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1、Grammar非谓语动词：非谓语动词：1. 动词不定式动词不定式(infinitive) to do2. v-ing形式形式 doing3. v-ed形式形式,即过去分词即过去分词 done 及物动词及物动词不及物不及物动词动词主主 动动被被 动动主主 动动一般式 完成式时时 态态 和和 语语 态态doingbeing donedoinghaving donehaving been donehaving donesleeping students一、一、The -ing Form used as Attribute（-ing形式作定语）形式作定语） boiling waterflying ki
2、tes a dancing girlthe rising sun(2) a walking stick(1) a walking man = a man who is walking =a stick for walkingWhats the difference between (1) and (2)?小小 结结1 -ing形式作定语既可表示动作形式作定语既可表示动作正在进行正在进行且且与逻辑主语之间是与逻辑主语之间是主动主动关系（如例关系（如例（1），），此时相当于一个定语从句；又可表示所修饰此时相当于一个定语从句；又可表示所修饰名词的名词的性质性质或或用途用途（如例（如例（2）。）。(1
3、) a swimming man(2) a swimming poola running manThe man running inthe picture is Liu Xiang. attributeThe man who is running in the picture is Liu Xiang.相当于：相当于：1. The teacher teaching us English is Ms Zhou. Rewrite the following sentences with attributive clauses.=The teacher who is teaching us Engl
4、ish is Ms Zhou.2. The people sitting behind us are all teachers.3. The expert coming from America is a lady called Ms Cai.=The people who are sitting behind us are all teachers.=The expert who comes from America is a lady called Ms Cai.单个的单个的-ing形式作定语，放在所形式作定语，放在所修饰的名词前面；修饰的名词前面；-ing短语作定短语作定语则放在所修饰的
5、名词之后。语则放在所修饰的名词之后。小小 结结2 23. 注意注意v-ing形式与其他非谓语动词作形式与其他非谓语动词作定语时区别：定语时区别：（优化方案（优化方案P135）（1）doing作定语作定语- 主动，动作正在进行主动，动作正在进行（3）done作定语作定语- 被动，动作已完成被动，动作已完成（2）being done作定语作定语- 被动，动作正在进行被动，动作正在进行（4）to do作定语作定语- 将来要发生的动作将来要发生的动作（5）having done- 不能作定语，用定语从句代替不能作定语，用定语从句代替 I heard the girl singing in the cl
6、assroom. I noticed a long queue outside the bank waiting for it to open.二、二、The -ing Form used as Object Complement（-ing形式作宾语补足语）形式作宾语补足语） The baby watched his dad shaving his face with great interest. We have the fire burning all day.动词动词-ing形式作宾语补足语形式作宾语补足语放在宾语后面，表示一个正放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作，强在进行的主
7、动性的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。调一个过程或一种状态。小小 结结1 能跟能跟-ing形式作宾语补足语的常见形式作宾语补足语的常见动词有这些：动词有这些：“五让、三看、两五让、三看、两听、一注意、一发听、一注意、一发现、一感觉现、一感觉”。简简单又好记！单又好记！ make, let, have, keep, leave, look at, see, watch, hear, listen to, notice, find, feel 等。等。怎么记怎么记？1. When I put my hand on his chest, I could feel his heart still_. A
8、. having beat B. beating C. beaten D. to beat Exercise2. The sun _ in the west looks even more beautiful. A. setting B. being set C. that setting D. to be set3. The house _ now is our library. A. repaired B. being repaired C. to be repaired D. which is repaired4. Who is the man talking to our headma
9、ster? A professor _ a visit to our school. A. pays B. is paying C. paid D. paying5.There was a terrible noise_the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D.being followed、6.The _ boys were last seen_ near the river. A. missing; playing B. missing; play C. missed; played D.
10、missed; to play7. Mr. Smith, _of the _speech, started to read a novel. (NMET2003) A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring 、8. The picture _on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung -ing形式具有名词的特形式具有名词的特征，征，在句中可作主语、宾语、在句中可作主语、宾语、表
11、语。如：表语。如：三、三、Subject In many countries, shaking ones head means “no” and nodding means “yes”. It is no use trying to persuade him. 1. v-ing形式与不定式作主语的区别形式与不定式作主语的区别to do作主语表示：作主语表示：v-ing作主语表示：作主语表示：It is bad manners _ (stare) at a foreign guest._ (learn) a foreign language is very useful to me.应该注意的问
12、题：应该注意的问题：某个特定的、具体的某个特定的、具体的,将来的动作将来的动作抽象的、习惯性，经常性的动作抽象的、习惯性，经常性的动作to stareLearning 2. 注意用注意用it 作作形式主语形式主语的情况：的情况：句型：句型：_It is/was no good/ use doing sth. 3. 注意主谓一致：注意主谓一致：(1) v-ing形式作主语，谓语形式作主语，谓语v.一般用一般用_.(2)(2) 由由and连接的多个连接的多个v-ing形式作主语，谓形式作主语，谓v.用用_.(3)(3) 如果并列的如果并列的v-ing形式前后语义一致，即形式前后语义一致，即说的是一
13、个概念时，谓说的是一个概念时，谓v.用用_.单数单数单数单数复数复数4. v-ing形式的逻辑主语可用名词或代词形式的逻辑主语可用名词或代词的所有格来表示。如：的所有格来表示。如： eg: Marys becoming a college student greatly encouraged me. eg: Does our saying that mean anything to him? 四、四、Object eg: Have you finished using the telephone?eg: He tried to avoided being punished.应该注意的问题：应该
14、注意的问题：1. allow, advise, forbid, permit +doingsb./sth. to do被动：被动：sb./sth. +be + allowed/ advised / forbidden/ permitted + _to do2. need, require, want “需要被需要被” +doing =to be doneeg: The TV set needs to be mended. =The TV set needs mending.3. begin, continue, hate, like, love +would like/ love +_doin
15、g =to doto do4. 加加to do 和和 doing 意义不同的词：意义不同的词：(1) forget/ regret/ remember+doing to do(2) go on to do / doing (3) mean to do / doing(4) stop to do / doing(5) try to do / doing(6) be used to do / doing used to do(7) cant help to do / doing五、五、Predicativeeg: His duty is cleaning the playground.表语和主语常
16、常可以互换位置表语和主语常常可以互换位置1. v-ing形式与不定式作表语的区别：形式与不定式作表语的区别： (1) 一般情况下区别不大，常可互换，但要一般情况下区别不大，常可互换，但要注意前后注意前后一致性。一致性。应该注意的问题：应该注意的问题：eg: Seeing is believing. = To see is to believe. 眼见为实。眼见为实。eg： 节约即是收入。节约即是收入。 Saving is having. = _To save is to have.(2) v-ing形式接近形式接近n. 作表语时表示作表语时表示 _; to do 接近接近v. 作表语时表示作表
17、语时表示 _.习惯性的抽象的动作习惯性的抽象的动作某个具体的，将来的动作某个具体的，将来的动作 2. My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate _ from you sometime. A. to have heard B. to hear C. for hearing D. hearingExercises1. Mark often attempts to escape _ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. A. having been fined B. to have been f
18、ined C. to be fined D. being fined3. The thief took away the womans wallet without_ A. being seen B. seeing C. him seeing D. seeing him5. No one can avoid _ by advertisements. A. to be influenced B. being influenced C. influencing D. having influence4. Ive enjoyed _ to talk with you. A. to be able B
19、. being able C. to been able D. of being able7. You cant help _ commercials; every few minutes the program is interrupted to give you one advertisement or another. A. to hear B. to be heard C. hearing D. with hearing6. Your shirt needs _. Youd better have it done today. A. iron B. to iron C. ironing
20、 D. being ironed8. He is very busy _ his papers. He is far too busy _ callers. A. to write; to receive B. writing; to receive C. writing; receiving D. to write; for receiving9. Please stop _, boys, I have something important to _ you. A. saying; talk B. telling; say C. talking; speak D. talking; tel
21、l10. “Why were you so late for work today?”“_ to the office was very slow this morning because of the traffic.” A. Driving B. I drove C. To drive D. That I droveGrammarThe v-ing Form used as Adverbial(状语状语)1. v-ing 形式的时态和语态：形式的时态和语态：一般式：一般式：doing被动：被动：being done完成式：完成式：having done被动：被动：having been d
22、one否定式：否定式：一般式的否定：一般式的否定：not + v-ing完成式的否定：完成式的否定：not + having done(1) 一般式表示的动作与谓语一般式表示的动作与谓语v.表示的动作一表示的动作一般般同时同时进行。进行。eg: 他赶快回家，一边走一边不时地向后看。他赶快回家，一边走一边不时地向后看。 He hurried home, _ behind from time to time as he went.lookingeg: 有人请她表演一个节目，她拒绝了有人请她表演一个节目，她拒绝了_ (ask) to put on a performance, she refused
23、.Being asked(2) 完成式表示的动作则在谓语完成式表示的动作则在谓语v.表示的动作表示的动作之前之前已经完成。已经完成。eg: 在听到这点之后，那位宇航员表示满意。在听到这点之后，那位宇航员表示满意。 _ (hear) this, the astronaut expressed her satisfaction.eg: 给你这样一个好机会，你怎能轻易放过？给你这样一个好机会，你怎能轻易放过？_ (give) such a good chance, how could you let it slip away?Having heardHaving been given 2. v-in
24、g形式作状语，可以表示时间、原因、形式作状语，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步，伴随状况等。结果、条件、让步，伴随状况等。 前提：前提：其逻辑主语必须其逻辑主语必须与句子的与句子的主语一致，主语一致，且是主动关系。且是主动关系。(1) 表表原因原因，相当于原因状语从句，相当于原因状语从句eg: Being ill, she didnt go to school. =As she was ill, she didnt go to school.(2) 表表时间时间，相当于时间状语从句，相当于时间状语从句,有时前可有时前可加加when, while 连词连词eg: 因为没有收到回信，我又给他写
25、了封信。因为没有收到回信，我又给他写了封信。_(receive) an answer, I wrote to him again. =Not having receivedAs I had not received an answer, eg: When hearing the good news, the students were happy.=When they heard the good news(3) 表表伴随伴随，相当于并列句，表示伴随的次，相当于并列句，表示伴随的次要动作或补充说明。要动作或补充说明。eg: Having finished his work, Henry wen
26、t home.=eg: She opened the door and stood there, frowning at me.= She opened the door, stood there and frowned at me.After he finished his work, (4) 表表条件条件，相当于条件状语从句，其前可，相当于条件状语从句，其前可加加if, unless等连词。等连词。eg: If playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.=If you play all day,(5) 表表让步让步，相当于让步状语
27、从句，其前可，相当于让步状语从句，其前可加加although, even though/ if等连词。等连词。eg: Having failed several times, he didnt lose heart.=Though he had failed several times(6) 表表结果结果。eg:汽车陷入交通堵塞，导致耽搁了汽车陷入交通堵塞，导致耽搁了 The car was caught in a traffic jam, causing the delay. 3. 当分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不同时，分当分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不同时，分词要有自己的主语词要有自己的主语(构成
28、独立主格结构构成独立主格结构)。 eg:夜幕降临，我们动身回家了。夜幕降临，我们动身回家了。 Night coming on, we started for home.eg:她站在那里，头靠在树上。她站在那里，头靠在树上。 She stood there, her head leaning on the tree.有时也可用一个有时也可用一个v-ing短语来解释整个句子，短语来解释整个句子，常把这些短语看作固定结构。常把这些短语看作固定结构。eg: Judging from his appearance, he must be a very healthy boy.eg: Generally
29、speaking, the book is not very difficult.4.对比对比：v-ing形式作状语，与主语之间是形式作状语，与主语之间是_关系；关系；v-ed作状语，与主语之间是作状语，与主语之间是_关系；不定式关系；不定式to do作状语，作状语， 表示表示_.主动主动被动被动目的、原因、结果目的、原因、结果eg: 他们走了进来，妻子们跟随在后。他们走了进来，妻子们跟随在后。They came in, _ (follow) by their wives.followedeg: 他们跟着他们的妻子走了进来。他们跟着他们的妻子走了进来。They came in, _ (foll
30、ow) their wives.followingeg: 我们睡在一起以保持暖和。我们睡在一起以保持暖和。We slept together _ (keep) warm.to keepeg: 从山上看这座城市非常壮观。从山上看这座城市非常壮观。_ from the hill, the city looks magnificent.Seen1. The baby heard a sound and stopped crying. Hearing a sound, the baby stopped crying. Ex. 1 Rewrite these sentences using the ing form. 2. He lives far from school and is often late. Living far from his school, he is often late. 3. He cut off the electricity quickly and prevented an accident. Having cut off the electricity quickly, he prevented an accident.
