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1、冠词有两种，一是不定冠词aan，另外一种是定冠词the一、不定冠词及其用法二、定冠词的用法1. 一般来说，普通名词有特指和泛指，如果特指，就要加定冠词；如果泛指，可数名词前加不定冠词，或用其复数形式2. 定冠词 the 主要和名词连用，表示某些特定的人或事物3. 由 of 引起的限定性短语(作定语)所修饰的词前加 the4. 表示身体的某一部位，用the 代替物主代词 my, our, your, his, her等5. 表示江河海洋，海峡海湾，山脉和群岛及有些湖泊之前用the6. 定冠词 the 加姓氏的复数，表示某某一家人，如果做主语，谓语动词要用复数7. 当一个抽象名词，不表示一般的概念
2、而是表示某一特定的内容时加定冠词the8. 由普通名词和一些其他词构成的专有名词前加the: the Peoples Republic of China三、同步练习1. _roseis_beautiful flower.2. Mr. Smith always smokes_cigarette with _cup of coffee.3._door of_garage is broken.4._donkeys are _ stupid animals.5._bread is made from _ flour,and _flour is made from _wheat.6. She is _g
3、ood musician;she plays _piano beautifully.7. Thousands of _visitors go to _Great Wall every _day.8. When he was enghteen,he joined _navy.9. He sent me _letter and _postcard;_letter didnt arrive.10. Li is not at _office;I think hes gone_home.11. Is there _telephone here?12. She is studying _English a
4、nd _French.13. I bought _pen and some paper,but I left_penin _shop.14. _machine is made of _steel and _copper.15. _honesty is _best policy.16. _coal is 60 dollars _ton at the moment.17. I stay at _home last night and listened to _radio.18. We went to Paris and saw _Palace of Versailles.19. He goes b
5、ack to _ country to see his people once _year.20. _Lius are going to _cinema.语法系列复习专题语法系列复习专题-名词名词1. 1. 名词的分类名词的分类专有名词专有名词：指某人，某地，某机构等专有的名称，其首字母要大写。如HongKong,China, Bill Clinton, Red Cross个体名词个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如 student, book可数名词集体名词：表示假设干个体组成的集合体，如：family, school, group, people不可数名词物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物
6、，如：cotton, air, tea抽象名词：表示抽象概念，work，happiness, news供学习参考注：不可数名词可以与表示量的可数名词连用， 借以表示“可数的概念，我们可以加 a(n)piece sheet(张), suit(套), tube(管), packet(包), item(条，那么 ), bar(条), basket(篮子),glass(杯),bunch(束), pair(双，对), bowl(碗), portion(份), herd(群), series(系列), shower(阵)etc. ，如：a piece of advice(一条建议) a basket of
7、 fruit(一篮水果) an item of information(一那么信息)a kind of protection(一种保护)等。2 2名词的复数名词的复数1绝大多数在词尾加 s。如：book,books; bag,bags; cup,cups; face,faces.2 以 ch, sh, s, x, o 结尾的名词加 es。 如： watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes;以下以 o 结尾的词加 s 构成复数：piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo3以辅音字母y 结尾的名词，
8、将 y 改为 i，再加 es。例如：baby, babies; family, families;以元音字母y 结尾的名词，直接加 s。例如：boy,boys;key,keys4 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词， 先将 f 或 fe 改为 v， 再加 es 构成复数形式， 如： leaf,leaves; wife,wives.但有些以 f 结尾的名词，是在 f 后加 s 构成复数，常见的有：roof, chief, belief, gulf等。个别的两种方式都可以，如： handkerchiefs, handkerchieves5少数名词的复数形式是不规那么的，要一一背记：manmen; wom
9、anwomen; EnglishmanEnglishmen; footfeet;toothteeth; childchildren; mousemice少数名词的单、复数形式相同，如：Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish, means (注: fishes表不同种类的鱼)6复合名词：A.含 man 或 woman 的复合名词，两局部都变为复数形式。 如：two men teachers, four womendoctorsB.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式，如：lookers-on 旁观者，editors-in-chief 总编辑,passers-by
10、过路人C.如果没有主体名词，就在词尾后加s。如：grown-ups 成年人，go-betweens 中间人7以复数形式出现的名词：trousers, glasses 眼镜，scales 天平，savings 储蓄，findings 调查结果， doings 行为，surroundings 环境，arms 武器，fireworks烟火，remains 剩余，thanks 感谢，riches 财富，ashes 灰烬 ，stairs 楼梯8有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式。例如：take pains 下功夫,made preparations 作准备，give regards to 问候3. 3.
11、名词的所有格名词的所有格1名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词。多在词尾加上“ s如：Toms bike, Marxs works以 s 结尾的专有名词，在词尾后加“或“s。如：Engels / Engelss works以 s 结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加“。如：students homework, a workers night school不以 s 结尾的复数名词，仍在词尾加“s。如：mens clothes; childrens books2如果一个事物为两个人共有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“ s，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上 “ s。 例如： Tom and Mike s ro
12、om 汤姆和迈克合住的房间 Toms and Mikes rooms 汤姆、迈克各自的房间3表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去shop, house 等名词。the tailors 裁缝店，the barbers 理发店，go to the doctors 上诊所，at my uncles4表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，可以在词尾加“s或“来表示 所供学习参考有格。如：todays newspaper, half an hours rest, two weeks work, ten minutes walk, Chinaspopulation, Shanghais indu
13、stry5表示无生命的名词一般用of 短语表示所有关系。如：the students of their school, the teachers of Grade 26表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词，常用“of所有格来表示所属关系。例如：He is an old friend of my fathers.This is a picture of Marys.1._from Beijing to London!A.How long way it is B.What a long way is it C.How long way is it D.What a long way i
14、t is2.Weveworked out the plan ,and now we must put it into_.A.factB.practiceC.realityD.deed3.Electrcity , like other forms of _ ,has greatly increased in price.A.pressureB.forceC.strengthD.energy4That fellow is clever ; he has _.A.brainB.a brainC.the brainD.brains5.Julie went to the _ to buy a pair
15、of shoes.A.shoes storeB.shoes storeC.shoe storeD.shoesstore6.Those _ took lots of _ in the Summer Palace.A.Germen; photoesB.Germen; photosC.Germans; photosD.Germans; photoes7.All possible means _ to save the hero.A.has triedB.have triedC.has been triedD.have been tried8.Whose car is it ?Its_.A.Tom a
16、nd MaryB.Toms and MarysC.Toms and MaryD.Tom and Marys9.There are 5_ in th fields.A.heads of cattlesB.heads of cattleC.head of cattlesD.head of cattle10.He is the very thief the police _ looking for .A.isB.areC.hasD.have11.All but Jack _ here just now .A.isB.areC.wasD.were12.He knows almost everythin
17、g .So we sayhe is a man of many _.A.knowlegesB.presentsC.giftsD.rewards13.Carelessness is the usual _ of fire.A.wayB.excuseC.causeD.reason14.The girl is quite _to her mother now .A.a helpB.helpsC.helpD.helpness15._is coming to give us a lecture .A.A manager and an expertB.A manager and expertC.Manag
18、er and expertD.Manager and an expert16.Most of the bridges over the river are made of _.A.stoneB.the stoneC.a stoneD.the stones供学习参考17.If you hurt her _ ,you should apologize.A.feelingsB.feelC.feelsD.feeling18.Ill go and call at _ right after school.A.the doctorB.the SmithsC.SmithD.my uncles19.The s
19、hop will be closedduring_.A.repairsB.a repairC.repairD.repairing20.The-_we saw yesterday come out to the farm once in a while.A.mouseB.deerC.dogD.cow21.My brother didnt find army life to his _.A.likeB.tasteC.qualityD.favour22.Though they hadnt met for long ,he recognized her _.A.voiceB.noiseC.soundD
20、.laughter23.Learning that they were to have a picnic,the children were in _.A.the high spiritB.high spiritsC.a high spiritD.high spirit24.After _ silence ,they began to write letters to each other .A.three-yearB.a three-yearC.three yearsD.three yearss25.If these trousers are too big ,buy a smaller_.
21、A.copyB.pairC.pieceD.set26.That daughter of Jacks is _.A.a good funB.good runsC.good funD.good funny27._will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.A.The EvensesB.The EvensC.The EvensesD.The Evens28.He is one of the most successful_ in the city.A.newspapers writerB.newspaper writer
22、sC.nesapaperswriterD.newspaper writer29.Where is your brother?At_.A.Mr GreensB.GreensC.the Mr GreensD.the Greens30.Are you _ ,Mr Black?Yes ,I speak_.A.English ; the English languageB.the English ; EnglishC.an Englishman;on English languageD.an English ; English同步练习Correct errors, if any, in the foll
23、owing sentences:1. The scholars met once a year to exchange esperiences.2. Foreign ship are not allowed to fish in our territorial water.3. I went to the doctor for an advice about my health.4. The letter contained an important information.5. In the afternoon I did some baby-sittings, for it is a fu
24、n looking after children.6. The congregation was not numerous that night, but they seemed to be listening attentivelyto my lecture.7. Poultries are dear in the city.8. The board of director is shaking heads at the chairmans speech.9. The merchandises have arrived undamaged.供学习参考语法系列复习专题二语法系列复习专题二-代词
25、代词代词的分类代词的分类1.人称代词：有主格、宾格、所有格含形容词性和名词性两种所有格2.反身代词:myself ,yourself ,himself ,herself ,itself ,ourselves ,yourselvesthemselves3.指示代词:this ,that ,these ,those4.疑问代词:who ,whom ,what ,which5.相互代词:each other ,one another6.不定代词:some ,any ,all ,both ,none ,one, each ,either ,neither ,other ,another,somethi
26、ng ,anything ,nothing ,anyone ,anybody , someone ,somebody ,nobody7.关系代词(用于定语从句):who ,whom ,whose，that ,which ,as代词用法注意点代词用法注意点1.名词性所有格代词可作主语、宾语、表语，可用于双重所有格。例如：This isnt my book. Its his. Mine is in the bag. /Is she a friend of yours ?/Doyou think this bag of mine beautiful ?/She lost some pencils o
27、f hers.2.反身代词可用于某些固定搭配。例如：(all)by oneself 自己单干，独立干：The boy usually finishes his homework by himself.of oneself 自动地，自行地：Mary will correct her mistakes in the exercises of herself.for oneself 替/为自己：You have to choose for yourself.3.指示代词 this/these 一般用来指时间和空间上较近的人或物；that/those 常指时间和空间上较远的人或物。进行比较时，that
28、 可代替不可数名词或单数名词以防止重复；those 可代替复数名词以免重复。例如：The water of the well is cleaner than that of the river./The Christmas cards aremuch better than those you bought yesterday.4.相互代词 each other ,one another.前者通常指两者之间的“相互，后者侧重三者或三者以上的“相互，也可指两者之间的“相互。5.不定代词some 多用于肯定句； any 多用于否认句， 疑问句或条件句中。 另外 some 可用于表示请求、提议或者希
29、望得到肯定答复的疑问句中，修饰可数名词，表示“任何、无论哪一个If you have any ink ,please give me some.Edison became quite expert at it and could find work in any town he went to.all 与 noneall 表示“三者或三者以上全部，可以修饰可数、不可数名词。none 用于表示对三个或三个以上的人或物的否认，意思是“没有什么人，没有什么东西，可作主语和宾语。 noneof后的谓语可以是单数或复数形式。 none 可以简略答复以 How many 或 How much 开头的疑问句
30、。None of them have/has failed. How many books are there on the desk ? None.注意： no one (nobody)不同于 none ,作主语时只能跟单数谓语， 不可跟 of 短语连用，答复以 who 开头的问句，不能答复How many/much 开头的问句。例如：供学习参考 Who is in the room ? no one(Nobody).Is there any oil in the glass ? None.other ,another ,the other ,others ,the othersother
31、表示“没有范围的，其他的，与名词复数连用。如：other books/boys/another 泛指很多中的“另一个，可作代词或形容词用，代替或修饰单数可数名词。I dont like this hat ,please show me another.the other 可作代词或形容词用， 指的事物或人中的 “另一个， 或另一方中的 “全部其他的。如：I have two sisters.One is a student and the other is a worker./I can see only twoteachers inthe office.Where are the other
32、 teachers ?others 泛指其他的人或物；the others 特指其余的人或物。others 常和 some 比照使用。Thirty students in our class are boys ,the others are girls.Some are carrying water ,others are watering the trees.one 作为不定代词，泛指“任何人包括说话人在内 ，还可用来代替上文出现过的可数名词指人或物 ，并有复数形式 ones。例如：I have bought a new bike.My old one doesnt work./One mu
33、st do ones duty.注意：one ,that 都可代替前面出现过的单数名词，但这样用时，one 可被前置或后置定语修饰,that 只能被后置定语修饰。例如：This book is the one that is needed by him.My seat is next to that of our teacher.代词专练1. Which of the two dictionaries will you borrow ? Ill borrow _ ,for the different uses.A.allB.bothC.eitherD.neither2._ of them kn
34、ew about the plan because it was kept a secret.A.EachB.AnyC.No oneD.None3.We couldnt eat in a restaurant because _ of us had _ money on us.A.all ;noB.any ;noC.none ;anyD.no one ;any4.They were all very tired ,but _ of them would stop to take a rest.A.neitherB.noneC.someD.any5.There is a No.2 trolley
35、bus and a No.24 bus ;_ will take you there.A.bothB.eitherC.allD.any6.As we were asleep ,_ of us heard the sound.A.bothB.noneC.eitherD.any7. Which of the five may I use ? Oh ,_.A.any oneB.anyoneC.anythingD.nothing8.Are the two answers correct ?No ,_ correct.A.no one isB.both are not C.neither isD.eit
36、her is not9.I asked him for some oil ,but he hadnt _.A.anyB.someC.noD.anything10.You have three English dictionaries ,but I have only two _.A.onesB.不填C.the oneD.the ones11.I have a colour TV set.I want to sell _.供学习参考A.oneB.the oneC.thatD.it12.This film is not so good as _ we saw last week.A.thatB.i
37、tC.the oneD.one13._ of us must go there and help him out.A.One or otherB.One by oneC.One or the otherD.One or another14.We all felt _ to be the highest praise.A.itB.thatC.that oneD.the one15.Havent you read _ English storices ?Please tell us an interesting one.A.anyB.allC.eitherD.some16. Would you l
38、ike _ dumplings ? No,thanks.A.someB.anotherC.anyD.all17.If there is _ chance ,I will try another.A.oneB.anyC.someD.all18. Are _ here to take the college entrance exam ? Yes ,we _.A.all you ;are allB.you all ;all areC.all of you ;are allD.you of all ;all are19.Mr Green gave the textbooks to all the p
39、upils except _ who had alreadytaken them.A.oneB.the onesC.someD.the others20. Have you ever seen a snake alive ? Yes ,Ive seen _.A.thatB.soC.oneD.it21. Lily ,do you have an umbrella ?It is raining outside. Yes ,but its _.A.small oneB.small umbrellaC.only a small oneD.that one22.Toms mother kept tell
40、ing him that he should work hard ,but _ didnt help.A.thisB.whichC.anyD.it23. Have you got _ red ink ? Sorry ,I havent got _.A.some ;someB.any ;manyC.some ;anyD.any ;some24.I prefer a street in a small town to _ in such a large city as Shanghai.A.thatB.itC.thisD.one25.Sarad has read a lot of stories
41、by American writers.Now she would like toread _ stories by writers from _ countries.A.some ;anyB.other ;someC.some ;otherD.other ;other26. Is _ here ? No ,Bob and Tim have asked for leave.A.anybodyB.somebodyC.everybodyD.nobody27.Our headmaster advised us that in order to succeed in life ,one has to
42、behonest with _ friends.A.theirB.herC.onesD.our供学习参考28.I borrowed some books _ myself ,but when I was going to read them ,thelamp went out _ itself and I had to sit in the dark _ myself.A.不填;for;byB.by;for;ofC.for;of;byD.of;不填；by29.When I first saw the old farmer ,I could hardly imagine _ invented t
43、hemachine to pick cotton.A.himselfB.he himselfC.he for himself D.he by himself30.It is impossible for all the people to get the job ,because _ of themare not fit for it.A.all ofB.none ofC.each ofD.every one of供学习参考第一节 名 词 的 数一、可数名词2. 有少数名词的复数形式是不规那么的，childchildren, manmen, womanwomen,footfeet, tooth
44、teeth, goosegeese, mousemice, oxoxen3. 英语里还有些名词的单复数变化较为特殊，需特别注意analysisanalyses, bacteriumbacteria, basisbases, crisiscrises, criterioncriteria,datum data,formula formulae( 或formulas),fungus fungi,phenomenon phenomena,syllabussyllabi, thesistheses4. 有些名词的单复数是一样的：aircraft, spacecraft, Chinese, deer,
45、fish, Japanese, means,series, species 等。5. 如果前边有表示复数的限定词时名词用其复数形式6. 在形容词最高级中，表示范围的of 后要用名词复数形式7. 有些集体名词在形式上是单数如 people(人民，人们)，police(警察)，cattle(牲畜)，staff(全体人员，全体职员)，但它们表达复数的含意。如果这些词做主语，其谓语须用复数形式。8. hair 和 fruit 一般情况下用单数，表示总体。但如果我们要表示假设干根头发或几种水果时，就要用这两个词的复数形式eg: He bought apples, oranges and other fr
46、uits. (“fruits在此处意为“多种水果)另外还要注意：police 和 cattle 的谓语形式总是用复数形式。9. 名词做定语时，不能用作复数二、不可数名词1. 不可数名词为物质名词和抽象名词，如information, proverty, advice, anger, applause,baggage, cake, chalk, chocolate, cloth(布), bread, damage(损害), equipment, fruit, furniture, gold,information, ink, jewellery, luggage, mail(邮件), money
47、, news, paper, protection, soap, sugar,weaponry, machinery, scenery, personnel, work等2. 有些抽象名词的意思可以转变成为具体名词，这时要用其复数形式The insurance company paid $10000 in damages for the accident. ( “damage本来为不可数名词“损害，变复数后意思是“损失赔偿费。)单复数含义不同的名词还有： communication(通讯)communications(通讯系统，通讯工具)；cloth(布)clothes(衣服)；content
48、(内容)contents(目录)；convenience(便利)conveniences(便利设备 )；humanity(人类)humanities(人文科学 )；necessity(需要)necessities(必需品)；pain(疼痛)pains(辛劳)；ruin(消灭)ruins(废墟，遗迹)；sand(沙子)sands(沙地， 沙滩)； wood(木材)woods(树林)； work(工作)works(工厂， 著作)。另外，有些名词通常只用复数形式，如：fundamentals(根本原那么 )，goods(货物),means(方法), rapids(急流)，shorts(短裤), sw
49、eets(欢乐), valuables (贵重物品)。第二节第二节 名词所有格名词所有格名词有三个格：主格、宾格和所属格。这里我们只讲属格，属格表示所有关系，它有两种不同的形式。一、一是在名词尾加s(如 my brothers toy我弟弟的玩具，the hostess living room女主人的起居室)，如果原名词已经有复数词尾s,或es，只加 (如：soldiers training ground 士兵的训练场，teachersreadingeoom 教师阅览室)。 注意， 如果名词虽然是复数， 但不是以 s 结尾， 那么仍加s (thechildrens mother 孩子的妈妈)供
50、学习参考1) It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes round shape into ateardrop shape.A of the drop B the drops C drop of D drops their2) The winner A photograph was of B an old barn(仓库) window covered with Ca D delicate， lacy frost(带花边的霜).二、另外一种属格是由介词of 加名词构成名词短语3) At
51、 A birth， the B head of a bady is extremely large in C relation to a Drest of the body.三、例题解析1) B 为正确答案。 “It是形式主语。“that引导的是主从句。主从句的谓语是“changesinto“把变成。其中“into的前后应是对应的平行结构。很明显 A 和 D 都不行，不能把“changes误作名词。C 改变了“into的平行关系。只有 B 既能与前边的动词“changes衔接，又能保持“into的平行关系。2) A错。 改为 winners。3) D 错。 改为 the。冠词答案1.the(或
52、 a),a2.a,a3.the,the4.x,x5.x,x,x,x6.a,the7.x,the,x8.the9.a,a,the10.the,x11.a12.x,x13.a,the,the14.the,x,x15.x,the16.x,a17.x,the18.x,the19.the,a20.the,the名词答案15DBDDC610CDDDB1115DCCAB1620AADAB供学习参考2125BABBB2630CCBAA名词改错答案1. The scholars met once a year to exchange experience.2. Foreign ships are not all
53、owed to fish in our territorial waters.3. I went to the doctor for advice about my health.4. The letter contained an important piece of information.5. In the afternoon I did some baby-sittings, for it is fun looking after children.6. The congregation were not numerous that night, but they seemed to be listening attentivelyto mylecture.7. Poultry are dear in the city.8. The board of directors are shaking heads at the chairmans speech.9. The merchandise have arrived undamaged.代词专练答案15B D C B B610B A C A B1115D C A B D1620 A B B B C2125C D C D C2630 C C C B A供学习参考
