and DiscussText Study _II_1.1Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _II_1.1Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _II_1.1Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _II_1.1Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _II_1.1Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _II_1.1M
56、ain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _II_1.2Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _II_1.2Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _II_1.2Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _II_1.2Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _II_1.2Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _II_1.3Main IdeasTex
57、t StudyMain IdeasText Study _II_1.3Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _II_1.3Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _II_1.3Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _II_1.3Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _II_1.3Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasEarly Modernist Events and FiguresEzra Poun
58、dText Study _III_1.1Main IdeasText StudyMain Ideasanguish and depression of social turmoilHugh Selwyn MauberleyWorks EventsFiguresThemes of Worksinitiation of imagismHulmepost-war Anglo-American modernismD.H. LawrenceThe Rainbow,Women in Lovesickness of modern civilization, human psyche, psychologic
59、al alienation, intellectual declineText Study _III_1.2Main IdeasText StudyMain Ideasdark side of modern western society, spiritual emptiness and rootlessness of modern existenceT. S. EliotPrufrock and Other, Observations,The Waste LandText Study _III_1.3Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasIrish Writerscre
60、ativity, selfhood, the individuals relationship to nature, time and historyWritersWorksThemes or Methods of WritingW.B.YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole,Michael Robartes and the Dancer,The Tower,The Winding Stairpartly realistic partly symbolic, individual awareness of humanDubliners,A Portrait of the Ar
61、tist as a Young ManUlyssesthe stream of consciousnessText Study _III_1.4Main IdeasText StudyMain Ideaspolyglot idiom of puns and portmanteau words, abundant songs and stories of both history and present timeJames JoyceFinnegans WakeText Study _III_1.5Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasFeminist Writingthe
62、 use of stream of consciousness,a new view and treatment of subjectivity, time and history,to create a certainty about the need to modify traditional forms of fictionWritersWorksFeatures of the WorksVirginia WoolfTo the Lighthouse,The Waves,Between the ActsworksLord of the Flies, The Inheritors, Pin
63、cher Martin, Free Fall, etc.Animal Farm,Nineteen Eighty-fourworksWilliam GoldingGeorge OrwellText Study _III_1.6Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasModernist Writing after the WWIIKingsley Amis Lucky Jim,Angus Wilsons No Laughing Matter,Alan Sillitoes Saturday Night and Sunday Morningsubject of worksupwar
64、d social mobility The Angry Young MenrepresentativenovelsWritersThe Bloody Chamber and Other Storiesbe occupied with myth, magic, and fable, to counter the “patriarchal discourse”Angela CarterText Study _III_1.7Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasPostcolonial Writingstylistic miscellaneousness,to evoke co
65、ntroversy and misunderstanding from outside Britain to the extent of a death threatWorksFeatures of WritingSalman RushdieMidnights Children,Shame,The Satanic Versesfull of the existential disillusionment of Americas “lost generation” expatriatessophisticated, featured either with expressionism or na
66、turalism, wide range in subject matterFeatures or Themes of WritingHemingwayThe Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, The Old Man and the SeaText Study _III_1.8Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasAmerican LiteratureBeyond the Horizon,Anna Christie,The Hairy Ape,Strange InterludeMajor WritersRepresentative W
67、orksthe first half of the 20th centuryONeillSteinbeckthe social struggles of migrant farm worker in California during the Great DepressionIn Dubious Battle,The Grapes of Wraththe use of stream-of-consciousness techniques combined with the social history of the American southText Study _III_1.9Main I
68、deasText StudyMain IdeasThe Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, Light in August, The HamletFaulknerSlaughterhouse-fiveKurt Vonnegut Jr.Irwin ShawThe Young Lions,Catch-22themes: cultural impact, social upheavals and political uncertaintieswriting techniques: black humour, absurdist fantasyText Study
69、_III_1.91Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasThe Naked and the Deadthe post-war periodNorman Mailerrevealed a genius for ironic lyricismthe Beat Poets: Allen Ginsberg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, etc.Theodore Roethkespiritual torments and family historyText Study _III_1.92Main IdeasText StudyMain Ideaspoetry f
70、rom 1945 to 1960Robert LowellCountriesCanadapoets: A.J.M. Smith, F. R. Scott, A.M. Klein, Dorothy Livesay novelists: Morley CallaghanAustraliaRepresentativesFurnley Maurice, Christena Stead, Frederic Manning, Patrick WhiteText Study _III_1.93Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasModernist Literature in Othe
71、r English-Speaking CountriesKatherine MansfieldNew ZealandText Study _III_2.1Interpretation of Cultural TermsText Studythe Great Depression 经经济济大大萧萧条条: A severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most c
72、ountries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _III_2.1Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termsmetaphysical
73、 poetry 玄学诗派玄学诗派: A term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, who shared an interest in metaphysi-cal concerns and a common way of investigating them, and whose work was characterized by inven-tiveness of metaphor. Their p
74、oetry was influenced greatly by the changing times, new sciences and the debauched scene of the 17th century. John Donne was one of the most famous metaphysical poets. Text Study _III_2.2Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termsthe Beat Poets美国美国“垮掉派垮掉派”诗人诗人: Poets o
75、f the Beat Generation, a term used to describe a group of American writers who came to prominence in the late 1950s, and also the cultural phenomena that they wrote about and inspired: a rejection of mainstream American values, experimentation with drugs and alternate forms of sexuality, and an inte
76、rest in Eastern spirituality. The representatives were Allen Ginsberg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, etc. Text Study _III_2.2Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _III_2.2Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _III
77、_3.1Comprehension ExercisesText StudyMultiple choice.Comprehension Exercises(1) Ezra Pound is the leading spokesman of the _ .A. Imagist Movement B. Chartist MovementC. Modernist Movement D. Romantic MovementText Study _III_3.2Comprehension ExercisesComprehension Exercises(2) Which of the following
78、American novels can be regarded as typically belonging to the school of literary modernism?A. Uncle Toms Cabin. B. The Sound and the Fury.C. Daisy Miller. D. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.Multiple choice.Text Study _III_3.3Comprehension ExercisesText StudyComprehension Exercises(3) James Joyce and Vi
79、rginia Woolf are usually associated with _. A. the Imagist Movement B. the Feminist MovementC. the Stream of Consciousness technique D. FuturismMultiple choice.Text Study _III_3.4Comprehension ExercisesText StudyComprehension Exercises(4) Which of the following is not true about modernist techniques
80、 of expression?A. Preference for the symbolic. B. Fascination with the absurd.C. Disillusionment with the traditional. D. Representation of the outward reality.Multiple choice.Text Study _III_3.5Comprehension ExercisesText StudyComprehension Exercises(5) Ernest Hemingways early works like The Sun Al
81、so Rises were full of the existential disillusionment of Americas .A. Beat GenerationB. Lost GenerationC. Fail GenerationD. Angry GenerationMultiple choice.Text Study _III_4.1Think and DiscussText StudyDescribe one or two modernist writers focused on his work. James Joyce is one of most prominent mo
82、dernist writers in the early 20th century whose reputation mainly rests upon his masterful use of the Stream of Consciousness technique in his writing. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses (1922) and its controversial successor Finnegans Wake (1939), as well as the short story collection
83、Dubliners (1914) and the semi-autobiographical novellet A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). Ulysses is one of the most important works of Modernist literature. The action of novel, Think and DiscussText Study _III_4.1Think and DiscussText Studywhich takes place in a single day, 16 June 1
84、904, sets the characters and incidents of the Odyssey of Homer in modern Dublin and bases his three protagonists, Leopold Bloom, Molly Bloom and Stephen Dedalus, on the triangular relationship in parallel with the construction of Odysseus, Penelope and Telemachus. Ulysses stream-of-consciousness tec
85、hnique, symbolic structure, and experimental prose stylefull of puns, parodies, and allusionsas well as its rich characterization in close association with serious thematic concerns, such as Irish nationalism, sympathy for the Jew and women, and protest against Catholicism, therefore renders the boo
86、k a highly recognized status in Modernist literature.Think and DiscussText Study _III_1.1Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.1Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.2Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.2Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.2Main IdeasText
87、StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.2Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.3Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.4Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.5Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.6Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.6Main IdeasText StudyM
88、ain IdeasText Study _III_1.6Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.6Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.7Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.7Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.8Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.8Main IdeasText StudyMain Id
89、easText Study _III_1.8Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.8Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.9Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.9Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.91Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.91Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasT
90、ext Study _III_1.91Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.92Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _III_1.92Main IdeasText StudyMain Ideasborn in the 19th centurystand for the defence of womans interests, personality and struggles against sexual discrimination; oppose the traditional diff
91、erentiation between man and woman representa-tivesIdeasFirst PeriodText Study _IV_1.1Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasKate Millet, Sexual PoliticsVirginia Woolf: A Room of Ones OwnSimone de Beauvoir, The Second SexSecond Wavefrom 1960sFeminismthe American-British school: focus on the implication of the
92、 text and the feminist imagefell into two schoolsText Study _IV_1.1Main IdeasText StudyMain Ideasthe French school: care for the analysis of language and structureThird Periodfrom 1980sEdward SaidHeyday(1960s)Frantz Fanonpromoted the development of colonial theory and colonial independenceBlack Skin
93、s White MasksBeginning(1952)Ideas or InfluenceWorksRepresent-ativespost-colonialist Criticism Text Study _IV_1.2Main IdeasText Studythree-fold implications of orientalism: academically, stylistically, and in terms of history and material senseOrientalismMain IdeasHomi K. BhabhaGayatri Spivakcombined
94、 structuralism, Marxism and feminism in postcolonial cultural studiesLater Develop-ment(from the end of the 1970s)Ideas or InfluenceWorksRepresent-ativesText Study _IV_1.2Main IdeasText Studyfocused on a combination of Freuds psychoanalysis and Western MarxismMain Ideasassert the importance of inter
95、-textual study based on the historical background to grasp the essence of prose within the framework of a certain textfirst appearance in Roy Rearses Historicism Once More in 1969;thrown into fashion by Stephen GreenblattNew HistoricismIdeasFormationNew Historicism and Cultural MaterialismText Study
96、 _IV_1.3Main IdeasText StudyMain Ideasrefer to the cultural nature of a text; concern more about political power tendencies; expand the lower-class voices; expose the sins of unconscious politics; heighten awareness of past wrongdoingsfirst appearance in Stephen Greenblatts Renaissance Self-Fashioni
97、ngCultural MaterialismText Study _IV_1.3Main IdeasText StudyMain Ideasculturalists studyF. R. Leavisthe first cultural researcherRichard Hoggart: establish the Birmingham Centre of Contemporary Culture Raymond Williamsstructural studyBeginningDevelopmentText Study _IV_1.4Main IdeasText StudyMain Ide
98、ason “symbols”Later Developmenton “the form of life”Western Cultural TheoryrepresentativesideasPierre Bourdieu, Michel de Certeau, Michel Foucaultemphasize diversity and variety of individual lifestyles and backgrounds; emphasize more of the independence of each part of social areas1970s-(French the
99、ory)Text Study _IV_1.4Main IdeasText StudyMain Ideasfeaturesnew branchesconcentrate on issues as racism, sexuality, the cultural industry, supra-class issues and globalization; focus on self-value, personality development and ethical norm; combined with hi-tech developments and globalizationmass cul
100、ture; cultural policy researchNew Cultural StudyText Study _IV_1.4Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _IV_2.1Interpretation of Cultural TermsText Studyorientalism 东东方方主主义义: A term used for the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West by writers, designers and artists, a
101、s well as having other meanings. In particular, Orientalist painting, depicting more specifically “the Middle East including North Africa”, was one of the many specialisms of 19th century Academic art. In 1978, the Palestinian-American scholar Edward Said published his influential and controversial
102、book, Orientalism, which “would forever redefine” the word; he used the term to describe a pervasive Western tradition, both academic and artistic, of prejudiced outsider interpretations of the East, shaped by the attitudes of European imperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries. Interpretation of Cu
103、ltural TermsText Study _IV_2.1Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _IV_2.2Interpretation of Cultural TermsText Studythe Marlboro brand 万万宝宝路路香香烟烟商商标标: A brand of cigarette of the US. It is famous for its billboard advertisements and magazine ads of the
104、 Marlboro Man. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _IV_2.3Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyRonald Reagan美美国国前前总总统统里里根根 (19112004) : The fortieth President of the United States (19811989), the 33rd Governor of California (19671975). And prior to that, he was a radio, film actor. Inter
105、pretation of Cultural TermsText Study _IV_2.4Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyMrs. Margaret Thatcher英英国国前前首首相相撒撒切切尔尔夫夫人人 (1925 ) : Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She is the only woman to hold either post. Interp
106、retation of Cultural TermsText Study _IV_3.1Comprehension ExercisesText StudyTrue of false questions.(1)(2)(3)Feminism was first put forth by American woman critic Kate Millet in her Sexual Politics.The term “orientalism” was re-defined by Edward Said in his book Orientalism.Cultural materialism was
107、 extended from Stephen Greenblatts cultural poetics and it refers to the cultural nature of a text rather than the textual historical essence.F_T_Comprehension ExercisesT_Text Study _IV_3.1Comprehension ExercisesText Study(4)(5)The French theory in cultural studies is different from the traditional
108、theory of Western social democracy and politics. It emphasizes more of the independence of each part of social areas.As a new branch of cultural studies, mass culture originated from Foucaults claim that culture itself is not purpose but a mechanism to transmit “governmental form”. F_T_Comprehension
109、 ExercisesTrue of false questions.Text Study _IV_4.1Think and DiscussText StudyCompared with the traditional colonial theory, what kind of new ideas were raised by the post-colonialist criticism? The ultimate goal of post-colonialism is accounting for and combating the residual effects of colonialis
110、m on cultures. It is not simply concerned with salvaging past worlds, but learning how the world can move beyond this period together, towards a place of mutual respect. This section surveys the thoughts of a number of post-colonialisms most prominent thinkers as to how to go about this.Think and Di
111、scussText Study _IV_4.2Think and DiscussText Study Post-colonialist thinkers recognize that many of the assumptions which underlie the “logic” of colonialism are still active forces today. Exposing and deconstructing the racist, imperialist nature of these assumptions will remove their power of pers
112、uasion and coercion. Recognizing that they are not simply airy substances but have widespread material consequences for the nature and scale of global inequality makes this project all the more urgent.Think and DiscussText Study _IV_4.3Think and DiscussText Study A key goal of post-colonial theorist
113、s is clearing space for multiple voices. This is especially true of those voices that have been previously silenced by dominant ideologiessubalterns. It is widely recognized within the discourse that this space must first be cleared within academia. Edward Said, in his book Orientalism, provides a c
114、lear picture of the ways social scientists, specifically Orientalists, can disregard the views of those they actually studypreferring instead to rely on the intellectual superiority of themselves and their peers.Think and DiscussText Study _IV_1.1Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _IV_1.1Main
115、IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _IV_1.2Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _IV_1.2Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _IV_1.2Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _IV_1.2Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _IV_1.3Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study _IV_1.4Main IdeasText St
116、udyMain IdeasSupplementary ResourcesSupplementary Resources_ main1. Further ReadingSupplementary Resources2. Reference BooksSupplementary ResourcesSupplementary Resources_I_1.1Passage 1Pound and Imagism The art of creating an object-like structure in words was taken virtually to its limit in this fa
117、mous poemIn a Station of the Metro: The apparition of these faces in the crowd: Petals, on a wet, black bough. The poem itself perhaps requires little commentary. Like a Romantic lyric, it attempts to capture a moment of heightened aesthetic awareness, but it does so with a pronounced economy of mea
118、ns. There is no “poet” present, no “I”, not even a mainPassage 1Supplementary ResourcesSupplementary Resources_I_1.2Passage 1verb. Instead there is just a location given, in the title, an image of faces briefly evoked, and, by means of a juxtaposition (并列), a further image introduced which serves as
119、 a simile or analogue of the first. Although Pound remarks in his commentary on this poem that “it is meaningless unless one has drifted into a certain vein of thought”, in fact the opposite could be asserted: that such a work demands very little in the way of emotional assent or intellectual partic
120、ipation from the reader. It is what it is: a juxtaposition Passage 1Supplementary ResourcesSupplementary Resources_I_1.3Passage 1juxtaposition of images of the starkest kind. While we can adduce a certain type of aesthetic emotion on the part of the poet whom we imagine undergoing this experience in
121、 the Parisian Metro, this remains not only understated but unstated, a mere possibility left, undiscussed, in the background.Discussion: How can you understand imagism in Pounds short poem In a Station of the Metro?Passage 1Supplementary ResourcesSupplementary Resources_I_2.1Passage 2The Sun Also Ri
122、ses and the Lost Generation The first book of The Sun Also Rises is set in mid-1920s Paris. Americans were drawn to Paris in the Roaring Twenties（兴旺的20年代）by the favorable exchange rate, with as many as 200,000 English-speaking expatriates living there. Hemingway had more artistic freedom in Paris th
123、an in the US at a period when Ulysses, written by his friend James Joyce, was banned and burned in New York. Passage 2Supplementary ResourcesSupplementary Resources_I_2.2Passage 2 The themes of The Sun Also Rises are apparent from its two epigraphs. The first is an allusion to the “Lost Generation”,
124、 a term coined by Gertrude Stein referring to the post-war generation; the other epigraph is a long quotation from Ecclesiastes（传道书）: “What profit hath a man of all his labour which he taketh under the sun? One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. T
125、he sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose.” Hemingway told his editor Max Perkins that the book was not so much about a generation being lost, but that “the earth abideth forever”. He thought the characters in The Sun Also Rises may have been “battered” but
126、 were not lost. Passage 2Supplementary ResourcesSupplementary Resources_I_2.3Passage 2Discussion: Have you read Hemingways The Sun Also Rises? Can you understand the existential disillusionment of Americas “lost generation” expatriates in the novel?Passage 2Weston, Richard. 2001. Modernism . Phaidon
127、 Press.Lewis, Pericles. 2007. The Cambridge Introduction to Modernism.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Hoberek, Andrew. 2005. Twilight of the Middle Class: Post World War II Fiction and White Collar Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Gaurav Gajanan Desai, Supriya Nair. 2005. Postcolonialisms: An Anthology of Cultural Theory and Criticism. Rutgers University Press. Dooling, Amy D. 2005. Womens Literary Feminism in Twentieth-Century China. Macmillan. Supplementary Resources_ IISupplementary Resources
