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1、专升本【学英语必看】 英语语法手册 (全)在实用英语备受青睐的现在,大家在学习英语和准备各种考试时,总是把听说读写放在首位,诚然,学习语言重在实践。但是,请不要忽视语法的作用,特别是在阅读和写作中,他能帮助你分析清楚句子结构,准确抓住句子的要点,更能帮你写出复杂而优美的长句。以下为你整理英语语法手册全集,不需背诵记忆,只要静下心阅读一遍,就能有所收获!宝宝更希望你能把他们融在平时的阅读写作里.英语语法手册关于词类和句子成分根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类,叫做词类。一个句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成,这些部分叫做句子成分。学一个词,要学它的发音、拼法、意义,也要记它的词类;更重
2、要的是要了解它和其他词的关系,及其在句中作什么句子成分。如 China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的 China 这个单词所属的词类是名词,在句子中作主语。词类(parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类:1)名词(noun,缩写为 n.)是人和事物的名称,如 pen(钢笔),English(英语),life(生活)。2)代词(pronoun,缩写为 pron.)是用来代替名词的词,如 we(我们),his(他的),all(全部)。3)形容词(adjective,缩写为 adj.)用来修饰名词,如 great(伟大的),honest(诚实的),diffi
3、cult(困难的)。4)数词(numeral,缩写为 num.)是表示多少和第几的词,如 four(四),eighteen(十八),first(第一),eighth(十八),hundred(一百)。5)动词(verb,缩写为 v)表示动作和状态,如 write(写),walk(行走),think(想)。6)副词(adverb,缩写为。adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词,如quickly(快),often(经常),very(很)。7)冠词(article,缩写为 art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词,如 a,an(一个),the(这,那)。8)介词(preposition,缩写为 prep.)
4、表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系,如 from(从),in(在内),between(在之间)。9)连词(conjunction,缩写为 conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词,如 and(和),because(因为),if(假如)。10)感叹词(interjection,缩写为 int.)表示感情,如。oh(噢),aha(啊哈),hush(嘘)。注一属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义,叫做实词(notional word)。属于后四类(冠、介、连、感等词)的词没有实义,叫做虚词(form word)。注二不少词可以属于几个词类,如 work(工作;动词和名词),fa
5、st(快;形容词和副词),since(自从;连词和介词)等。句子成分(members of the sentence)英语的句子由主语部分与谓语部分组成。具体地讲,主要有下列六种句子成分:1)主语(subject)它是句子所要说明的人或事物,是一句的主体。如 I study English(我学习英语)中的 I。2)谓语动词(predicate verb)它是说明主语的动作或状态的,如 I study English 中的 study。3)表语(predicative)它是放在连系动词之后表示主语的身分或特征的,如 I am a student(我是一个学生)中的 student;Our cl
6、assroom is clean(我们的教室很干净)中的 clean。4)宾语(object)它是表示及物动词动作的对象的,如 I study English 中的 English。介词后面的名词或代词,叫做介词的宾语,如 They dont work on Sunday(他们星期天不工作)中的 Sunday,就是介词 on 的宾语。5)定语(attribute)它是限定或修饰名词或代词用的,如 He likes to drink co1d milk(他喜欢喝冷牛奶)中的 co1d。6)状语(adverbial)它是修饰动词、形容词、副词用的,如 He works hard(他努力工作)中的
7、hard。注虚词在句子中一律不能作为句子成分。英语语法手册英语词法和句法 1.词法(morphology)词法研究的对象是各种词的形式及其用法。英语词类的形式变化有:名词和代词的数、格和性的形式变化;动词的人称、时态、语态、语气等形式变化;以及形容词和副词比较等级的形式变化。2.句法(syntax)句法研究的对象是句子各个组成部分及其安排的规律。 英语语法手册词类和句子成分的关系 在句子里,一定的句子成分由一定的词类来担任。现将哪些句子成分通常由哪些词类来担任列述如下:主语:名词和代词Beijing is the capital of our country.北京是我国的首都。(名词Beiji
8、ng 作主语)She is fond of sports.她爱好运动。(代词 She 作主语)谓语动词:动词My brother rides. his bicycle to work.我哥哥骑自行车上班。(动词rides 作谓语动词)表语:名词、代词和形容词His father is a doctor.他父亲是个医生。(名词 doctor 作表语)The lesson is easy and Short.这课书又容易又短。(形容词 easy 和short 作表语)That classroom is ours,那个教室是我们的。(代词 ours 作表语)宾语:名词和代词I love music.
9、我热爱音乐。(名词 music 作宾语)The medicine is good for her.这药对她有效。(代词 her 作宾语)定语:形容词Li Hong is an excellent teacher.李红是一位好老师。(形容词excellent 作定语)状语:副词Our monitor does well in English.我们班长英语学得好。(副词 well作状语)英语语法手册短语、从句和句子 短语(phrase)具有一定意义但不构成从句或句子的一组词,叫做短语。短语在句子里可以单独作为一个句子成分。短语的种类很多,但本书只用下列几个短语名称:a)不定式短语(infiniti
10、ve phrase)如 He 1ikes to read newspapers after lunch(他喜欢在午饭后读报)中的 to read newspapers after lunch。b)动名词短语(gerundial phrase)如:Staying indoors all day is unhealthy(整天呆在家里不利于健康)中的staymg indoors all day。c)分词短语(participial phrase)如:I saw many people walking along the lake(我看见许多人在湖边散步)中的 walking along the l
11、ake。d)介词短语(prepositional phrase)如:He came by bus(他乘公共汽车来)中的 by bus。从句(clause)内含主语部分和谓语部分,表达一定的概念,但不成为一个独立句子的一组词,叫做从句。从句在句子里可以作为一个句子成分,一般由连词、关系代词或关系副词所引导。从句在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等句子成分;a)主语从句(subject clause)如 What I want to say is this(我要说的是这么一点)中的 what I want to say。b)表语从句(predicative clause)如 This is
12、what I want to say(这是我要说的)中的 what I want to say。c)宾语从句(object clause)如 I have said what I want to say(我说完了我要说的话)中的 what I want to say。d)定语从句(attributive clause)如 This is the thing I want to say(这就是我要说的)中的 I want to say。e)状语从句(adverbial clause)如 If you want to say something,say it clearly(假如你要说什么,就应说
13、清楚)中的 if you want to say something。句子(sentence)内含主语部分和谓语部分,有比较完整的意义的一组词,叫做句子。从句子结构本身来看,句子可分为:a)简单句(simple sentence)只有一个主语部分和一个谓语部分,如:The peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949.中华人民共和国于一九四九年成立。b)并列句(compound sentence)包括两个或两个以上的简单句,中间常由连词连接,如:Toms father worked from morning till night but he go
14、t very little money.汤姆的父亲从早干到晚,但挣得的钱很少。c)复合句(complex sentence)内含一个或一个以上的从句,如:Its a long time since I saw you last.好久没有看见你了。从说话人说话的目的来看,句子可分为:a)陈述句(declarative sentence)用来叙述一件事,如:I saw him yesterday.昨天我看见他了。b)疑问句(interrogative sentence)用来提出疑问,如:Did you see him yesterday?你昨天见到他了吗?c)祈使句(imperative sent
15、ence)表示请求、命令等,如:Please come in.请进来。d)感叹句(exclamatory sentence)表示喜怒等各种情感,如:What a beautiful voice she has!她嗓子多好啊!英语语法手册词序(word order) 词序就是词或句子成分在句子中的排列顺序。英语里的词和句子成分在句子里的位置比较固定。现将句子成分和虚词在陈述句中的一般位置举例说明如下:1)主语的位置 在陈述句基本结构的最前面。如:We help each other.我们互相帮助。2)谓语动词的位置 在主语之后。如:We go to school every day.我们每天上学
16、。3)表语的位置 在连系动词之后。如:Its fine today.今天天气很好。4)宾语的位置 在及物动词或介词之后。如:I like this place.我喜欢这个地方。(及物动词的宾语的位置)There are many trees in this place.这地方有许多树。(介词的宾语的位置)5)定语的位置 单词作定语,一般放在被修饰语的前面,短语和从句作定语则放在被修饰语的后面。如:The school library has many books on agriculture.校图书馆有许多关于农业的书。(many 和 on agriculture,都修饰 books,many
17、 在 books 的前面,on agriculture 则在它的后面)6)状语的位置 修饰形容词或副词的状语放在被修饰语之前;修饰动词的状语有的放在动词之前,有的放在动词之后。如动词有宾语,状语一般须放在宾语之后。如:The Summer Palace is very beautiful.颐和园非常美丽。(very 为状语,修饰形容词 beautiful,放在 beautiful 之前)I know him well.我十分了解他。(well 为状语,修饰动词know,放在 know 之后)The students often go on a picnic.这些学生经常出去野餐。(often
18、为状语,修饰动词 go,放在它的前面)We take exercise every day.我们每天都运动。(every day 为状语,修饰动词 take,在宾语 exercise 之后)注关于以上所讲各个句子成分在句子里的位置,详见第十六章各有关部分。7)冠词的位置 冠词在名词之前。如:I met a friend at the bus-stop.我在公共汽车站遇到一位朋友。8)介词的位置 介词一般也放在名词或代词之前。如:There is a map of China on the wall.墙上有一幅中国地图。9)连词的位置 连词一般放在同类的词、短语或从句之间。如:They work
19、ed quickly and efficiently.他们工作速度快,效率高。He works just as hard as everyone else although he is over sixty.他尽管六十多岁了,仍和大家一样努力工作。10)感叹词的位置 感叹词常放在句子最前面。如:Oh,its you!啊,是你呀! 英语语法手册关于英语名词 定义什么是名词 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词,叫做名词。如:baby 婴儿 time 时间pencil 铅笔 socialism 社会主义air 空气 Shanghai 上海种类名词的种类英语名词可分为两大类:1)普通名词(comm
20、on noun)普通名词是某一类人、某一类事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。如:soldier 士兵 water 水pupil 学生 health 健康machine 机器 pleasure 快乐2)专有名词(proper noun)专有名词是个别的人、团体、地方、机构或事物的名称。其中实词的第一个字母必须大写。如:Lei Feng 雷锋 Karl Marx 卡尔马克思London 伦敦 China 中国The Communist Party of China 中国共产党The Great Hall of the People 人民大会堂The Ministry of Foreign Affai
21、rs 外交部普通名词的种类普通名词可进一步分为:1)类名词(class noun)类名词表示人或事物属于某一类。如:tractor 拖拉机 panda 熊猫factory 工厂 teacher 教员2)集体名词(collective noun)集体名词是一些人或物的总称。如:class 阶级,班 herd 兽群crowd 人群 army 军队3)物质名词(material noun)物质名词表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的实物。如:steel 钢 gram 粮食fire 火 cotton 棉花4)抽象名词(abstract noun)抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念。如:hap
22、piness 幸福 life 生活work 工作 whiteness 白色注名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)。可数名词有单、复数之分,不可数名词一般不分单数和复数。类名词和集体名词一般是可数的;抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数的。有少数名词既可用作不可数名词,又可用作可数名词,但意义有所不同。如:用作不可数名词 用作可数名词glass 玻璃 玻璃杯paper 纸 报纸,文件tin 锡 罐头copper 铜 铜币 英语语法手册有关英语名词格的概述 格(case)是名词或代词具有的形式及其变化,表示与其它词的关系。英语的名
23、词有三个格:主格(nominative case)、宾语(objective case)和所有格(possessive case)。但英语的名词除所有格有形式的变化外,主格和宾格都没有形式变化。名词在句中是主格或是宾格,主要通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。如:My brother always misplaces his schoolbag.我弟弟常常乱放他的书包。(brother 是主语,故为主格;schoolbag 是 misplaces 的宾语,故是宾格)Every written sentence should begin with a capital letter.每个书写出来的句子
24、开头都要用大写字母。(sentence 在句中作主语,故是主格;letter 是介词 with 的宾语,故是宾格)表示有生命的东西的名词的所有格表示有生命的东西的名词(人或动物)的末尾,加上s,即构成所有格,可放在另一名词之前,作定语用。如:Johns friend 约翰的朋友Xiao Wangs notebook 小王的笔记本childrens books 儿童读物my fathers room 我父亲的房间 英语语法手册英语名词所有格与它所修饰的名词的逻辑关系 名词所有格在逻辑上可能是它所修饰的名词的主语,也可能是它所修饰的名词的宾语。1)名词所有格是它所修饰的名词的逻辑主语。如:the
25、Partys concern of the younger generation 党对年青一代的关怀the hatred of the soldiers for the enemy 士兵对敌人的仇恨2)名词所有格是它所修饰的名词的逻辑宾语。如:the reactionary rules overthrow 反动统治的被推翻the occupation of the city by the enemy 敌人对该城的占领of+名词所有格上面讲的两种所有格的形式可以结合起来,构成of+所有格形式,表示部分观念或感情色彩。这种所有格叫做双重所有格。如:1)表示部分观念:a friend of my s
26、isters (= one of my sisters friends)我妹妹的一个朋友;a picture of Mr. Wus 吴先生(具有的照片中)的一张照片(比较:a picture of Mr. Wu 吴先生本人的照片,即照片上是吴先生的像)。2)表示感情色彩:this lovely child of your aunts 你婶母的这个可爱的孩子名词所有格所修饰的词的省略名词所有格所修饰的词,如果前面已经提到,往往可以省略,以免重复。如:The dictionary is not mine, but Xiao Wangs.这本词典不是我的,是小王的。名词所有格后面指地点等的名词,有的
27、习惯上可省去不用。如:I met him at the Johnsons (shop).我在约翰逊商店遇见了他。I went to my uncles (house) yesterday.我昨天到我叔叔家去 英语语法手册英语冠词 冠词分不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种,一般无句子重音。1)不定冠词 a,ana) a 和 an 均用在单数名词之前,表示某一类人或事物中的一个,相当于汉语的一,但不强调数目观念。b) a 用在辅音之前,an 用在元音之前。如:a notebook 一个笔记本,a cigarette 一支香烟,an ol
28、d man 一位老人,an English class 一堂英语课。字母 u 读作ju:时,由于第一个音j是辅音,故前面用 a,不用 an。如:a useful book 一本有用的书,a university 一所大学。字母 h 如不发音,第一个音又是元音,前面用 an 而不用 a,如 an hour ənauə一小时,an honest ən nist person 一个诚实的人。c) a 和 an 在句中分别弱读作E和En。2)定冠词 thea)表示某一类人或事物中的某一个或某一些,相当于汉语的这或那。b)不论单数名词或复数名词,也不论可数名词或不可数名词,
29、前面都可以用 the。c)在元音前读Ti,辅音前读TE。如 the evening Ti5:vniN (傍晚),the car TEkB: (汽车);在元音字母 u 发ju:和半元音字母。y 发j时,仍读əTE。如 the unit TE5ju:nit (单位),the yard TEjB:d (院子)。英语中不定冠词 a (an)的用法1)指一个人、动物或一件事物属于某一类。如:Xiao Xus father is a miner.小徐的父亲是矿工。(而不是其他工种)Give me a ballpen , please.请给我一支圆珠笔。(而不是钢笔或其他种类)2)指任何一个人、动
30、物或一件事物。如:A steel worker makes steel.钢铁工人炼钢。(意即任何一个钢铁工人都炼钢)A triangle has three angles.三角形有三个角。(意即任何一个三角形都有三个角)3)指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:He comes from a firm in Beijing.他来自北京某一家公司。A young man wants to see you.有个青年人要见你。A car stopped in front of the gate.一辆汽车停在大门前。4)不定冠词还可指事物的单位,如每日、每斤等。如:Butter is 4 yuan
31、 a kilo.黄油四元钱一公斤。He drove the car at 18 miles an hour.他行车速度为每小时十八英里。The Chinese Export Commodities Fair is held in Guangzhou twice a year.中国出口商品交易会每年在广州举行两次。The doctor told him to take the medicine three times a day. 医生叫他一天吃三次药。定冠词 the 的用法1)特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。如:This is the house where Lu Xun once lived.
32、这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。(以别于其他房子)The book on the desk is an English dictionary.书桌上的那本书是一本英语词典。(特指桌上的那本书。注意名词 book 被 on the desk 短语所限定。)Cairo is the capital of Egypt.开罗是埃及的首都。We plan to cut the wheat in these fields in three days time.我们计划三天后割这些地的小麦。(特指这些地里的小麦)2)指说话人与听话人彼此所熟悉的人或事物。如:Open the door, please.请开门。(双方
33、都知道指的是哪一个门)The Manager is in his office.经理在他的办公室里。(双方都知道指的是哪个经理)Lets meet at the railway station.我们在火车站碰头吧。(双方都知道指的是哪一个火车站)3)复述上文提过的人或事物。如:Last week I read a story and a play. The story is about the Second World War and the play about the life of university students.上周我读了一篇故事和一个剧本。那篇故事是关于第二次世界大战的,剧本
34、是关于大学生生活的。4)表示在世界上独一无二的事物,如 the sun 太阳,the moon 月亮,the earth 地球,the sky 天空,the world 世界。5)定冠词 the 用于单数可数名词之前,表示某一类人或事物。如:The Chinese student of English is apt to make such mistakes.中国学英语的学生容易犯这样的错误。.The favourite fast food in the United States is the hamburger.美国最为人所爱吃的快餐是汉堡包。The compass was invente
35、d in ancient China.古代中国发明了指南针。演奏乐器时,乐器的名称前也常用定冠词 the。如:At the Childrens Palace,some children learn to play the piano,others learn to play the violin.在少年宫里,有的小孩学弹钢琴,有的学拉小提琴。注一语法书中的 the verb(动词)和动植物学书中的 the elephant(象)和 the rose(玫瑰)等,都属于这一类。注二马是有用的动物有下面三种说法,如:A horse is a useful animal.The horse is a
36、useful animal.Horses are useful animals.6)表示阶级、党派的名词前必须用the。如 the Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党,the working class 工人阶级,the bourgeoisie 资产阶级,the Labour Party(英国)工党7)定冠词还可与某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化,代表某一类人或物。如 the poor 穷人,the rich 富人,the wounded 伤员,the sick 病号,the beautiful 美丽的事物。8)在序数词、形容词最高级和表示方位的名词前,常用定冠词 the
37、。如:Shanghai is the biggest city in China.上海是中国最大的城市。January is the first month of the year.元月是一年中的第一个月份。The sun rises in the east.日出东方。9)下面一些说法中习惯上须用定冠词 the。如:in the morning 在早上或上午in the afternoon 在下午in the evening 在晚上to go to the theatre(cinema)到剧院(电影院)去看戏(电影)专有名词前冠词的用法专有名词前一般不用冠词,如 Shanghai 上海,Bri
38、tain 英国,Edgar Snow 埃德加斯诺。但在下列几种场合中,却经常要用定冠词。1)在江河、海洋、山脉、群岛的名称前。如:the Yellow River 黄河,the Baltic(Sea)波罗的海,the Pacific (Ocean)太平洋,the Atlantic(Ocean)大西洋,the Xisha islands 西沙群岛,the Tianshan Mountains 天山,the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山。2)在含有普通名词的专有名词前。如:a)某些国名前:the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国,the United State
39、s of America 美国(有些国名并不含有普通名词,但也用定冠词,如:the Philippines 菲律宾,the Sudan 苏丹。)b)某些机关团体等组织名称前:the National Peoples Congress 全国人民代表大会,the State Council 国务院,the United Nations 联合国c)朝代、时代的名称前:the Tang dynasty 唐朝,the Warring States period 战国时代。3)在某些建筑物的名称前。如:the National Art Gallery 国家美术馆,the Great Wall 长城,the
40、 Peking Zoo 北京动物园,the British Museum 大英博物馆。4)在报纸、杂志、旅馆等名称前。如:the Peoples Daily人民日报 ,the Readers Digest 读者文摘,the Being Hotel 北京饭店。5)在姓名复数形式前,指一家人。如:The Lius have moved to Tianjin.刘家已经搬到天津去了,The Greens came to China for a visit last year.格林一家去年来中国访问过。抽象名词和物质名词前冠词的用法1)抽象名词和物质名词表示一般概念时,前面通常不用冠词,但特指时,则须用
41、定冠词。试比较:War is the continuation of politics.战争是政治的继续。Our battalion fought north and south during the Anti - Japanese War.我们这个营在抗日战争时期转战南北。He is fond of music.他喜欢音乐。Did you like the music of the film?你喜欢这个影片的音乐吗?Science is making rapid progress in China.中国科学正在飞速发展。Physics is the science of matter and
42、 energy.物理学是研究物质和能量的科学。China is rich in oil. 中国石油丰富。The oil produced in Dagang is of first-rate quality.大港油田生产的石油质量是头等的。2)抽象名词和物质名词如果具体化,表示一个具体情况或动作或某一类物质时,前面可用不定冠词。如:It is a great joy to live in New China.生活在新中国真幸福。Liu Hulan has an ardent love for the people and a deep hatred for the enemy.刘胡兰热爱人民,
43、痛恨敌人。Mao-tai is a famous Chinese liquor.茅台是一种中国的名酒。She built a fire.她生了个火。-Have a smoke?-No,thanks. I gave Up smoking long ago.-抽支烟吧?-谢谢,我早戒烟了。不用冠词的场合1)专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前,一般不用冠词。如:Canada 加拿大,Japanese 日语,love 爱,hatred 恨,glass 玻璃,water 水。2)名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,whose,some,any,no,each,every 等代词时,不用冠
44、词。如:That is my cap.那是我的帽子。I enjoyed every minute of it.我自始至终都玩得痛快。I want this book, not that one.我要这本书,不要那本书。3)季节、月份、星期几等名称前,一般不用冠词。如:Spring has come.春天来了。Winter is the best time for skating.冬天是溜冰的最好季节。Her little daughter was born in April 1987.她的小女儿于 1987 年 4月出生。We have mathematics on Monday.我们星期一有
45、数学课。注季节前有时也用冠词。如 in the spring 在春季。当然也可以说 in spring。4)复数名词表示某一类人或事物时,不用冠词。如:I dont approve of cousins marrying.我不赞成表兄妹结婚。Books are my best friends.书是我最好的朋友。5)称呼语前面不用冠词,表示头衔和职务(这种职务一般只由一人担任)的名词的前面也常不用冠词。如:What does this word mean, Father?这个词是什么意思,爸爸?Mrs. Johnson is director of the office.约翰逊太太是办公室主任。
46、6)在某些固定词组里,名词之前常不用冠词。如:by air 乘飞机,at night 夜间,in fact 事实上,in danger 在危险中,after school 放学后,at home 在家中,in town 在城里,to go to school上学去,to go to bed 去睡觉,to go to class 去上课,from door to door挨门挨户,from morning till night 从早到晚。7)三餐饭的名称前,常不用冠词。如:Have you had breakfast?你吃过早饭了吗?After lunch we usually have a n
47、ap.午饭后我们一般都睡午觉。What did you have for supper?你晚饭吃什么了?注但指一特定的餐食时则须用定冠词,如 Come on, or the dinner will be getting cold.(快来,要不饭就凉了)。8)球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。如:My younger brother likes to play table tennis.我弟弟喜欢打乒乓球。Lets go and watch them play chess.让我们去看他们下棋去。9)节日、假日等名称之前不用冠词。如:New Years Day 元旦 National Day 国
48、庆节May Day 五一劳动节 Childrens Day 儿童节Christmas Day 圣诞节10)报纸和文章的标题常常省去冠词。如:Letter from Beijing: Women in Capital Cotton Mill 北京来信:首都棉纺厂的妇女(文章标题,letter 之前省去了不定冠词 a。)Bosses Force Deadlock on Pay Increase Talks 老板们使要求增加工资的谈判陷于僵局。(报纸标题,bosses 前省去 the,deadlock 前省去 a, pay increase talks 前省去 the。)英语语法手册代词 定义 代词
49、(pronoun)是代替名词的词:代词在句子中的功用a)和名词一样,可作主语、宾语和表语。b)有些代词和形容词一样,可作定语。如:a) I am reading The Arabian Nights.我在读天方夜谭 。(作主语)This is John Smith speaking.(打电话用语)我是约翰史密斯。(作主语)Can I help you?我能帮你的忙吗?(作宾语)Thats all.我的话完了。(作表语)b)His father is an eye-doctor.他父亲是个眼科医生。(作定语)All men are equal.所有的人都是平等的。(作定语)3)格的变化 有些代词
50、有格的变化,如 I 我(主格),me 我(宾格),Who 谁(主格),whom 谁(宾格)。某些代词有所有格,如 whose 谁的,others 别人的,somebodys 某人的,ones 一个人的。4)单复数形式 有些代词有单数和复数形式。少数代词的复数形式和名词的复数形式的变化规则相同,如 one-ones,other-others。其他如人称代词、物主代词、自身代词和指示代词等,其复数形式与此不同,须个别记忆。5)有或没有冠词 代词之前一般不用冠词,只有少数例外。如:the other,the others,a few,a little 等。种类英语有下列几种代词:1)人称代词(per
51、sonal pronoun)a)主格:I,he,she,it,we,you,they.b)宾格:me,him,her,it,us,you,them.2)物主代词(possessive pronoun):a)形容词性物主代词:my,his,her,its;our,your,their.b)名词性物主代词:mine,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs.3)自身代词(self-pronoun):myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves,oneself.4)相互代词(recip
52、rocal pronoun):each other,one another.5)指示代词(demonstrative pronoun):this,that,these,those,such,same.6)疑问代词(interrogative pronoun):who,whom,whose,which,what.7)关系代词(relative pronoun):who,whom,whose,which,that.8)不定代词(indefinite pronoun):some,something,somebody,someone,any,anything,anybody,anyone,no,not
53、hing,nobody,no one,every,everything,everybody,everyone,each,much,many,little,a little,few,a few,other,another,all,none,one,both,either,neither.人称代词概说表示我, 、你、他、我们、你们、他们等的词,叫做人称代词。人称代词的用法1)人称代词主格的用法a)作主语I am a cook.(炊事员) We are cooks,You are a teacher.(教师) You are teachers.He is a barber.(理发员) The yar
54、e barbers.She is a nurse.(护士)The yare nurses.It is a cart.(大车) They are carts.b)作表语Its I .是我。 Oh,its you. 噢,是你。注一第一人称单数人称代词 I (我)永远要大写。(见上面例句)注二口语习惯上不说 its I (he, she 等),而说 Its me (him,her等)。2)人称代词宾格的用法a)作及物动词的宾语The dog bit him.那只狗咬了他。Our P. T. teacher taught us to swim yesterday.我们的体育老师昨天教我们游泳。This
55、 is my new hat. Do you like it ?这是我的新帽子,你喜欢吗?b)作介词的宾语My brother often writes tome.我弟弟常给我写信。They took good care of us.他们无微不至地照料我们。3)人称代词的其他用法 各人称代词除按照自身的人称、数和格使用外,还有下列一些特殊用法:a)报刊的编辑和文章的作者,在发表观点时,常用 we 代替 I (同样用 our代替 my)。如:We believe that China will make still greater progress in shipbuilding.我们相信中国的
56、造船业将会有更大的发展。In our opinion this is the best film of the year.我们认为这是今年最好的影片。b)用 she 来代替国家、城市、船舶、飞机以及动物等,以表示亲切和爱抚。如:Thats the picture of the Dongfeng; she is a 10,000 - ton class ocean - going freighter.那是万吨远洋货轮东风号的照片。The dog waved his tail when he saw his master.那狗看见主人就摇尾巴。c)北有时可用来代替小孩(child)和婴儿(baby
57、)。如:The child smiled when it saw its mother.小孩见到母亲就笑了。d) they 可用来代替一般的人,特别在they say中。如:They say theres going to be another good harvest this year.人们说今年又是个丰收年。物主代词概说表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词的用法1)形容词性物主代词用作定语I love my work in the hospital.我喜欢我在医院的工作。How many students are there in his (her) class?
58、他(她)班上有多少学生?There are many good teachers in our school.我们学校有许多好老师。I saw a film lasts saturday. Its title was Guerrillas on the Plains.我上星期六看了一个电影,名叫平原游击队 。2)名词性物主代词用作主语、宾语和表语a)用作主语:Our room is on the first floor, and theirs is on the second 我们的房间在一层,他们的在二层。Ours is a socialist country.我们的国家是社会主义国家。b)
59、用作宾语:I didnt borrow her dictionary. I borrowed his.我没有借她的字典,我借的是他的。c)用作表语:Whose pencil is this?It is hers.这是谁的铅笔?-是她的。These tools are ours.这些工具是我们的。注of+名词性物主代词和 2.12 的of+名词所有格的用法完全一样。如:a friend of mine 我的一个朋友(表示部分观念,意即我有不少朋友,他(她)是其中之一)this lovely child of yours 你的这个可爱的孩子(有感情色彩)自身代词概说 表示反射(指一个动作回射到该动
60、作执行者本身)或强调(即用来加强名词或代词的语气)的代词叫做自身代词。自身代词的用法1)在句中作宾语,表示动作回到动作执行者的本身。如:Please help yourself to some lea.请自己用茶。(作 help 的宾语)The girl is too young to look after herself.这女孩太小,还不能照顾自己。(作 look after 的宾语)He was always ready to help others; he never thought of himself他总是帮助别人,从不想到自己。(作 thought of 的宾语)2)在句中作名词或
61、代词的同位语,用来加强名词或代词的语气,作亲自、本人解。它在句中可置于名词、代词之后,也可置于句子末尾。如:You yourself said so.你自己是这样说的。The desk itself is not so heavy.书桌本身并不重。I fixed the window myself.这窗户是我自己装的。相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词的用法1)作宾语。如:Do you often see one another?你们彼此常见面吗?New and old students learn from each other.新老同学相互学习。.John and Tom h
62、elped each other.约翰和汤姆相互帮助。2)作定语时须用所有格。如:We are interested in one anothers work.我们关心彼此的工作。The students corrected each others mistakes in their homework.学生相互改作业中的错误。Students cut each others hair.同学们相互理发。3)each 和 other 有时可分开用。如:Each tried to persuade the other to stay at home.两个人都彼此劝说对方留在家里。指示代词概说表示这个
63、、那个、这些、那些等指示概念的代词叫做指示代词。指示代词有:this 这个,that 那个,these 这些,those 那些,it 那个,这个,Such 如此的,如此的事物,same 同样的,同样的事物。指示代词 this,these,that,those 在句中的功用指示代词 this,these,that,those 在句中的用法相当于名词和形容词,可用作主语、表语、宾语和定语。如:This is a plane,这是一架飞机。(作主语)Oh,its not that.噢,问题不在那儿。(作表语)How do you like these?你喜欢这些吗?(作宾语)This book is
64、 about Chinese traditional medicine.这是一本关于中医的书。(作定语)指示代词 ins,these,that, those 的其它用法1)This (these)常用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物,that(those)则常用来指时间或空间上较远的事物。如:This is a sickle and that is an axe.这是一把镰刀,那是一把斧子。These days are cold.这些天很冷。In those days the poor people had a hard time.在那些日子里,穷人生活很苦。2)有时 that 和 those 指
65、前面讲到过的事物,this 和 these 则指下面将要讲到的事物。如:I had a bad cold. Thats why I didnt come.我伤风很厉害,所以我没有来。Those two statements are not true.那两种说法是不真实的。What I want to say is this:Pronunciation is very important in learning English.我所要说的是:语音在英语学习中非常重要。chairman Mao honoured Lin Hulan with these words:A great life A g
66、lorious death毛主席用下面的话表彰刘胡兰:生的伟大,死的光荣。3)有时为了避免重复提到过的名词,常可用 that 或 those 代替。如:The climate of shenyang is just as good as that of Beijing. 沈阳的气候跟北京的一样好。(that 代替 climate)The countys grain output of 1981 was double that of 1970.这个县1987 年的粮食产量比 1980 年增加一倍。(that 代替 grain output)Television sets made in Nanj
67、ing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.南京出产的电视机和上海的一样好。(those 代替 television sets)4)This 和 that 有时作状语用,表示程度,意谓这么和那么。如:The book is about this thick.那本书大约有这么厚。I dont want that much.我不要那么多。It 指人时亦用作指示代词。指示代词 it 在汉语中不必译出。如:Who is it?its me.是谁?-是我。Oh, its you,Lao Wang.哦,是你呀,老王。Such 和 same 也是指示代词,其
68、单、复数的形式相同。它们在句中可用作:1)定语The foreign Visitors said they had never seen such a beautiful city before.外宾说他们从来没有看过这样美丽的城市。We are not talking about the same thing.我们谈的不是一回事。注 such 作定语时,它所修饰的名词之前如有不定冠词,这个不定冠词应放在 Such 之后,如上面第一例。2)相当于名词,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分。Such were his words.这就是他讲的话。(作主语)The same can be said o
69、f the Other article.另一篇文章也是同样情况。(作主语)Take from the drawer such as you need.你需要什么,就从抽屉里拿吧。(作宾语)His name and mine are the same.他和我同名。(作表语)注注意在 same 之前一般须用定冠词 the。疑问代词概说疑问代词有 who(谁,主格),whom(谁,宾格),whose(谁的,所有格),what(什么)和 which(哪个,哪些)等。疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中疑问代词一般都放在句首,并在句中作为某一句子成分。如:Who is going to speak to us to
70、morrow?明天谁来跟我们讲话?(who 作主语)Who told you so?是谁告诉你的?(who 作主语)Whom are you talking about ?你们在说谁?(whom 作宾语,但在句首时口语常用 who 代替 whom)Whose umbrella is this ?这是谁的伞?(whose 作定语)What is that? 那是什么?(what 作表语)What did he say?他说什么?(what 作宾语)Which is yours,the blue pen or the redone?蓝笔和红笔哪一支是你的?(which 作主语)注一关于疑问代词的各
71、种用法,可参看 77.70-77.72。注二疑问代词 who,what,which 等后面加单词 ever,可强调语气,表达说话人的各种感情。如:What ever do you want?你到底想要什么?Who ever is she looking for ?她究竟是在找谁?注三which 表示在一定范围之内的选择,what 则没有这种限制。如:What do you usually have for lunch?你们午饭通常吃些什么?Which do you like best?你最喜欢哪一个?Which of you comrades come from the Northeast?
72、你们同志们中间谁是东北人?疑问代词可以引导一个间接疑问句间接疑问句在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语等。疑问代词本身在间接疑问句中又担任一定的句子成分。如:Who will be in charge of the work is still not decided.谁将负责这项工作,现在还没有决定。(疑问代词 who 引导一个主语从句,它本身又在从句中用作主语。)Do you know what his name is?你知道他叫什么名字吗?(疑问代词 what引导一个宾语从句,而它本身又在从句中用作表语。)注一 what 所引导的名词性从句(即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句) 有时不是间接疑问句。如
73、:What he says is quite true.他所讲的话很对。(what 相当于 that which。它引导一个主语从句,这个从句不是间接疑问句。)Children do what the nurse tells them to do.保育员让孩子干什么他们就做什么。(what 引导一个宾语从句,这个从句也不是间接疑问句。)注二 whatever,whoever,whichever 等词可引导名词性从句。这些名词性从句也不是间接疑问句。whatever,whoever,whichever 也可引导表示让步的状语从句。见 15.65 和 15.72)如:They eat whatev
74、er they can find.他们找到什么就吃什么。(whatever引导一个宾语从句,并在从句中作宾语。)Ive got plenty of books 1eft.Whoever wants an extra copy can get one from me.我还剩下许多书,谁还想再要一本可来拿。(whoever 引导一个主语从句,并在从句中作主语。)关系代词两种可用来引导从句并将从句和主句连接起来的代词这样的代词一方面在从句中用作句子成分,可作主语、宾语、定语等;另一方面又起连词的作用。这样的代词有关系代词和疑问代词两种。(关于疑问代词,见 4.18)关系代词概说关系代词有 who,w
75、hose,whom,that,which 等,用来引导定语从句。它们在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语或表语;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(这样的名词和代词叫做先行词)。如:The man who is talking with Mr. Brown is an eye Specialist 和布朗先生谈话的那个人是个眼科大夫。(关系代词 who 在从句中用作土语,它的先行词是 man)He is the comrade whom you have been looking for 他就是你要找的那位同志。(关系代词 whom 在从句中作宾语,它的先行词是 comra
76、de,whom 在口语中一般可省去)The old man whose son is in the navy used to be carpenter.儿子在海军的那位老人过去是个木匠。(关系代词 whose 在从句中用作定语,先行词为 man)The film which I saw last night is about a young teacher.我昨晚看的那部电影说的是一个年轻教师的事。(关系代词 which 在从句中用作宾语,先行词为 film, which 在口语中可省略)This is the plane that will fly to Tokyo in the after
77、noon.这是下午要飞往东京的飞机。(关系代词 that 在从句中用作主语,先行词为 plane)不定代词概说不是指明代替任何特定名词(或形容词)的代词叫做不定代词。不定代词有:some 一些(可数或不可数)somebody 某人someone 某人something 某物,某事any 一些,任何(可数或不可数)anybody 任何人anyone 任何人anything 任何事物no 无(可数或不可数)nobody 无人no one 无一人nothing 无物all 全体,全部both 两个neither 没有人或物(指两个当中)none 没有人或物(指两个以上)either 任何一个(指两个
78、当中)each 每个every 每个everybody 每人,大家,人人everyone 每人everything 每一个事物,一切other (s)另一个(些)another 另外一个,又一个much 很多(不可数)many 很多(可数)few 很少(可数)a few 一些,几个(可数)little 很少(不可数)a little 一些(不可数)one 一个(人或物)不定代词的用法不定代词大都可代替名词和形容词,在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语和定语。如:1)用作主语Both of them are waiters.他们俩人都是男侍者。Is everybody here?人都到了吗?2)用作宾语
79、I know little about the novel 关于这本小说我知道的很少。I am speaking for myself,not for others.我只代表自己,不代表别人发言。I was interested in everything that the old man told me.我对于这位老人告诉我的一切都感兴趣。3)用作表语Thats all for today. class is dismissed.今天就讲这一些。现在下课。This book is too much for me.这本书对我说太难了。4)用作定语Study well and make prog
80、ress every day.好好学习,天天向上。He has some English books.他有一些英文书。china will become a powerful modern country in another twenty years.再过二十年中国将成为现代化强国。注有些不定代词也可用作同位语和状语。如:Wang and Li both made good progress.王和李两人都有很大进步。(同位语)They all went to the Zoo.他们都去动物园了。(同位语)Are you any good at mathematics?你数学好吗?(状语)The
81、 meeting lasted some two hours.会议进行了两个小时左右。(状语)复合不定代词由 some,any,no,every 加上-body,-one,-thing 构成的不定代词,叫做复合不定代词。1)复合不定代词有a) somebody 某人 someone 某人something 某物,某事b) anybody 任何人 anyone 任何人anything 任何事物c) nobody 无一人 no one 无一人nothing 5nQWiN无一物d)everybody,everyone 每人,大家,人人everything 每一个事物,一切2)复合不定代词的用法a)复
82、合不定代词只相当于名词,在句中用作主语、宾语和表语。如:Everything is made of elements.任何东西都是元素构成的。(作主语)I have got nothing to say.我没有什么话要说。(作宾语)something 和 anything 的区别与 some 和 any 的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句中。如:Have you anything to say about this question? -No, I havent anything to say. (或 I have nothing to say.)(或 Y
83、es, I have something to say.) 关于这个问题,你有什么话要讲吗?-我没有什么话要讲。(我有话要说。)She told them something about her work.她跟他们谈了一些关于她的工作上的事。(作宾语)b)复合不定代词被形容词所修饰时,形容词须放在它们的后面。如:There is nothing wrong with the lathe.这个车床没有毛病。is there anything important in todays newspaper?今天报纸上有什么重要消息吗?I need somebody strong to help me.
84、我需要一个体格强壮的人帮助我。 英语语法手册英语数词 概说定义和特征1)表示多少和第几的词,叫做数词(numeral)。2)数词与不定代词相似,其用法或者相当于形容词,或者相当于名词。种类1)基数词 表示多少的词叫做基数词(cardinal numeral),如:one (一),twenty(二十),hundred(百)等。2)序数词 表示第几的词叫做序数词(ordinal numeral),如:first (第一),twentieth (第二十),hundredth(第一百)等。基数词100 以下的基本的墓数词1 onewQn 11 eleveni5levn2 twotu: 12 twelv
85、etwelv3 threeWri: 13 thirteen 5We:5ti:n4 fourfC: 14 fourteen5 five faiv 15 fifteen 5fif5ti:n6 sixsiks 16 sixteen7 seven 5sevn 17 seventeen8 eight eit 18 eighteen5ei5ti:n9 ninenain 19 nineteen10 tenten 20 twenty 5twenti21 twenty-one 5twenti5wQn 60 sixty30 thirty 5WE:ti 70 seventy40 forty 5fC:ti 80 ei
86、ghty50 fifty5fifti 90 ninety说明:1)13-19 皆以后缀-teen5ti:n结尾,它们都有两个重音。注意thirteen,fifteen,eighteen 的发音和拼法。2) 20-90 第十位数的整数均以后缀-tyti结尾。3)十位数和个位数之间须用连字号-。如:twenty-one(二十一),fifty-five(五十五),ninety-nine(九十九)等。100 以上的基本的基数词100 hundred 5hQndrid1,000 thousand 5WauzEnd1,000,000 million 5niljEn百万100,000,000 hundred
87、 million 一亿1,000 million (=billion)十亿499 four hundred and ninety-nine(101-999 如此构成)3,876 three thousand eight hundred and seventy-six (1001-9999 皆如此构成)57,453 fifty-seven thousand four hundred and fifty-three(10001-99999)皆如此构成)768, 921 seven hundred sixty-eight thousand nine hundred and twenty-one8,6
88、41, 457 eight million six hundred forty-one thousand four hundred and fifty-seven50, 000, 000 fifty million500, 000, 000 five hundred million5, 000, 000, 000 five thousand million(或 five billion)50, 000, 000, 000 fifty thousand million (或 fifty billion)说明:1)100 和 100 以上的基数词须用 hundred,thousand,millio
89、n, billion等。2)十位数与百位数之间有 and。但也有不用 and 的情况,如 850 可以读作eight hundred fifty。基数词的用法基数词在句中可用作下列句子成分:1)主语Two plus nine is eleven.二加九等于十一。Four times six is twenty-four. 四乘六得二十四。Three of them went to college last year.他们当中去年有三人上大学了。(如说 the three of them,意思则是他们三个人)2)宾语Give me two.给我两个。3)定语There are nineteen
90、students in our class.我们班有十九个同学。My uncle bought two hand tractors recently.我叔叔最近买了两台手扶拖拉机。(注)hundred(百),thousand(千)和 million(百万)作定语用时一律不用复数;作名词用(后面多跟 of 短语)时则用复数。如:Our country has a population of l,200 million people.我国有十二亿人口。There are three thousand students in the university.这所大学有三千学生。Rice has bee
91、n cultivated in the East for thousands of years.水稻在东方已经种植了几千年。Maize is the most important food crop for millions of people in the world.玉米是全世界千百万人最主要的粮食。 4)表语She is just fourteen.她刚十四岁。He was already forty when he began to learn English 他开始学英语时已经四十岁了。序数词199 的基本的序数词序数词 缩写式 汉译first fE:st lst 第一second
92、5sekEnd 2nd 第 二third We:d 3rd 第三fouth fC:W 4th 第四fifthfifW 5th 第五sixthsiksW 6th 第六seventh5sevenW 7th 第七eightheitW 8th 第八ninthnainW 9th 第九tenthtenW 10th 第十eleventh 11th 第十一twelfthtwelfW 12th 第十二thirteenth 13th 第十三nineteenth 19th 第十九twentieth 5twentiiW 20th 第二十fortieth 40th 第四十fifty-first 51st 第五十一six
93、ty-second 62nd 第六十二eighty-third 83rd 第八十三ninety-fourth 94th 第九十四说明:1)英语序数词 1-19 除第一(first),第二(second),第三(third)有特殊形式外,其余均由基数词后加-th W构成。2)有几个序数词加 -th 时拼法不规则,它们是:fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth。3)十位整数的序数词的构成方法是:先将十位整数基数词的词尾 -ty 中的 y 变成 i,然后加-eth iW。4)基数词几十几变成序数词时,仅将个位数变成序数词,十位数不变。如 twenty-one 变成 twenty-fir
94、st。5)序数词的缩写形式,由阿拉伯数码后加上序数词的最后两个字母构成。如:1st,2nd,3rd,4th,31st,82nd,93rd,94th 等。序数词的用法序数词在句中可用作下列各个句子成分:1)主语The first is better than the second.第一个比第二个要好。2)宾语He was among the first to arrive.他是首批到达的。3)定语China exploded its first atom bomb in October 1964.中国于 1964 年10 月爆炸了第一颗原子弹。His father died in the Sec
95、ond World War.他父亲在第二次世界大战中死去。4)表语Jack is always the first to get to the office in the morning.杰克每天早晨总是第一个到办公室。注序数词前面常用定冠词 the。分数和小数的读法1)分数(fraction)分子为基数词,分母为序数词并有复数。12 one half hB:f; 13 one-third; 23 two-thirds;14 one-fourth 或 one quarter 5kwC:tE; 34 three-fourths 或 three quarters; 2 3/5 two and th
96、ree-fifths.2)小数(decimal)0.5 zero 5ziErEu point five; 1.25 one point two five; 3.458 three point four five eight.英语语法手册年、月、日、时刻表示法 年、月、日表示法1)年代 年代前用 in。如:(in) 897 读作 (in) eight hundred and ninety-seven(in) 1961 读作(in) nineteen sixty-one (或 in nineteen hundred and sixty-one)(in) 1905 读作(in) nine teen
97、and five(in) 1800 读作(in) eighteen hundred2)月份 月份开头第一个字母须大写,表示在某月时,月份前面用介词in。下面月份后附有缩写式。如:(in) January Jan.一月 (in) April Apr.四月(in)February Feb.二月 (in) May 五月(in) March Mar.三月 (in) June 六月(in) July 七月(in) October Oct.十月(in) August Aug.八月 (in)December Dec.十一月(in) September Sept.九月 (in)November Nov.十二月
98、3)日期 用序数词(前面须用 the)表示;在某日,前面用介词 on。如:(on) the first 一日 (on) the eighteenth 十八日(on) the thirty=first 三十一日4)某年某月某日in September 1954 (读作 in September nineteen fifty four)1954 年9 月On May 17,1960(读作 on May (the) seventeenth nineteen Sis-ty ),1960 年 5 月 17 日On October 1, 1949 (读作 On October (the) first,ni
99、neteen forty nine)1949 年 10 月 7 日注 the twenties,the thirties 等可用来表示几十年代。如 in the nineties of the last century(在上一世纪的九十年代)。时刻表示法1)英语表时刻其前用 at。如:We get up at six (或 at six oclock).我们六点起床。They begin work at eight.他们八点开始工作。2)如说几点几分,则用下列方法表示:a)表示几点过几分,用介词 past,但分数须在半小时以内(包括半小时在内)。如:eleven past seven 七点过十
100、一分a quarter past eight 八点一刻half past nine 九点半b)表示几点差几分,用介词 to,但分数须在半小时以上(不包括半小时在内)。如:two to seven 七点差两分a quarter to eight 八点一刻eighteen to nine 九点差十八分注读时间表如上课时间表和行车时间表时,可以直接照表上数字读。日常生活中讲时刻也可用这样的说法。如:7:15 读作 seven fifteen 11:30 读作 eleven thirty9:20 读作 nine twenty 3:53 读作 three fifty-three英语语法手册形容词 什么是
101、形容词形容词(adjective)是修饰名词表示名词属性的词,常放在它所修饰的名词之前。如:a lovely baby 一个可爱的婴儿the beautiful picture 那幅美丽的图画modern history 现代历史形容词的用法形容词在句中可用作:1)定语He is a good boy.他是个好孩子。The Chinese Communist Party is a great party.中国共产党是伟大的党。2)表语The film is both moving and instructive.这部电影很感动人,而且富有教育意义。I am very glad to see y
102、ou.见到你很高兴。3)宾语补足语 和宾语一起构成复合宾语。如:Have you got everything ready for the journey? 你行装都准备好了吗?We keep our rooms clean and tidy.我们经常保持房间的整洁。4)相当于名词 某些形容词前用定冠词 the,变成名词化的形容词,可在句中作主语、宾语等。如:The young are active.青年人积极好动。(the young 作主语)The blind can learn to read with their fingertips. 盲人能够用指尖学习阅读书籍。(the blind
103、 作主语)He has a keen sense of the new.他对新鲜事物有敏锐的感觉。(the new作宾语)注一 上述三例中的 the young = the young people,the blind the Blind people,the new the new things.(参看 3.4 的 7)注二在 The sun rose red(旭日升起)中的形容词 red 和 Dont marry young(不要早婚)中的形容词 young 都是主语补足语。形容词的位置形容词常放在它所修饰的名词之前。关于形容词有时可以后置的问题(见16.18),但如有一个以上的形容词修饰
104、名词,这些形容词的顺序则由它们和被修饰名词的关系的密切程度来决定。一般说来,关系最密切的最*近被修饰的名词,关系较疏远的离被修饰的名词也较远。如:a large wild plant 一株很大的野生植物a simple musical instrument 一种简单的乐器a small fierce dark brown animal 一种小而凶的深褐色动物(注意 dark修饰 brown)以上例子中的形容词之间并非并列关系,如第一例中的 1arge 与 wild 并非并列,而 1arge 所修饰的是 wild plant。如表并列关系,形容词之间须用逗号或 and。如:a strong, s
105、wift horse 一匹又壮又快的马many happy and healthy children 很多幸福而健康的儿童a short and militant article 一篇简短有力的文章(militant 一词较长,放在 short 之后,这也是英语里安排形容词位置的一种方法。)形容词的比较等级及其形式英语形容词比较等级(degrees of comparison)一般有两个:即比较级(comparative degree)和最高级 (superlative degree)。不用比较等级的形容词通常称为原级(positive degree)。形容词的比较级形式是:形容词 + 后缀
106、-er 或单词 more + 形容词。它的最高级形式是:形容词 + 后缀 -est 或单词 most + 形容词。注一 形容词比较等级所加的-er 和-est,自成一个音节,分别读作E和isto 如:原级 比较级 最高级tall tC:l taller5tC:lE tallest5tC:listhappy 5hApi happier5hApiE happiest5hApiistthin Win thinner 5WinE thinnest 5Winistfine fain finer 5fainE finest 5fainist注二 如果形容词原级的词末为不发音的字母 r,加-er 和-est
107、 时,r 要发r音。如:near niE nearer 5niErE nearest5niEristclear kliE clearer5kliErE clearest 5kiErist如果形容词原级词末的发音为N,在加-er 和-est 时,N音后得加一个g音。如:strong strCN stronger 5strCNgE strongest 5strCNgistlong lCN longer 5lCNgE longest 5lCNgist注三 有些形容词一般没有比较等级。如:right, wrong,woolen,wooden.不规则变化原级 比较级 最高级good 好we11 好,健康
108、的 better bestbad 坏,差 worse worstmany 多 more mostmuch 多little 小,少 1ess 1eastfar 远 farther,further farthest,furthest形容词前如加 1ess 和 least,则表示较不和最不。如:interesting 有趣 difficult 难less interesting 较无趣 less difficult 较不难least interesting 最无趣 leas difficult 最不难形容词比较级的用法比较级用于二者的比较,其结构是:含有形容词比较级的主句+从属连词 than 引导的
109、从句(从句中常省去意义上和主句相同的部分) 。如:Li is older than Zhou. 李比周年纪大。(从句中省去了 is old)There are more children in this nursey than in that one.这个托儿所的孩子比那个托儿所多。(从句中省去了 there are children)After two years physical training,she is healthier and stronger.经过两年的体力锻炼,她(比以前)健康强壮多了。(注意这里省去了从句than she was)We are much better of
110、f than ever before.我们的生活比过去任何时候都要好得多。(than 后省去了 we were)Paul weighs less than harry.保尔的体重比哈利轻。Mary is less clever than Jane.玛丽不如简那么聪明。注一 汉语可以说昆明的气候比兰州好。英语必须加 that,译为:The climate of Kunming is better than that of Lanzhou.注二英语比较级常译作较、一些等,但不等于汉语的更。汉语的更须用still或even来表示如:This book is even more difficult t
111、han that one.这本书比那本书更难。注三有些情况下,汉语不用较等字眼,英语则须用比较级,如:Will the younger people give their seats to old people?请年轻人把座位让给老年人好不好?形容词最高级的用法形容词最高级用于二者以上的比较,其结构一般是:定冠词 the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句。如:Peter is the oldest boy of them all.彼得是这群男孩中年纪最大的。(介语短语 of them all 表示范围)London is the biggest city in Britain,伦敦是英
112、国最大的城市。(介词短语 in Britain 表示范围)Mt. Qomolangma is the Worlds highest peak。珠穆朗玛峰是世界最高峰。 (注意这里表示范围的是名词所有格 the worlds)This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.这是我所看过的最好的电影。(that 在口语中一般省略,that 从句表示范围)注一形容词最高级后的名词如果在前面已提过,可省去。如:This novel is the best (that) I have ever read.这是我所看过的小说中最好的一本。注二在口语中,形容词最高
113、级也可以用于二者的比较。如:This is the shortest of the two roads.这是两条路中最近的一条路。注三 形容词最高级用作表语表品质时,其前不用定冠词 the。如:He is happiest when he is working.他工作时最愉快。英语语法手册副词 什么是副词副词(adverb)修饰动词、形容词和其他副词等,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。如:often 往往,here 这里,very 很,quickly 很快地。副词的构成1)本身就是副词,如 now 现在,there 那里,rather 颇。2)由形容词加词尾-1y 变来,如 firmly 坚
114、决地,happi1y 幸福地。3)与形容词同形early adj. 早的 early adv. 早high adj. 高的 high adv. 高高地long adj. 长的,长久的 long adv. 长久地副词的种类副词可分为下列几种:1)普通副词(ordinary adverb)如:together 一起,well 好,seriously认真地,slowly 慢,carefully 小心地。2)疑问副词(interrogative adverb)如:when 何时,where 何地,how 如何,why 为何。3)关系副词(relative adverb)如:where,when。4)连
115、接副词(conjunctive adverb)如:then 然后,so 所以,thereore所以,however 然而,hence 所以,thus 这样,nevertheless 然而,otherwise 否则,still 可是,仍然。副词的用法副词在句中可用作:1)状语(这是副词在句子中的主要功用)It is raining hard.雨下得很大。(副词 hard 作状语,修饰动词 is raining。)Dont drive too fast.车子不要开得太快。(fast 是副词,作状语,修饰动词 drive,副词 too 又修饰副词 fast。)He speaks English qu
116、ite well.他英语讲得相当好。(well 修饰动词speaks,quite 又修饰副词 well。)This is a fairly useful tool,这是一件相当有用的工具。(fairly 修饰形容词 useful)He has always helped his sister with her homework.他一向帮助他妹妹做家庭作业。(always 修饰动词 has helped)She often went there.她常到那儿去。(often 和 there 均是副词,修饰动词 went。)Perhaps he will telephone later.也许他以后会
117、打电话来的。(perhaps是副词,用以修饰全句。)2)表语Is he up?他起床了没有?She is out.她出去了。3)定语Life here is full of joy.这儿的生活充满了欢乐。(here 修饰名词life)副词的位置1)修饰动词时,有三种位置。2)修饰形容词和副词时,须放在被修饰词之前。如:It is a rather difficult job,这是一件颇为困难的工作。(rather 修饰形容词 difficult)He runs very fast.他跑得很快。(very 修饰副词 fast)3)副词作定语时,一般放在被修饰的名词之后。如:The peasant
118、s there are busy digging a canal now.那里的农民现在正忙于修水渠。On my way home,I met groups of Young Pioneers.在回家的路上我遇见成群的少先队员。副词的比较等级和形容词同形的副词的形式变化与形容词完全相同。但以词尾-1y 结尾的副词(注意 early 一词的-1y 不是副词的词尾)须用 more 和 most。另外,须注意下面例词中 well,badly 的不规则变化。如:原级比较级 最高级hard 努力地 harderhardestfast 快 faster fastestwell 好 better bestb
119、adly 坏 worseworstearly 早 earlier earliestquickly 快 more quicklymost quicklyhappily 快乐地 more happily most happily副词比较等级的用法1)副词比较级的用法与形容词比较级相似。如:David drives faster than anyone I know.大卫开车比我所知道的任何人都要快。She plays table tennis better than I.她乒乓球打得比我好。(从句中省略了 play table tennis)Mr. Martin usually gets to t
120、he office earlier than others.马丁先生到办公室通常比别人早。They speak less fluently but more correctly than we do.他们讲得不如我们流利,但比我们正确。2)副词最高级用法,除副词前可以不用 the 外(用 the 也可以),其余与形容词最高级相同。如:I work fastest when Im under pressure.我在有压力时工作得最快。He swims the best in Class One.一班他游泳最好。比较等级的一些特殊用法两种不同形式 有几个形容词和副词的比较级和最高级有两种的比较等级
121、不同形式,而且意义也不同。举例说明:1)Rome is one of the oldest cities in the world. 罗马是世界上最古老的城市之一。Her eldest daughter is a school teacher.她大女儿是个教员。My elder brother is in college. He is two years older than I. 我哥哥在上大学,他比我大两岁。注older,oldest 说明人的年纪或事物的年代的久远,但在美国英语里也表示长幼。2)They reached the place later than we.他们到达那儿比我们晚
122、。Twenty years later he returned to his home village. 二十年后,他回到自己的家乡。3)Who spoke last?是谁最后发言的?What is the latest news about the sports meet?关于运动会最近有什么消息?as.as;not so. . .as 或 not as.as1)表示相等用 as.as。2)表示不相等用 not so.as 或 not as.as。如:1)This knife is as sharp as that one.这把刀跟那把一样快。Bill is as tall as I. 比尔
123、和我一般高。Is this bag of soyabeans as heavy as that one?这袋大豆跟那袋一样重吗?You know as well as I do.你和我一样明白。注注意 as 后面的形容词如作定语,而被定语修饰的名词有不定冠词 a时,冠词 a 须放在形容词之后,如 German is as difficult a language as English.(德语和英语一样难学。)。这样的词序也适用于 so,如 I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin before.(我过去从未见过像桂林这样美丽的地方。)2)
124、tian An Men Square was not so big as it is now.天安门广场过去没有现在这样大。The Atlantic Ocean is not as big as the Pacific ocean.大西洋没有太平洋大。表示几倍于用 twice (两倍),three times(三倍)等加 as.as.如:New York is ten times as big as my home town.纽约有我的家乡十个大。The output of the paper mill is now three times as high as it was in 1966.
125、这家纸厂的生产比一九六六年增加两倍。This river is twice as long as that one.这条河比那条河长一倍。Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。注表示几倍于也可以用下面的说法,如:Three times three is nine.三乘三得九。He is twice my age.他的年龄比我大一倍。This lake is four times the size of that one.这个湖有那个湖四个大。The irrigated area in this province is four times
126、 bigger than in l978.这个省的灌溉面积比 1978 年增加三倍。(four times bigger than = four times as big as)Our countys agricultural output this year is 5 per cent higher than that of last year.我们县今年农业产量比去年增长百分之五。表示程度可用 much,far,still,even,a 1itt1e,no,any,a great deal 等状语来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。如:The Yellow River is long,but th
127、e Changjiang River is even longer.黄河长,长江更长。We are much better off now.我们的生活比过去好得多。She sings far better than the others.她唱得比别人好得多。Wang is taller than Zhang. Li is still than Wang. 王比张高,李比王还高。注一注意下面的一些说法。如:I couldnt move a step further,我连一步也走不动了。The meeting lasted two hours longer than usual.会议比平常多开了两
128、个钟头。He is a head taller than I.他比我高一个头。(也可以说 He is taller than me by a head.)They got there earlier than we by twenty minutes.他们比我们早二十分钟到达那里。The students of the university have increased by 100 per cent since l978.这个大学的学生自一九七八年以来增加了一倍。Do you want any more? -Yes,give me two more.你还要吗?一是的,再给我两个。Have y
129、ou any more tickets? -Sorry,I have no more.你还有票吗? 对不起,没有了。注二可用形容词最高级 + possible 或 imaginable 等词来强调语气。如:I think he is the best possible man for the job.我认为他做这工作最合适。(也可以说 the best man possible)Swimming in winter is the best form of exercise imaginable.冬泳是最好的运动方式。(也可以说 the best imaginable form)英语语法手册英语
130、精品-比较级 vip比较级 + and + 比较级(后面不可接 than 从句)可用来表示越来越。如:The days are getting longer and longer.白天越来越长了。He is becoming more and more interested in sports. 他对运动越来越有兴趣了。The more the more 的用法意思是越,就越。如:The harder you work,the more you Will learn.你越努力,就越学得多。The greater the mass of a body,the greater is its ine
131、rtia.物体的质量越大,它的惯性就越大。The more you eat,the fatter you get.你吃得越多,长得越胖。The more,the better.越多越好。more than 和 less than这两个固定词组分别表示多于少于。如:There are more than three hundred households in this village.这个村子有三百多户人家。The finished the Work in less than a year.他们不到一年就完成这项工作。Our country has established diplomatic
132、relations with more than one hundred countries.我国已经和一百多个国家建立了外交关系。no more than 和 not more thanno more than 的意思是只不过,not more than 的意思是不多于。试比较:There are no more than ten tickles left. 剩下不到十张票。 (有票少的含义)The experiment was done by not more than 5 persons. 做这个试验的人不到五个。(没有多或少的含义,只是客观地说明数目)This room is no b
133、igger than that. 这个房间并不比那个大。 (有两个房间都不大的含义)This room is not bigger than that one.这个房间不比那个大。 (没有两个房间都不大或都不小的含义)注注意 not . Any more than 或 no more.than 在下面句子中的用法。如:They cannot do the impossible any more than we can.他们和我们同样不能做不可能的事情。He is no more diligent than I am.他和我同样不勤奋no less than 和 not 1ess thanno
134、less than 的意思是不亚于,not less than 的意思是不少于。试比较:There were no less than a thousand people at the meeting.到会的有一千人之多。(有到会人多的含义)There were not less than one thousand people at the meeting.到会的至少有一千人。(没有到会人多或人少的含义)This song is no less popular than that one.这首歌之受欢迎不亚于那首歌。(有两首歌都受欢迎的含义)This song is not less pop
135、ular than that one.这首歌受欢迎的程度不比那首差。(纯粹比较。不一定有两首歌都受欢迎的含义)All the better 和 so much the better这一类的说法都有因此而更的含义。如:If that is so,all the better.果真如此,那就更好。If he will come,so much the better.如果他愿意来,那更好。英语语法手册动词 动词概说1)动词(verb)是表示动作或状态的词。a)表示动作:swim 游泳 push 推b)表示状态:have 有 be 是2)英语动词有时态、语态、语气等形式上的变化。限定动词和非限定动词从
136、是否被主语所限定来分,动词有限定动词(finite verb)和非限定动词(nonfinite verb)两大类。1)限定动词 限定动词用作句子的谓语动词,并被主语所限定,有人称和数的变化。如:He is a tractor driver.他是一个拖拉机手。Facts are more eloquent than words.事实胜于雄辩。We have friends all over the world.我们的朋友遍天下。An apple falls by the force of gravitation.地心吸力使苹果落地。2)非限定动词 非限定动词有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种,在句子
137、里都不能单独作谓语动词,故不被主语所限定,没有人称和数的变化。如:I am pleased to meet you.我很高兴与你相识。(动词不定式)Smoking is harmful to the health.吸烟对身体有害。(动名词)I heard them singing the Internationale。我听见他们唱国际歌 。(分词)Spoken words are often more powerful than writing.语言往往比文字更有力。(分词)实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词从其含义来分,动词有实义动词(notional verb),连系动词(1ink ve
138、rb),情态动词(modal verb)和助动词(auxiliary verb)四类。1)实义动词 实义动词有完全的词义,并能独立作谓语动词。如:The sun shone brightly this morning.今天早晨阳光灿烂。He likes to go for a long walk on sundays.他喜欢星期日出去作长距离散步。We have a big TV set in the club.我们俱乐部有台大电视机。2)连系动词 连系动词在句中作谓语动词,后面跟表语。英语连系动词有be(是),seem(似乎),look(看来),keep(保持),become(变成),get
139、(变得),grow(变得),feel(感到),turn(变得,变成),appear(显得),remain(仍旧是)等。如:It is never too late to mend.改过不嫌晚。It was a close game.那场球赛比分很接近。The children in this nursery look very healthy.这个托儿所的孩子看起来都非常健康。Keep quiet,please!请安静!,The tape recorder seems all right.这台录音机好像没有毛病。Later he became a doctor.他后来成为一名医生。The pr
140、oblem remained unsolved until last year.问题到去年才解决。注一下面句子中的 come 和 go 也是连系动词。如:The old mans dream has come true.这位老人的梦想实现了。Something has gone wrong with the truck.卡车出毛病了。注二有些连系动词如 seem, appear 等后面常跟 to be。如:The new text seens to be easy,but actually it is rather difficult.这篇新课文好像很容易,其实相当难。She appears
141、to be the girls sister.她似乎是那女孩的姐姐。3)情态动词 情态动词有 can (能),may (可以,也许),must(必须)等及其过去式 could,might 等,表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气或情态。情态动词只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词。注关于情态动词详见第十一章。4)助动词 助动词有 shall,will,have,be,should,wonld, do 等。它们只能和主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气等动词形式,以及否定和疑问等结构中的谓语动词。及物动词和不及物动词从是否需要宾语来分,实义动词又有及物动词和不及物动词两类。1)及物动词 后面必须跟
142、宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如:I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。How long can I keep the book ?Harry asked.哈里问:这本书我可以借多久?Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。2)不及物动词 本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,
143、叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如:Birds fly.鸟会飞。It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三;年六月。My watch stopped.我的表停了。She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。3)兼作及物动词和不及物动词 英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况:a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin 作不及物动词)She began wor
144、king as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began 作及物动词)When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?4) 与汉语的比较 有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请
145、注意下列两种情况:a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive 到达,agree 同意,1isten 听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如:We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at 不能省去)(比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to 不可省去)(比较:We all heard the lecture.)Do
146、 they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to 不可省去)b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如 serve 为服务。Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务。短语动词动词常和某些其他词类用在一起,构成固定词组,形成所谓短语动词(phrasal verb)。和动词一样,短语动词也可分为及物和不及物两种。短语动词可以作为一个整体看待,同一般动词一样使用。1)动词 + 介词 这类短语动词用作及物动词,后面须跟宾语。如:The sm
147、all boy insisted on going with his parents.那男孩坚持要跟父母一起去。Do you often listen to broadcasts in English? 你常听英语广播吗?Look at the children. Arent they lovely?看着这些孩子们。他们多么可爱呀!We stand for self-reliance.我们是主张自力更生的。这一类的短语动词还有很多,如 depend on (upon)(依*),wait on (服侍),look for (寻找),deal with(对待),look after(照料),wai
148、t for(等待)等。2) 动词+副词 这类短语动词有的用作及物动词,有的用作不及物动词。如:I always get up as soon as the bell rings. 我总是一打铃就起床。(不及物)Look out,theres a car coming! 当心,来汽车了!(不及物)Have you handed in your exercises already? 你已经交练习了吗?(及物)Please dont forget to put on your coat;its cold outside.请不要忘记穿外衣,外面很冷。(及物)这一类的短语动词还有很多,及物如 put o
149、ut (扑灭), eat up (吃光),putdown(放下);不及物如 set off (出发),come up(走近),go on(继续)。注一 动词+副词这类短语动词和上面第一类动词 + 介词的不同之处在于:动词+ 介词用作及物动词,后面须跟宾语。动词 + 副词则有的及物,有的不及物;用作及物动词而宾语为人称代词或自身代词时,副词往往放在宾语之后。如:Please wake me up at five tomorrow.请在明天早上五点唤醒我。If you have done your exercises,please hand them in.如果你们练习做完了请交来。She doe
150、snt normally behave like that;shes putting it on.她通常并不如此表现,她是装出来的。注二 这类短语动词有不少可兼作及物和不及物动词用。如:He took off his hat when he entered the office.他进办公室后脱下帽子。(及物)The plane took off at seven sharp.飞机在七点整起飞。(不及物)Charlie rang up Neil to ask about the time of the meeting.查理打电话给尼尔问开会的时间。(及物)If you cant come,ple
151、ase ring up and let us know.你如来不了,请来电话告诉我们一声。(不及物)3) 动词 + 副词 + 介词 短语动词动词 + 副词之后有的可以再加一个介词,形成另一种短语动词。这类短语动词用作及物动词。如:Do not give up hope. We must go on with the experiment不要失望。我们必须继续试验。(go on with 继续)He came up to me.他走到我跟前。(come up to 走近)这类短语动词还有:look down upon(看不起),do away with(去掉),put up with(忍受)等。
152、4)动词 + 名词 + 介词 这类短语动词也是及物的。如He shook hands with all the guests at the banquet.他在宴会上和宾客一一握手。Young pioneers often come to the Childrens Palace to take part in after=school activities. 少先队员经常到少年宫来参加课外活动。Pay attention to the temperature of the stored rice.注意仓库里的稻谷的温度。Her job is taking care of the babies
153、.她的工作是照顾婴儿。这一类短语动词还有:put an end to (结束),take notice of (注意),catch hold of (抓住),lose sight of(看不见),make use of(利用)等动词的基本形式(principal forms of the verb)1) 英语动词的四种基本形式 它们是动词原形(room form of the verb) ,过去式 (past tense form), 过去分词 (past participle)和现在分词 (present participle)。这四种形式和助动词一起构成动词的时态、语态和语气。原形 过去式
154、 过去分词 现在分词work worked worked workingwrite wrote written writinghave had had havingdo did done doing2) 动词原形 动词原形就是词典中一般给的动词的形式,如be,have,do,work,study 等。3)动词过去式和过去分词的构成有规则的和不规则的两种。规则动词(regular verb)的过去式和过去分词,由在原形后面加词尾-ed 构成。注 少数双音节动词,尽管重音在第一个音节,仍双写末尾的辅音字母,然后再加-ed。如:5traveltraveled 5level1evelled5total
155、totaled 5model modelled但美国英语不双写辅音字母,如 travel-traveled。不规则动词(irregular verb)的过去式及过去分词的形式是不规则的。这些动词为数虽不多,但都是比较常用的,必须熟记。不规则动词表见本书附录一。4)动词的现在分词 由动词原形加词尾-ing 构成。其构成方法如下:a)一般情况下,直接加 -ing:go-going 去 stand-standing 站立askasking answer - answering 回答studystudying 学习 be-being 是see-seeing 看注一 和名词复数、动词第三人称现在一般时加
156、-s(-es)不同,动词末尾如为辅音字母 + y时,y 不变,其后直接加-ing。如 studying 5stQdiiN,fly - flying 5flaiiN,carry-carrying 5kAriiN。注二 动词结尾为辅音字母 r 时,加-ing,r 在此必须发音。如:enter 5entE entering 5entEriN进入answer 5B:nsEanswering5B:nsEriN回答wear wZE wearing 5wZeriN穿b)以不发音的 e 结尾的动词,去掉 e,再加-ing。如:come-coming 来 write-writing 写taketaking 拿
157、become-becoming 变成c)动词是闭音节的单音节词,或是以重读闭音节结尾的多音节词,而末尾只有一个辅音字母时,这个辅音字母须双写,然后再加-ing。如:Sitsitting 坐 run-running 跑Stop-stopping 停止 begin-beginning 开始admit-admitting 承认 forgetforgetting 忘记注一 send,think,accept 等动词虽是闭音节或以重读闭音节结尾,但末尾有一个以上的辅音字母,因此,这个辅音字母不双写,应直接加 -ing。如:sending,thinking,accepting。注二 少数双音节的动词,重音
158、在第一音节,仍双写末尾的辅音字母,然后再加-ing。如:5travel-traveling 5level-levelling5total-totaling 5model-modelling美国英语不双写辅音字母,如 traveltraveling。d)少数几个以-ie 止结尾的动词,须将 ie 变作 y,再加 ing。如:die-dying 死, tie-tying 捆,缚,系lie-lying 躺,说谎注少数以-c 结尾的动词变为过去式和现在分词时,须先将-c 变为 ck,然后再加 -ed 或-ing。如:picnic picnicked picnickingtraffic traffick
159、ed trafficking英语语法手册一般时态 现在一般时的基本用法l)表示现在存在的习惯,经常发生的动作或存在的状态。常与 every day,twice a week(每周二次),often (常,往往),usually(通常),always(总是),seldom(很少),sometimes(有时)等时间状语连用。如:She is our English teacher.她是我们的英语老师。He takes a walk after supper every day.他每天晚饭后散步。The children go to school at seven every morning.孩子们
160、每天早晨七点上学。2)表示主语的特征、性格、能力等。如:He workshard.他工作很努力。(即:他是一个勤劳的人。)Does she like sports?她爱好运动吗?(即:她是个运动爱好者吗?)The children draw well.这些孩子很会绘画。(表示能力)3)表示客观事实或普遍真理。如:The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。Two plus two makes four.二加二等于四。Knowledge is power,知识就是力量。现在一般时的其他用法l)在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作。如:When they leave sch
161、ool, they will go to work in Tibet.他们毕业后将到西藏去工作。If You see him,will You tell him to ring me 叩?如果你见到他,叫他给我打个电话好吗?Well visit the cotton mill if it is fine tomorrow.如果明天天晴,我们就去参观纺织厂。2)表示安排或计划好的将来的动作(一般只限于某些表示移动的动词,如go,come,leave,start 等)。如:The train starts at ten oclock in the morning. 火车将于上午十点钟开出。When
162、 does the Japanese Youth delegation leave for Xian? 日本青年代表团什么时候去西安?Supper is at five today.今天五点开晚饭。3)引用书籍报刊或其作者时,一般须用现在一般时。如:Marx says that a foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.马克思说外国语是人生斗争的武器。The story describes how a Young scientist develops a new theory.故事描写一个青年科学家如何建立了一个新的理论。4)
163、主句中的谓语动词如是过去时态,其宾语从句的谓语动词一般也须用过去时态。但宾语从句如说的是客观真理,它的谓语动词仍须用现在一般时。如:Galileo insisted that the earth moves round the sun.伽利略坚持地球绕太阳运行的说法。注 图片说明、电影说明、故事重述、戏剧的舞台说明以及报纸上的标题和故事的题目,常用现在一般时,小说一般用过去时态。但为了描写得生动,也往往用现在一般时和其他现在时态。5)在某些常用句子中表示在一个具体的现在时间所发生的动作或存在的状态(即不是经常发生的动作或存在的状态)。如:What time is it now? 现在是几点钟?
164、The patient is much better now.病人现在好多了。What is Shanghai like now? 上海现在的情况如何?在下面的感叹句中亦须用现在一般时。如:Here he comes. 他来了。(注意 here 必须在句首)There goes the bell. 铃响了。(注意 there 必须在句首)过去一般时的基本概念过去一般时(past indefinite tense)表示过去的动作或状态。这种动作或状态可能只限于一次,也可能是经常性的。如:He went to town yesterday.他昨天进城了。(一次性动作)The weather was
165、 warm last month.上个月天气很暖和。When I was Young I took cold baths regularly.我年轻时常洗冷水浴。(经常性动作)过去一般时的形式l)概说 过去一般时由规则或不规则动词的过去式表示;除 be 外,其余动词没有人称和数的变化。各种动词的否定结构和一般疑问结构,与现在一般时的否定结构和一般疑问结构相同。2)动词 be 第一人称单数和第三人称单数用 was,其余用 were。3)动词 have 一律用 had,没有人称和数的变化。4)行为动词 一律用过去式,没有人称和数的变化。现将过去一般时在肯定、否定、一般疑问和简略答语等四种结构。过去
166、一般时的用法l)表示过去的动作或状态 常带有如 yesterday,two、days ago,last week,in l958 等时间状语以及由 when 等连词引导的时间状语从句。如:We had a good swim last Sunday.我们上星期天游泳游得真痛快。She suddenly fell ill yesterday.昨天她突然病倒。2)叙述过去连续发生的一件件事。如:He got up early in the morning,fetched water,swept the yard and then went out to work.他早上起得很早,打水,扫院,然后出
167、去劳动。3)也可以表示过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作。如:When my brother was a teenager,he played table tennis almost everyday.我弟弟十几岁时,几乎每天都打乒乓球。注 表示过去经常的或反复的动作,也可以用 would 加动词原形或用used to 加动词原形。如:When he was a child he would go skating every winter.在他还是个孩子时,每年冬天都去滑冰。Mr. Higgins used to have a big house in downtown.黑根斯先生在市区曾经有
168、座大房子。My elder brother used to be in the PLA. He is now a police officer.我哥哥曾经是解放军,现在是警官。4)在条件、时间状语从句中表示过去将来的动作。如:They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.他们说如果听到什么关于他的消息,就通知我们。He promised me that when he went to the bookstore he would get me a copy of the Selected Stories of
169、 Lu Xun.他答应我去书店的时候替我买一本鲁迅小说选将来一般时的基本概念和形式将来一般时(future indefinite tense)表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。将来一般时由助动词 shall(第一人称)或 will(第二、三人称)+动词原形构成。美国英语则不管什么人称,一律用 will 现将将来一般时在肯定、否定、一般疑问及其简略答语等四种结构中。将来一般时的用法1)表示将来的动作或状态,常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用,如:tomorrow(明天),next week(下周),from now on(从现在开始),in a month(一个月后)
170、,in the future(将来)等。如:My daughter will be twelve years old tomorrow.我的女儿明天整十二岁。He will come to see you the day after tomorrow.他后天要来看你。The indoor swimming pool will be open to the public from October 16.室内游泳池自十月十六日起开放。He will go to the technical training class every other day.他将每隔一天到技术训练班去学习。I shall
171、go back to see my childhood friends in the summer vacation.暑假我要回去看我儿时的朋友。Today we shall have a report on the situation in Africa.我们今天有关于非洲形势的报告。2)表示将来经常发生的动作。如:We shall work in this factory everyday.我们将每天在这工厂工作。其他表示将来的说法1)be going + 动词不定式多用于口语中,常表示打算、即将、决心去做的事或可能要发生的事。如:We are going to visit the Mus
172、eum of Chinese History.我们要去参观中国历史博物馆。(表打算)Little Wang studies very hard,he is going to try for a scholarship.小王学习非常努力,他将争取获得奖学金。(表决心)Look at those clouds. Its going rain.瞧那些云,要下雨了。(表估计可能)The wall is going to collapse! 那墙要倒塌了? (即将)2) go, come, leave, start 等表示移动的动词,可用现在进行时来表示即将发生的动作。3)be about + 动词不定
173、式表示即将发生的动作。如:The English evening is about to begin.英语晚会即将开始。We are about to leave,so there is no time to visit him now.我们就要离开了,所以现在没有时间去看他。4)be + 动词不定式表示安排或计划好了的动作等,(参看 10.2 的 3)。如:The boys are to go to school next week.这些男孩子下周要上学了。He and I are to meet at the Shanghai Railway Station.他和我约定在上海火车站见面。I
174、m to be home before midnight.我午夜前回家。过去将来一般时的基本概念和形式过去将来一般时(future-in-the-past indefinite tense)表示对于过去某一时间而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来一般时由 should(第一人称)或 would(第二、三人称)加动词原形组成。美国英语则不论什么人称,一律用 would。过去将来一般时的用法过去将来一般时常用在宾语从句中。如:I rang up to tell my aunt that I Should leave for Los Angeles next Monday.我打电话告诉我姑母下星
175、期一我要到洛杉矶去。Michael said that about twenty agronomists Would come here in a few days.迈克尔说,过几天大约二十个农艺师要到这里来。They wanted to know when you would finish the article.他们想知道你什么时候写完这篇文章。We asked him where we Should go to work next week. 我们问他我们下周上哪儿去干活。注在实际运用中,过去将来的动作也常用 8.16 中各种说法的过去时表示。 :英语语法手册关于词类和句子成分 基本概念
176、进行时态(continuous tense)表示在过去、现在或将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行或发生的动作。种类及形式进行时态有现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、过去将来进行时四种,均由助动词 be 的四种一般时态的形式加现在分词构成。一般时态与进行时态的区别一般时态与进行时态的主要区别有二:1)一般时态通常表示经常的动作或状态,而进行时态则表示在某一时刻或某段时间正在进行着的动作。如:We read newspapers every day.我们每天读报。She is now reading the newspaper.她现在正在读报。2)一般时态表示主语的固有特征、能力等,而进行时态则表示
177、主语在某一时刻或某段时间内所进行的具体动作。如:He sings well.他唱得很好。He is singing a folk song.他在唱一首民歌。注 并不是所有的动词都能用进行时态,例如表达状态、感情和感觉的某些动词,通常只能用一般时态而不能用进行时态,例如know(知道)一般就不能用进行时态。这类动词还有 be(是),have(有),1ove (爱),hate(恨),want(想要),1ike(喜欢),think(认为),believe(相信),see(看见),hear(听见)等。现在进行时的基本概念1)现在进行时表示此时此刻(说话人说话时)正在进行的动作,它并不表明这一动作从什么
178、时候开始,到什么时候结束。汉语常用(正)在或着来表示这种时间关系。如:What are you doing?Im doing some washing.你在干什么?-我在洗衣服。Look! It is snowing.瞧!下着雪哩。She is drawing a map.她在画一张地图。Are they listening to the music?NO,they are listening to the radio.他们在听音乐吗?-不,他们在听收音机。2)现在进行时可表示现阶段正在进行着的动作,虽然此时此刻这个动作可能并不在进行。如:He is working on a paper.他在
179、写一篇论文。They are compiling a dictionary.他们在编一本词典。3)现在进行时有时可表示将来发生的动作,有意图或打算的含义(用于 go,come,stay,1eave,start 等表示移动的动词)。如:He is corning to see you tomorrow.他明天要来看你。They are going to the Ming tombs this coming Sunday.这个星期天他们要到十三陵去。They are taking the children to the zoo on Sunday.他们星期天要带孩子们去动物园。What are y
180、ou doing next Sunday? Im going on a picnic with my wife and daughter.这个星期天你要干什么?我要和妻子和女儿去野餐。过去进行时的基本概念 过去进行时(past continuous tense)表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。如:I was practicing the violin at eight oclock yesterday evening. 昨晚八点钟我正在练习小提琴。When Walter arrived home,his sister was doing her homework.沃尔特到家时,他妹妹
181、正在做作业。Pat was watching TV all evening. 帕特整个晚上都在看电视。过去进行时的形式过去进行时由 was(第一、三人称单数)或 were (其余各人称和数)加现在分词所构成。过去进行时的基本用法表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作,这一特定的时间往往须用时间状语来表示。如:She was reading an English magazine when I came in.我进来时她在看一本英文杂志。It was getting dark.天黑了。They were working all day yesterday.他们昨天整天工作。We were
182、cleaning the auditorium from 7 to 9 last night.昨晚七点到九点我们在打扫大礼堂。I met him when he was crossing the street.他过街时我碰见他。过去进行时的其他用法1)表示移动的动词 go,come,start,stay,leave 等的过去进行时,可以表示过去将来发生的动作。如:They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai. 他们想知道我们什么时候到上海去。She asked whether he was starting then ext day
183、.她问他是否第二天就动身。2)动词 go 的过去进行时态加动词不定式,可以表示在过去某一时间之后将要发生的动作。(比较 8.24 的 3)如:They said they were going to set up a nursery.他们说他们要设立一个托儿所。She said the foreign guests were going to visit the Shanghai in dustrial Exhibition.她说外宾要去参观上海工业展览会。The monitor announced that our new teacher was going to speak to us.班
184、长宣布新老师要跟我们讲话。3)过去进行时可用来描写故事发生的背景。如:It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the riverbank. it was Xier. She had just escaped from Huang Shirens house.那是一个漆黑的夜晚。风刮得很厉害,雨下得很大。一个年轻妇女突然出现在河岸上。这就是喜儿。她刚从黄世仁的家里逃了出来。过去一般时与过去进行时用法比较过去
185、一般时通常表示过去发生的一个单纯的事实,而过去进行时则表示在过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作,强调在这一过程中所进行的动作或展开的情景。试比较:We built a bridge last winter.去冬我们修了一座桥。(意即去冬我们做了这件事,桥已经修好了。)We were building a hydro-electric station last winter.去冬我们在修水电站。(意即去冬我们一直在修水电站,修完与否不详)I wrote a letter home last night. 昨晚我写了一封家信。(意即)昨晚我做了这件事,信写完了。)I was writing a
186、letter to my pen friend in America last night. 昨晚我在给我的美国笔友写信。(意即昨晚我一直在写信,不一定写完)将来进行时的基本概念、形式和用法将来进行时(future continuous tense)表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。1)将来进行时的形式由助动词 be 的将来式,即 shall be(第一人称)或will be(第二、三人称)加现在分词构成。美国英语一律用 will。2)将来进行时的用法a)表示在将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。如:This time tomorrow I shall be flying to G
187、uangzhou.明天这个时候我将在飞往广州的途中。What will you be doing at eight tomorrow morning? 明天上午八点钟你将做什么?I hope you wont be feeling too tired.我希望你不要太累。Well be watching television all evening.我们整个晚上都将看电视。b)表示将来被客观情况所决定的动作或者按照安排将要发生的动作。如:Well be having tea after dinner as usual.像通常一样,我们晚饭后将要喝茶。The leaves will be fall
188、ing soon.树叶很快就会脱落。Ill be seeing him in the office tomorrow.我明天在办公室会见他。We shall be having a meeting tomorrow morning.我们明天要开一个会。Ill be taking my holidays soon.我不久即将度假。过去将来进行时的墓本概念、形式和用法过去将来进行时(future-in-the-past continuous tense)表示在对过去某一时间而言的将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。1)过去将来进行时的形式由 should be(第一人称)或 wonld be(
189、第二、三人称)加现在分词构成。美国英语一律用 wonld。2)过去将来进行时的用法a)表示在过去的将来的某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。如:He asked me what I should be doing at ten the next day.他问我第二天十点钟我将干什么。They said that they would be expecting us the next week.他们说他们下个星期等我们去。b)表示在过去某一时间之后即将或按计划进行的动作。如:He said he could not come because he would be haying a meeting
190、.他说他不能来,因为要开会。英语语法手册进行时态 过去将来进行时的墓本概念、形式和用法过去将来进行时(future-in-the-past continuous tense)表示在对过去某一时间而言的将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。1)过去将来进行时的形式由 should be(第一人称)或 wonld be(第二、三人称)加现在分词构成。美国英语一律用 wonld。2)过去将来进行时的用法a)表示在过去的将来的某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。如:He asked me what I should be doing at ten the next day.他问我第二天十点钟我将干什么
191、。They said that they would be expecting us the next week.他们说他们下个星期等我们去。b)表示在过去某一时间之后即将或按计划进行的动作。如:He said he could not come because he would be haying a meeting.他说他不能来,因为要开会。一般时态与进行时态的区别一般时态与进行时态的主要区别有二:1)一般时态通常表示经常的动作或状态,而进行时态则表示在某一时刻或某段时间正在进行着的动作。如:We read newspapers every day.我们每天读报。She is now re
192、ading the newspaper.她现在正在读报。2)一般时态表示主语的固有特征、能力等,而进行时态则表示主语在某一时刻或某段时间内所进行的具体动作。如:He sings well.他唱得很好。He is singing a folk song.他在唱一首民歌。注 并不是所有的动词都能用进行时态,例如表达状态、感情和感觉的某些动词,通常只能用一般时态而不能用进行时态,例如know(知道)一般就不能用进行时态。这类动词还有 be(是),have(有),1ove (爱),hate(恨),want(想要),1ike(喜欢),think(认为),believe(相信),see(看见),hear(
193、听见)等。现在进行时的基本概念1)现在进行时表示此时此刻(说话人说话时)正在进行的动作,它并不表明这一动作从什么时候开始,到什么时候结束。汉语常用(正)在或着来表示这种时间关系。如:What are you doing?Im doing some washing.你在干什么?-我在洗衣服。Look! It is snowing.瞧!下着雪哩。She is drawing a map.她在画一张地图。Are they listening to the music?NO,they are listening to the radio.他们在听音乐吗?-不,他们在听收音机。2)现在进行时可表示现阶段
194、正在进行着的动作,虽然此时此刻这个动作可能并不在进行。如:He is working on a paper.他在写一篇论文。They are compiling a dictionary.他们在编一本词典。3)现在进行时有时可表示将来发生的动作,有意图或打算的含义(用于 go,come,stay,1eave,start 等表示移动的动词)。如:He is corning to see you tomorrow.他明天要来看你。They are going to the Ming tombs this coming Sunday.这个星期天他们要到十三陵去。They are taking the
195、 children to the zoo on Sunday.他们星期天要带孩子们去动物园。What are you doing next Sunday? Im going on a picnic with my wife and daughter.这个星期天你要干什么?我要和妻子和女儿去野餐。过去进行时的基本概念 过去进行时(past continuous tense)表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。如:I was practicing the violin at eight oclock yesterday evening. 昨晚八点钟我正在练习小提琴。When Walter a
196、rrived home,his sister was doing her homework.沃尔特到家时,他妹妹正在做作业。Pat was watching TV all evening. 帕特整个晚上都在看电视。过去进行时的形式过去进行时由 was(第一、三人称单数)或 were (其余各人称和数)加现在分词所构成。过去进行时的基本用法表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作,这一特定的时间往往须用时间状语来表示。如:She was reading an English magazine when I came in.我进来时她在看一本英文杂志。It was getting dark.天
197、黑了。They were working all day yesterday.他们昨天整天工作。We were cleaning the auditorium from 7 to 9 last night.昨晚七点到九点我们在打扫大礼堂。I met him when he was crossing the street.他过街时我碰见他。过去进行时的其他用法1)表示移动的动词 go,come,start,stay,leave 等的过去进行时,可以表示过去将来发生的动作。如:They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai. 他们想知道我
198、们什么时候到上海去。She asked whether he was starting then ext day.她问他是否第二天就动身。2)动词 go 的过去进行时态加动词不定式,可以表示在过去某一时间之后将要发生的动作。(比较 8.24 的 3)如:They said they were going to set up a nursery.他们说他们要设立一个托儿所。She said the foreign guests were going to visit the Shanghai in dustrial Exhibition.她说外宾要去参观上海工业展览会。The monitor a
199、nnounced that our new teacher was going to speak to us.班长宣布新老师要跟我们讲话。3)过去进行时可用来描写故事发生的背景。如:It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the riverbank. it was Xier. She had just escaped from Huang Shirens house.那是一个漆黑的夜晚。风刮得很厉害,雨下
200、得很大。一个年轻妇女突然出现在河岸上。这就是喜儿。她刚从黄世仁的家里逃了出来。过去一般时与过去进行时用法比较过去一般时通常表示过去发生的一个单纯的事实,而过去进行时则表示在过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作,强调在这一过程中所进行的动作或展开的情景。试比较:We built a bridge last winter.去冬我们修了一座桥。(意即去冬我们做了这件事,桥已经修好了。)We were building a hydro-electric station last winter.去冬我们在修水电站。(意即去冬我们一直在修水电站,修完与否不详)I wrote a letter home l
201、ast night. 昨晚我写了一封家信。(意即)昨晚我做了这件事,信写完了。)I was writing a letter to my pen friend in America last night. 昨晚我在给我的美国笔友写信。(意即昨晚我一直在写信,不一定写完)英语语法手册进行时态 过去将来进行时的墓本概念、形式和用法过去将来进行时(future-in-the-past continuous tense)表示在对过去某一时间而言的将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。1)过去将来进行时的形式由 should be(第一人称)或 wonld be(第二、三人称)加现在分词构成。美国英语
202、一律用 wonld。2)过去将来进行时的用法a)表示在过去的将来的某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。如:He asked me what I should be doing at ten the next day.他问我第二天十点钟我将干什么。They said that they would be expecting us the next week.他们说他们下个星期等我们去。b)表示在过去某一时间之后即将或按计划进行的动作。如:He said he could not come because he would be haying a meeting.他说他不能来,因为要开会。一般时态与
203、进行时态的区别一般时态与进行时态的主要区别有二:1)一般时态通常表示经常的动作或状态,而进行时态则表示在某一时刻或某段时间正在进行着的动作。如:We read newspapers every day.我们每天读报。She is now reading the newspaper.她现在正在读报。2)一般时态表示主语的固有特征、能力等,而进行时态则表示主语在某一时刻或某段时间内所进行的具体动作。如:He sings well.他唱得很好。He is singing a folk song.他在唱一首民歌。注 并不是所有的动词都能用进行时态,例如表达状态、感情和感觉的某些动词,通常只能用一般时态
204、而不能用进行时态,例如know(知道)一般就不能用进行时态。这类动词还有 be(是),have(有),1ove (爱),hate(恨),want(想要),1ike(喜欢),think(认为),believe(相信),see(看见),hear(听见)等。现在进行时的基本概念1)现在进行时表示此时此刻(说话人说话时)正在进行的动作,它并不表明这一动作从什么时候开始,到什么时候结束。汉语常用(正)在或着来表示这种时间关系。如:What are you doing?Im doing some washing.你在干什么?-我在洗衣服。Look! It is snowing.瞧!下着雪哩。She is
205、drawing a map.她在画一张地图。Are they listening to the music?NO,they are listening to the radio.他们在听音乐吗?-不,他们在听收音机。2)现在进行时可表示现阶段正在进行着的动作,虽然此时此刻这个动作可能并不在进行。如:He is working on a paper.他在写一篇论文。They are compiling a dictionary.他们在编一本词典。3)现在进行时有时可表示将来发生的动作,有意图或打算的含义(用于 go,come,stay,1eave,start 等表示移动的动词)。如:He is
206、corning to see you tomorrow.他明天要来看你。They are going to the Ming tombs this coming Sunday.这个星期天他们要到十三陵去。They are taking the children to the zoo on Sunday.他们星期天要带孩子们去动物园。What are you doing next Sunday? Im going on a picnic with my wife and daughter.这个星期天你要干什么?我要和妻子和女儿去野餐。过去进行时的基本概念 过去进行时(past continuou
207、s tense)表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。如:I was practicing the violin at eight oclock yesterday evening. 昨晚八点钟我正在练习小提琴。When Walter arrived home,his sister was doing her homework.沃尔特到家时,他妹妹正在做作业。Pat was watching TV all evening. 帕特整个晚上都在看电视。过去进行时的形式过去进行时由 was(第一、三人称单数)或 were (其余各人称和数)加现在分词所构成。过去进行时的基本用法表示在过去某一时刻
208、或某一段时间正在进行的动作,这一特定的时间往往须用时间状语来表示。如:She was reading an English magazine when I came in.我进来时她在看一本英文杂志。It was getting dark.天黑了。They were working all day yesterday.他们昨天整天工作。We were cleaning the auditorium from 7 to 9 last night.昨晚七点到九点我们在打扫大礼堂。I met him when he was crossing the street.他过街时我碰见他。过去进行时的其他用
209、法1)表示移动的动词 go,come,start,stay,leave 等的过去进行时,可以表示过去将来发生的动作。如:They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai. 他们想知道我们什么时候到上海去。She asked whether he was starting then ext day.她问他是否第二天就动身。2)动词 go 的过去进行时态加动词不定式,可以表示在过去某一时间之后将要发生的动作。(比较 8.24 的 3)如:They said they were going to set up a nursery.他们说他们要
210、设立一个托儿所。She said the foreign guests were going to visit the Shanghai in dustrial Exhibition.她说外宾要去参观上海工业展览会。The monitor announced that our new teacher was going to speak to us.班长宣布新老师要跟我们讲话。3)过去进行时可用来描写故事发生的背景。如:It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young
211、 woman suddenly appeared on the riverbank. it was Xier. She had just escaped from Huang Shirens house.那是一个漆黑的夜晚。风刮得很厉害,雨下得很大。一个年轻妇女突然出现在河岸上。这就是喜儿。她刚从黄世仁的家里逃了出来。过去一般时与过去进行时用法比较过去一般时通常表示过去发生的一个单纯的事实,而过去进行时则表示在过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作,强调在这一过程中所进行的动作或展开的情景。试比较:We built a bridge last winter.去冬我们修了一座桥。(意即去冬我们做了
212、这件事,桥已经修好了。)We were building a hydro-electric station last winter.去冬我们在修水电站。(意即去冬我们一直在修水电站,修完与否不详)I wrote a letter home last night. 昨晚我写了一封家信。(意即)昨晚我做了这件事,信写完了。)I was writing a letter to my pen friend in America last night. 昨晚我在给我的美国笔友写信。(意即昨晚我一直在写信,不一定写完)将来进行时的基本概念、形式和用法将来进行时(future continuous tens
213、e)表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。1)将来进行时的形式由助动词 be 的将来式,即 shall be(第一人称)或will be(第二、三人称)加现在分词构成。美国英语一律用 will。2)将来进行时的用法a)表示在将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。如:This time tomorrow I shall be flying to Guangzhou.明天这个时候我将在飞往广州的途中。What will you be doing at eight tomorrow morning? 明天上午八点钟你将做什么?I hope you wont be feeling too tir
214、ed.我希望你不要太累。Well be watching television all evening.我们整个晚上都将看电视。b)表示将来被客观情况所决定的动作或者按照安排将要发生的动作。如:Well be having tea after dinner as usual.像通常一样,我们晚饭后将要喝茶。The leaves will be falling soon.树叶很快就会脱落。Ill be seeing him in the office tomorrow.我明天在办公室会见他。We shall be having a meeting tomorrow morning.我们明天要开一
215、个会。Ill be taking my holidays soon.我不久即将度假。过去将来进行时的墓本概念、形式和用法过去将来进行时(future-in-the-past continuous tense)表示在对过去某一时间而言的将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。1)过去将来进行时的形式由 should be(第一人称)或 wonld be(第二、三人称)加现在分词构成。美国英语一律用 wonld。2)过去将来进行时的用法a)表示在过去的将来的某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。如:He asked me what I should be doing at ten the next d
216、ay.他问我第二天十点钟我将干什么。They said that they would be expecting us the next week.他们说他们下个星期等我们去。b)表示在过去某一时间之后即将或按计划进行的动作。如:He said he could not come because he would be haying a meeting.他说他不能来,因为要开会。英语语法手册完成时态 现在完成时的基本概念和形式现在完成时(Present perfect tense)表示动作发生在过去,但与现在情况有关系,即用一个发生在过去的动作来说明现在的情况。现在完成时由动词 have (h
217、as) + 过去分词构成。现在完成时的基本用法1)表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚完成,汉语常用了或过来表示。如:I have finished my work.我把工作做完了。We have set up many new factories in this area.我们在这个地区建立了许多新工厂。She has read all these books.她把这些书都读完了。2)动作在过去完成,表示经验或结果。汉语常用过来表示。如:Have you ever seen the play The Dolls House? 你看过话剧傀儡家庭吗?Yes,I have seen it twice.
218、我看过两遍了。I have learnt to drive.我学过开车。The man has lived in China.那人在中国住过。注 注意 be 在下面句子中的意义。如:Where have you been? Ive been to the laboratory.你上哪儿去了?-到实验室去了。Have you ever been to Hangzhou? No,Ive never been there.你到过杭州吗?-没到过。How have you been?Ive been well thank you.你近来身体好吗?-谢谢你,我近来很好。现在完成时与过去一般时的区别现在完
219、成时和过去一般时都表示在过去完成的动作,但现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系,如对现在产生的结果、影响等,而过去一般时则表示动作发生在过去,一般不表示和现在的关系。试比较:1)I have lost my pen.我把钢笔丢了。(意即还没找到,现在我没有笔用。)She lost her pen yes today.她昨天把笔丢了。(笔是昨天丢的,现在找到与否,没有说明。)2)I have been to the Agricultural Exhibition.我看过这个农业展览会。(强调我知道它的内容)I went to the Agricultural Exhibition last wee
220、k.我上周参观了这个农业展览会。(只说明我上周参观过展览会这件事)3) Who has opened the door? 谁把门开了?(现在门还开着)Who opened the door? 谁开的门?(指过去,与现在无关。现在门是关着还是开着,没有说明。)4) A:Have you had your lunch? 你吃过年饭没有?(意即你现在不饿吗?)B:Yes,I have.吃了。(意即我现在饱了,不要再吃了。)A:When did you have it 你什么时候吃的?(说话人感兴趣的是吃这一动作发生在什么时候。)B:I had it about half an hour ago.我是
221、大约半小时前吃的。现在完成时的其他用法1)还可表示动作发生在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能继续延续下去。这时常和 since 所引导的短语或从句或 for 引导的短语连用(for 有时可以省去)。How long have you been in Beijing ? I have been in Beijing for four years.你在北京呆了多久?-我在北京呆了四年。Isaacs father has been a school teacher since 1968. 艾萨克的父亲从一九六八年以来就当教师。We havent had a vacation for a long
222、 time.我们好久没放假了。Three years have passed since we left school.我们毕业已经三年了。注但在下面的句子中,主句的谓语动词可以用现在一般时。如:It is three years since I began to work on the state farm.我在国营农场工作已经三年了。(美国英语用 has been,下例同此)Its a long time since I saw you last.好久没见了。2)在条件、时间状语从句中表示将来完成的动作。Ill go with you when I have finished my hom
223、e work,我做完作业后就和你一块去。Well wait here until you have Written the letter.我们将在这里等你写完信。Perhaps Ill know more English after I have learnt it for two years.我学完两午后,懂的英语或许就会多些了。现在完成时的时间状语问题1)现在完成时说明的是现在的情况,是现在时态,因此不能和表示过去时间的状语如 yesterday,1asr month,three years ago,in l960 等连用。这些时间状语只能和过去时态连用,表示过去的动作。但现在完成时可和表
224、示过去时间的副词 just 和 before 连用。如:He has just come.他刚到。We have seen the movie before,我们以前看过这个电影。2)现在完成时常和表示不确定的时间的副词already,never,ever,always,yet,not.yet,often 等连用。如:Have you ever been in a plane? 你坐过飞机吗?The new books have not arrived yet.新书还没有到。The Xisha lslands have always been Chinese territory.西沙群岛一直是
225、中国的领土。Have you heard from him yet? 你接到他的信了吗?They have already finished their experiment.他们已经做完试验了。Many westerners have never seen a giant panda.许多西方人从没见过大熊猫。We have often been to the Summer Palace.我们常到颐和园去玩。3)现在完成时可以和包括现在在内的时间状语连用,如now,today,this month,this year 等。如:We have planted many fruit trees
226、this year.我们今年种了很多果树。Have you seen Benny today? 你今天见到本尼了吗?Weve had a lot of rain this summer.今年夏天雨下得很多。但如说话人所感兴趣的只是在这段时间内发生了某一动作,而不是这一动作与现在的关系时,须用过去时态。如:The conference opened this month.会议是本月开幕的。Their farm set up a pumping station this year.他们农场今年新修了一个抽水站。现在完成时可和疑问副词 where,why,how 连用,但通常不和疑问副词when 连
227、用(when 一般只与过去时态连用)。如:Where have you been? 你去哪儿了?(询问经过情况。如说 Where did you go?则只问地点)Why have you turned off the radio? 你干吗把收音机关了?(强调和现在的关系,意即收音机关着。如说 Why did you turn off the radio?则强调关收音机这一过去的动作。)过去完成时过去完成时的基本概念和形式过去完成时(past perfect tense)表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。简言之,过去完成时所表示的时间就是过去的过去。过去完成时由助动词 had +
228、过去分词构成。过去完成时的用法1)过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前业已完成的动作。这个过去的时间可以用 by,before 等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示。如:By the end of last week we had learned ten lessons.到上周末为止,我们已经学了十课书。He had learned some English before he came to the institute.他来学院之前学过一些英语。I didnt go to the film because I had seen it twice.我没去看电影,因为这片子我已看过两次了。Whe
229、n I had gone over my lessons I took a rest.我复习完功课之后,休息了一会儿。I gave my little sister the flowers that I had bought for her.我把给妹妹买的花送给她。In the exhibition he saw many oil paintings that he had never seen before.他在展览厅里见到许多过去从未见过的油画。2)过去完成时可以表示由过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作,常和 for(有时可以省去)或 since 构成的短语或 since 引导
230、的从句连用。如:It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.在天旱了好几个月之后,昨天下雨了。By the I read his new book, I had known him for a long time.到我读他的新书时,我早就知道他了。He said that great Changes had taken place in his hometown since,1980. 他说 7980 年以来他的家乡大变样了。注当一个由 when,before,after,as soon as 等连词引导的从句所表示的动作
231、和主句的动作紧接时,两个动作均可用一般过去时来表示。如:We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.做完早操后,我们吃早饭。When I finished supper,I took a walk.我晚饭后就去散步。The train started to move just before he reached the platform.他到月台时火车刚开走。They started ploughing as soon as they got to the fields.他们一到地里就开始耕地。将来完成时的基本概念和形式将来完成时(futur
232、e perfect tense)表示在将来某一时间之前所完成的动作。它的形式由 shall(第一人称)或 will(第二、三人称)加 have 再加过去分词所构成。美国英语一律用 will。将来完成时的用法将来完成时表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。如:By the end of this week, I shall have finished the book.到本周末,我将读完这本书。By this time tomorrow they will have repaired the machine.明天这时候,他们将修好这台机器。The children will have gone
233、to sleep by the time We get home.到我们回家时,孩子们将已睡了。When you come tonight at eight oclock,I shall have written my paper.你今晚八点钟来时,我将会写完文章了。By next year our teacher will have taught English for twenty years.到明年我们的老师将已教二十年英语了。英语语法手册完成进行时态 过去将来完成时过去将来完成时(past future perfect tense)表示在过去将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。它的形式由
234、should(第一人称)或 Would(第二、三人称)加 have 再加过去分词构成。美国英语一律用 Would。用法举例:He said he would have paid me back the money by the end of the week.他说将在周末前还我钱。We told him that we should have returned to the camp by four oclock.我们告诉他我们将于四点前回营地。I hoped she would have finished the work before I got back.我希望她在我回来之前做完那活儿。
235、种类完成进行时有现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时、将来完成进行时和过去将来完成进行时四种。现在完成进行时的用法1)表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在。现在这个动作可能已经终止,也可能仍然在进行着。如:I have been waiting for you for two hours.我等了你两个小刊(动作不再延续下去)It has been raining for three hours.雨已经下了三小时了。(动作可能延续)He has been working on the paper all day.他整天都在写论文(动作是否延续下去,由上下文决定。)How long have you
236、 been learning English? -I have been learning English for two years.你英语学多久了?-我们学了两年了。(动作可能延续)Why are you so dirty Ive been playing football.你身上怎么这样脏?-我刚才踢足球了。(动作不再延续下去)2)有些不能用现在进行时态的动词,如 be,have like,love,know,see,hesr 等,同样也不能用现在完成进行时,而只能用现在完成时。如:She has been ill for a long time.她已经病了好久了。I have not
237、seen you for ages.我好久没有见到你了。现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较1)现在完成时所表示的动作,到现在为止已经完成;现在完成进行时往往表示动作仍然继续下去。如:I have been reading Lu Xun this week.本周我一直在读鲁迅的著作。(我仍然在读。)I have read A Madman is Diary this week.我本周读了狂人日记 。(我本周开始读而且已经读完它了。)I have read The story of Ah Q before.我以前读过阿 Q 正传 。(过去经历)2)现在完成时强调动作的最后结果;现在完成进行时则强调动
238、作的直接结果。如:Now we have cleaned the room,we can move the things in.房间已打扫过了,我们可以把东西搬进去了。(强调最终结果)You look so tired. What have you been doing? 你看来很累的样子,你干什么来着?(强调直接结果)过去完成进行时(past perfect continuous tense)1)过去完成进行时的形式一律为 had been + 现在分词,无人称和数的区别。2)过去完成进行时的用法 过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去这个时间,这一动作可能还在进行,也可能
239、已经停止。如:He told me that he had been waiting for me for two hours.他对我说他等了我两小时。(动作不再延续)The baby had been crying for fifteen minutes when her mother came in.妈妈进来时,婴儿一直哭了十五分钟。(动作可能还在进行)It seemed to her that the boys had been shouting for a long time.她似乎觉得这些男孩一直叫喊了很久。(动作可能还在进行)The teacher had been teachin
240、g for forty years by the time he retired,这位教师退休前一直教了四十年的书。(动作不再进行)英语语法手册何谓时态的一致 定义某些从句(主要是宾语从句)中谓语动词的时态,常常受主句中谓语动词时态的影响,这叫做时态的一致(sequence of tenses)。主句中的谓语动词如为现在或将来时态时从句中的谓语动词可以用任何所需要的时态。如:He says his father is (was,will be)an engineer.他说他父亲是(过去是,将来要做)一个工程师。Can you tell me when you finished (will fi
241、nish) the work? 你可否告诉我你什么时候完成的(会完成)这项工作?主句中的谓语动词如为过去时态时从句中的谓语动词一般须用过去时态。这又可分为下面三种情况:1)如果从句里的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,从句须用过去一般时或过去进行时。如:He told me he was unwell.他告诉我他不大舒服。She said her brother was reading a magazine at the moment. 她说她弟弟正在读一本杂志。2)如果从句的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句的谓语动词所表示的动作之前,从句须用过去完成时。如:He sai
242、d he had posted the letter.他说他已经把信发了。Our teacher told us he had been to lndia.我们老师说他到过印度。3)如果从句的谓语动词所表示的动作在主句的谓语动词所表示的动作之后,从句的谓语动词须用过去将来时态。如:They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall. 他们不知道什么时候去参观长城。He said he was going to be an actor after leaving school.他说他毕业后要当演员。注主句的谓语动词如是过去时态,还须注意下
243、面两种特殊情况:1)从句所说明的如果是一般真理或客观事实,则仍用现在时态。如:The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round.老师告诉学生地球是球形体的。Somebody told me you an a writer.有人告诉我说你是一个作家。2)从句如果有表示某一具体时间的状语,谓语动词所表示的动作虽发生在主句的谓语动词所表示的动作之前,一般仍用过去一般时,不用过去完成时。如:The teacher told his pupi1s that the Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shan
244、ghai in l921. 老师告诉学生中国共产党于一九二一年在上海诞生。My father told me that my grandfather was born in l900.我父亲告诉我,我祖父生于一九 OO 年。英语语法手册助动词 助动词的形式与作用1)英语常用的助动词(auxiliary verb)有shall,will,should,would,be,have,do 等。助动词一般无词义,不能单独作谓语动词。助动词在句中的作用,在于帮助构成各种时态、语态、语气、否定和疑问结构等。如:China has entered a great new era. 中国已进入了一个伟大的新时
245、期。(帮助构成完成时态)Some boys are playing on the grass. 一些男孩正在草地上玩。 (帮助构成进行时态)Mother is written by Gorky. 母亲是高尔基写的。 (帮助构成被动语态)We Shall have the football match if it does not rain.如果不下雨,我们就赛足球。(帮助构成将来时态和否定结构)Do you see my point? 你明白我的意思吗?(帮助构成疑问结构)注在否定结构中,not 须放在助动词后面。2)助动词加 not 一般都有简略式,用于口语中。如:is not-isnt w
246、ould not-wouldntare not-arent B:nt have not-haventwas not - wasnt has not-hasntwere not- werent wE:nt had not-hadntshall not-shant FB:nt do not-dont dEuntwill not-wont wEunt does not-doesntshould not-shouldnt did not-didntbe助动词be 的形式变化和动词 be。be 作为助动词的用法有下列几种:1)be 后跟动词的现在分词 可以构成各种进行时态。如:The driver is
247、 cleaning the car.司机在擦车。Yesterday afternoon we were discussing a new plan.昨天下午我们在讨论一个新的计划。Women in our country are playing an important part in socialist construction.我国妇女在社会主义建设中正起着重要的作用。2) be 后跟动词的过去分词 可以构成被动语态。如:A lot of consumer goods are made of nylon.许多消费品都是尼龙作的。The Flower Show is usually held
248、 here in October. 花展通常于 10 月在此举行。The cinema will be closed for repair from March 3rd.影院自三月三日起修理内部停止营业。3)be 加动词不定式 有下列各种用法:a)表示未来的安排或计划。如:The delegation is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.代表团定于明天去上海。Im to be home before midnight.我午夜前一定回来。b)表示必要或命令或问对方的意志。如:Youre to hand in your exercises tomorrow.你们明天
249、要交练习。Where am I to put these tools? 这些工具应该放在什么地方?What is to be done?怎么办?c)表示可能,与 can 或 may 相仿。如:I am not sure whether he is to turn up tonight.我不能断定他今晚是否能来。My key is nowhere to be found.我哪儿也找不着我的钥匙。d) be + about + 动词不定式则表计划即将,如:The meeting is about to begin.会议即将开始。have 的过去式是 had。Have (had)作为助动词和过去分词
250、一起,构成各种完成时态。如:I have known Mr. Smith for four years.我认识史密斯先生已经四年了。He has not made up his mind yet.他还没有决定呢。A woman came in with a baby,who had just swallowed a safety pin.一个妇女带进来一个刚吞进一个别针的婴儿。注 have 的简略式是ve,has 的简略式是s,had 的简略式是d,如Ive,youve,hes,Id,wed,hed,theyd 等。do的过去式是 did。do (did)作为助动词,有下列一些用法:1)构成现
251、在一般时和过去一般时的疑问句和否定句。如:Do you know each other? 你们两人认识吗?How do you find the climate here? 你觉得这里的气候怎么样?She did not go to hospital after breakfast She went to work as usual.早饭后她没有去医院,她照常上班去了。2)构成否定的祈使句。如:Dont be so careless.不要那么粗枝大叶。Do not hesitate to come when you need help.有困难只管来。3)加强陈述句和祈使句的语气。如:I do
252、think he is right.我确实认为他是对的。Do come often.一定常来呀。Do ask,if you have any questions.如果有问题,务必提出。4)用于倒装句中。如:Only then did I understand the importance of science.只是到了那时,我才了解到科学的重要性。Never did I expect to see him there.我从未想到会在那里看到他。5)还可用来代替主要动词,以避免重复。较常用在简略答语中。如:Does he also study geography?他也学地理吗? Yes,he d
253、oes.是的,他也学地理。Did it snow a lot last week? Yes,it did。上星期雪下得多吗? -是的,下得很多。He works even harder than you do. 他比你还要用功。注 上面最后一句中的 do 应唤作替代词,只是为了初学者的方便而放在助动词项下。shall 和 Will助动词shall 本身没有词义,只用在第一人称的将来时态中(现多为 will 所代替)。在将来一般时中,shall 后接动词原形。如:I shall think it over.我要好好考虑一下。Dont worry. We shall tell you all ab
254、out it.你别担心。我们都会告诉你的。助动词will 本身没有词义,只用在第二、三人称的将来时态中。will 在将来一般时中后接动词原形。如:He will be twenty-five years old next month.他下个月将是二十五岁。You will have an examination in English tomorrow.你们明天有英语考试。The weather forecast says that therell be heavy rain tomorrow.天气预报明天有大雨。should 和 would助动词should 是 shall 的过去式,它本身没
255、有词义,用于第一人称的过去将来时态中(现多用 would)。should 在过去将来一般时中后接动词原形。如:We were told that we should sight the Treasure lsland that night. 我们被告知那天夜里我们就要看见宝岛了。助动词would 是 will 的过去式,它本身没有词义,用于第二、三人称的过去将来时态中。would 在过去将来一般时中后接动词原形。如:He said that he would always remember that day.他说他将永远记住那一天。 英语语法手册情态动词概述 特征1)情态动词(modal ve
256、rb)本身有词义,表示说话人的语气或情态,但词义不完全,不能单独用作谓语动词,一般只能和动词原形一起构成谓语动词。2)情态动词所表示的情态有:命令、允诺、请求、拒绝、愿望、愿意、义务、必要、可能、能力、敢于、需要等。3)情态动词(ought 除外)和助动词 shall,will,should,would 一样,后面的动词不定式一般皆不带。形式变化1)没有人称和数的变化,第三人称单数的现在时也无变化。如:I can We canYou can You canHeThey canShe canIt 2)有些情态动词有过去式,有少数过去式和它的原形相同。a)有过去式的情态动词有:may - woul
257、dcan couldmay nightshall - shouldhave to - had tob)过去式不变的情态动词有:must - must (或 had to)ought to - ought toneed-needdare - dare(亦可用 dared)3)大多数情态动词后面可用动词的进行式、完成式和被动形式,如:can(may,must)be doing,can(may,must) have done,can(may,must)be done 等。否定式情态动词和助动词一样,后面可直接跟否定词 not。现将情态动词的否定式及其否定式的简略式(简略式用于口语中)列举如下:sha
258、ll not-shant FB:ntwill not-wont wEuntcan not-cant kB:ntmust not-mustnt 5mQsntshould not- shouldntwould not- wouldntcould not- couldntdare not- darent dZEntneed not- neednt在疑问句中的用法情态动词在疑问句中的用法和助动词相同。如:May I ask you a question? 我可以问你一个问题吗?Can you let me use your dictionary for a minute? 你能把字典借我用一会儿吗?W
259、ould you like to visit the heavy machinery plant? 你想参观重型机器厂吗?注意 have to 在疑问句中的位置。如:Do you have to go out today? 你今天一定得出去吗?Does he have to finish the work tomorrow? 他明天非做完这项工作不可吗?英语语法手册情态动词can, could can 和 couldcan 的词义表示体力或脑力方面的能力或客观上的可能。如:Can you ride a bike? Yes,I can.你能骑自行车吗?是的,我能骑。Can Mr. Smith u
260、se chopsticks? No,he cant . 史密斯先生会用筷子吗?不,他不会。Most women here can read and write now.这里的多数妇女都能识字,也会写字。In China even barren mountains can be turned into fertile fields. 在中国,荒山也能变成良田。can 用在否定句和疑问句中时在这种句子中,can 常可意谓可能,表示猜测和推理。如:It surely cant be six oclock already? 不可能已经六点钟了吧?You cant be hungry so soon,T
261、om. Youve just had lunch. 顿姆,你不可能饿得这么快,你刚吃过午饭。She cannot be so careless. 她不可能这么粗心。Where can he be? 他会在什么地方呢?What can he mean? 他会是什么意思呢?It surely cant be six oclock already? 不可能已经是六点钟了吧?注一 can 加动词的进行时态,也可表示可能。如:What can he be doing all this time? 他一直会是在干什么呢?She cannot be playing ping-pong now.她现在不可能在
262、打乒乓球。注二 在日常会话中,can 可代替 may 表示允许,may 比较正式,如:You can drop in any time. 你随时都可以来串门。Can I use your basin? of course,you can.我可以用你的脸盆吗?-当然可以。You can have my seat,Im going now.我要走了,你坐我的座位吧。Couldcould 是 Call 的过去式,表示与过去有关的 1)能力和 2)可能(在否定和疑问句中)。如:1)We were sure that he could do the work. 我们肯定他能做这工作。He was a f
263、armhand. He could not afford to send his son to school. 他是个雇农,他供不起儿子上学。2)At that time we thought the Story could not be true.那时我们以为所说的事不可能是真的。注 could 可代替 can 表示现在,但语气较为婉转。如:could you wait half an hour?请你等半个小时好吗?could you please ring up again at six? 六点钟请你再来电话好吗?could we visit a kindergarten? Ive bee
264、n wanting to see one ever since I came to China.我们可以访问一个幼儿园吗?我自从到中国来以后,一直想看一所幼儿园。注二表示过去的能力并已完成一具体动作时须用 were (was) able (to),不可用 could。如:I am glad we were able to catch the train. 我很高兴我们能赶上火车。但如未完成一具体动作,则可用 could not。如:I am sorry we couldnt (或 werent able to) catch the train.我很遗憾我们没有能赶上火车。can 的形式can
265、只有现在式 can 和过去式 could 两种形式,能表示现在一般和过去一般两种时态,有时也能表示将来。所有其他时态(包括将来)须用 be able 加动词不定式来表示。如:With their help, we shall be able to finish the work in a few days. 有他们的协助,我们将会在几天之内完成这项工作。They have not been able to come to Boston. 他们没有能到波斯顿来。Mr. Johnson rang up just now to Say that he wont be able to come ove
266、r this evening.约翰逊先生刚来电话,说今天晚上他来不了。can,could 用于否定或疑问句中can (could)用于否定或疑问句中后面跟动词原形的完成式时,表示对过去发生事件的可能性。而 could 较 can 更加表示说话人的不肯定的语气。如:Can he have left already? 他会是走了吗?Could she have forgotten my address? 她会把我的地址忘记了吗?It couldnt have been henry. He has gone to the factory. 不可能是亨利,他已经去工厂了。Surely she can
267、not have arrived so early. 他当然不可能这么早到这里的。注 could 加动词的完成式时,有时表示过去可能完成但事实上并没有实现的动作。如:You could have done the work better.你本来可以做得更好些。(事实上你做得不那么好)You could have got the early train.你本来可以搭上早班火车的。(事实上没搭上)英语语法手册情态动词-must mustmust 的词义must 表示必须或应当。如:I must leave at 9:00 我必须在九点钟离开这里。Soldiers must obey orders.
268、士兵必须服从命令。You must get to the stallion before three oclock. 你必须在三点钟以前到达车站。You must come earlier tomorrow.你明天得早点来。must 的否定式must 的否定形式 must not 表示不应该或不许可,语气比较强烈。如:We mustnt waste our time. 我们不应该浪费我们的时间。Passengers must not walk across the railway line.旅客不要横穿铁路。You mustnt miss that modern ballet,It is ex
269、tremely good. 你可不要错过这个现代芭蕾舞剧,它好极了。One must not divorce oneself from the masses.不应该脱离群众。注说不必须用 need not。如:Must we hand in our exercises today? No,You neednt.我们必须今天交练习吗? -不,不必今天交。must 也可表示过去must 只有现在式,通常用以表示现在,但有时也可以表示过去(多用在间接引语中)。如:He told us we must all be ready by nine.他告诉我们在九点钟以前都得准备好。It was too l
270、ate to go back,we must go on.太晚了,回不去了,我们只有继续往前走。注 have to (必须)则可以表示各种时间。如:I am afraid You will have to wait a while.我看你得等一会儿。At every step I had to pull my legs out of the snow.我每走一步都得将双腿从雪中拔出来。must 也可表示说话人对事物的推测但比 may 肯定得多,相当于汉语的一定或准是。如:He must be in the library now. 他现在准是在图书馆。The old man must be o
271、ver seventy now.那老人准有七十多岁了。She must know how to do farm work. 她一定懂得怎样干农活。You ate very little at breakfast today. You must be hungry now.你今天早餐吃得很少,现在一定饿了。注 must 加动词原形的进行式,也可表示对现在发生的动作的推测,有一定、准是的意思。如:She must be working on the experimental plot.她现在一定在试验田里工作。must 加动词原形的完成式说明对过去事物的推测,表示一定或准是的意思。如:I mail
272、ed the letter two weeks ago. She must have received it.我是两星期以前发的信,她一定已经收到了。She must have studied English before. 她以前一定学过英语。How did you know about it? Somebody must have told you. 你怎么知道这事的?一定有人告诉你了。英语语法手册情态动词-may, might may 和 mightmay 表示允许或请求May I come in? Yes,do. 我可以进来吗?-请进。May I borrow you raincoat
273、? 我可以借用你的雨衣吗?You may go now. 你现在可以走了。You may ring us up any time during office hours.在办公时间你可以随时给我们打电话。注 may 表示允许的否定形式是 must not(不应该,不许可)。如:May I take this book out of the reading-room? No,you mustnt. 我可以把这本书拿出阅览室吗? -不行。may 还可表示说话人的猜测,认为某一事情或许或可能发生We may call on you this evening.我们也许今天晚上来看你。She may n
274、ot go to the concert tonight.今晚她可能不去听音乐会了。The news may or may not be true. 消息也许是真的,也许不是真的。注 may 用在感叹句中可表示祝愿,愿望如:May you succeed.祝你成功。May you have a pleasant journey.一路平安。might 为 may 的过去式The speaker said we might ask him any question.作报告的人说我们可以向他提任何问题。He said he might go to the Palace Museum on Sunda
275、y. 他说他星期天可能去参观故宫博物院。注一night 也可代替 may,表示现在,但语气较为婉转客气或更加不肯定。如:He night not come today.今天他也许不来了。Might I make a suggestion? 我可以提个建议吗?注二might 用来表示现在时,还可表示规劝,如:You might,pay more attention to spoken English.你要更多地注意英语口语。You might shut the windows. The wind is blowing so hard outside.关上窗户吧。外面风很大。may (might)
276、后加动词的完成式表示对过去的推测,认为某一事情在过去可能发生。这里 may 和 might都指过去,不过 might 较为含蓄委婉或更加不肯定(常用于肯定结构)。如:Nick may (might) have gone to the library.尼克可能到图书馆去了。Our manager may (might) have gone to Harbin last weekend.我们的经理上周末可能已经去哈尔滨了。She may (might) have missed the plane.她也许没赶上飞机。注一 may 和 might 常用在 so that 和 in order that
277、 所引导的目的状语从句中(现在英语中还经常用 can)。如:Write is in simple language in order that everybody may understand it. 为了大家都看得懂,你要用简明的文字写。He died,so that others night 1iye.他为了别人而牺牲了。注三 might 加动词的完成式,可说明某一事情在过去没有实现并含有劝告甚至责备的意思。如:You might have told me earlier.你本来可以早点告诉我的。You might have been more careful.你本来可以多加小心。英语语法
278、手册情态动词have to have tohave to 加动词原形表示不得不、必须的概念。它比 must 更含有客观条件使得必须如此做的意思,并有较多的时态。如:Mr. Johnson has to work very hard to earn a living.约翰逊先生为了谋生不得不拼命干活。I had to leave the party early last night. I wasnt very well.昨晚我只得早点离开晚会,我不大舒服。We will have to get up very early tomorrow.我们明天必须起得很早。I shall have to g
279、o to the clinic today for my bad cough.我咳嗽得厉害,今天必须去诊疗所看看。注口语中的 I have got to,you have got to 等:I have to,you have to. Have I got to?和 Do I have to?这两种疑问形式均可用。英语语法手册情态动词-shall shallshall 作为情态动词用于第二、三人称可表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺、威胁等概念。如:You shall do it,whether you want to or not. 不管你愿意不愿意,你必须做这项工作。(命令)You sha
280、ll have the book as soon as I finish it.这本书我一看完就给你。(允诺)You shall pay for it.你一定会受到惩罚的。(威胁)在疑问句中,情态动词 shall 用于第一、三人称表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。如:What shall I do now? 我现在该做什么?Shall we go for a walk? 我们去散步好吗?Shall he come tomorrow? 你要他明天来吗?英语语法手册情态动词-should should情态动词 Should 表示劝告、 建议 时这时 should 常译作 应当。如:We Sho
281、uld learn about the computer and make full use of it.我们应该了解计算机并加以充分利用。You should listen to the doctors advice.你应当听大夫的话。You should study the article care fully. 你应当细,心学习这篇文章。should 还可以表示 预测、可能They should be here by now.他们现在可能到了。The reference book should be in the reading-room.这本参考书可能在阅览室里。should 有时表示
282、说话人的感情如惊奇、愤怒、失望等Why should I go? 我干吗要去?(不满)I am sorry that he Should be so obstinate.我很遗憾,他竟这样固执。(失望)Its strange that it should be so hot today.很怪,今天怎么这么热。(惊奇)should 后跟动词的完成式时这时句子指的是过去的事情。如果是肯定句,常说明某件事本应完成而未完成;如果是否定句,表示发生了不应当发生的事情.如:You should have stopped at in red light. 你见了红灯本应该停车。You Should not
283、have gone back to work without the doctors permission.你不应当未经医生许可就回去工作。He Should have come earlier. 他应早一点来。英语语法手册情态动词-will Will情态动词 Will可用于各人称,表示 意志、意愿、决心、允诺等。如:I will try. 我愿一试。I will do my best. 我一定尽力而为。We will never do it again. 我们永远不会再做此事了。Which will you fake?你要哪一个?Who will go with me? 谁愿和我一同去?wi
284、ll 在疑问句中用子第二人称时这时句子表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问。如:Will you please explain the sentence once more?请你再把这个句子解释一遍好吗?Will you have western food or Chinese food,Mr. Smith? 史密斯先生,你吃西餐还是中餐?Will you pass me the butter? 请你把黄油递给我好吗?注意下面句中的 wont 亦表请求:Wont you come in ?请进来好吗?注一 在条件状语从句中须用现在一般时表将来,但当 will 用作情态动词表意愿时,则亦可用于条件状语
285、从句,如 Ill be glad if you will come.(你如愿来,我将会很高兴)。注二will 在下面句子中 = I suppose(我猜想)或 probably(大概)。如:This will be the room you are looking for. 这大概就是你要找的那个房间。You will remember the story I told you the other day.你们大概还记得我那天给你们讲的那个故事。注三will 有时表示一种习惯动作或状态。如:Water will boil at 100 degrees Centigrade.水总是在摄氏 100
286、 度煮沸。Boys will be boys.男孩子总是男孩子。英语语法手册情态动词-would Would是 will 的过去式,可用于各人称,表示过去时间的意志、愿望和 决心等。如:He declared that he would do everything to help us. 他说要尽一切可能来帮助我们。I told peter that I would go along wit him.我告诉彼得我要跟他一块去。All in e doctors and nurses told Dr. Bethune not to give his own blood to the wounded
287、, but he wouldnt listen.和护士劝白求恩大夫不要把自己的血输给伤员,但是他不听。would 用来表示现在时间时这时 would 不论是表达说话人本身的意志或向对方提出请求,均较 will婉转。如:Would you tell us something about yourself? 请跟我们谈谈你自己好吗?Would you like to have a glass of wine? 你要喝杯酒吗?Would you please tell me the way to the nearest bus-stop? 请告诉我去最近的公共汽车站怎么走好吗?Would you m
288、ind helping me with my packing? 请你帮我打打行李好吗?注在日常会话中,I would like to 和 I should like to 都可以说,I would like 的简略式为 Id like。如:I should (would) like to have a look at the new television set.我想看看这架新电视机。Id like to borrow a copy of Alice in Wonderland.我要借一本爱丽丝漫游奇境记 。Would 还可以表示过去习惯发生的动作I found that retired pe
289、rsons would often go to the park to play chess.我发现退休的人经常到公园里下棋。When he had a problem to solve,he would work at it until he found an answer.当他有个问题要解决时,他总是想办法一直到找到答案为止。 英语语法手册情态动词-ought ought ought 只有一种形式,后面须跟带 to 的动词不定式。Ought 表示有义务或必要做某件事,还可表示劝告。如:.You ought to follow the old mans advice.你应当听那位老人的话。Y
290、ou oughtnt to smoke so much.你不应当抽烟太多。You ought to go to the clinic at once. You dont look well.你脸色不好,应该马上到医务室去。注ought 表示应该,语气比 should 强。ought 后加动词不定式的完成式时指过去的动作。如用肯定形式(ought to have done),表示某一件事该做而未做,相当于 should have done。如用否定形式(ought not to have done),则表示一件不该做的事情发生了,相当于 should not have done。如:He oug
291、ht to have done the exercise more carefully.这个练习他应当作得更细心一些。I ought to have returned these books to the library last week. 我上星期就应当把这些书还给图书馆。You ought not to have been so rude.你不该这样粗鲁。You ought not to have taken his skates without asking him.你不该没有得到他的许可就把他的冰鞋拿走。英语语法手册情态动词-dare dare (敢)的用法和其他动词有所不同。dar
292、e 用于否定句或疑问句中时,其用法和其他情态动词一样,即 dare 本身无变化,后面所跟的动词不定式不带 to。如:They dare not tell the truth.他们不敢说真话。Dare he admit his mistake? 他敢于承认错误吗?He dared say no more。他不敢再说了。但是 dare 用在肯定结构中时,后面的动词不定式可加 to。如:Young people should dare to think,dare to speak and dare to act.青年人要敢想、敢说、敢干。注一在否定句或疑问句中,dare 也可用作实义动词,用助动词
293、do 来帮助,后面的动词不定式可带 to。如:Do they dare to do it? 他们敢做这事吗?The enemy did not dare to come out after dark.敌人夜间不敢出来。注二注意下面将两种不同动词揉合在一起的说法。如:I didnt dale come.我不敢来。Who dares stop me? 谁敢阻拦我?英语语法手册情态动词-need need(需要)的用法与 dare 几乎完全相同。即在否定句或疑问句中,和其他情态动词一样,本身无变化,后面用不带 to 的动词不定式;在肯定句中时,和实义动词一样,后面的动词不定式要带 to,第三人称单数
294、现在一般时加-s,并有时态的变化。如:Need we return the magazines today?我们今天需要把杂志还回去吗?Every member needs to pay only a little money a year to get medical care.每个成员每年只需缴一点钱就可以得到医疗。You need not write down your translation. You may do it orally. 你们不必写下这个翻译练习,口头做就行了。注与 dare 一样,在否定句或疑问句里,need 也可和实义动词相同,用助动词 to do 来帮助,后面的动
295、词不定式必须带 to。如:Do they need to take any tools with them? No., they dont need to.他们需要带工具吗? -不需要。He did not need to go there early that day. 那天他不必早去。need 后面有名词作宾语时完全用作实义动词,表示需要或缺乏某件事物。这时,它的变化和一般实义动词完全相同。如:I need a dictionary.我需要字典。You need a hair-cut. 你该理发了。Do you need a fountain-pen? 你需要一支自来水笔吗?I dont
296、need a new jacket. 我不需要一件新茄克衫。Mary looks tried,she needs a rest. 玛丽看上去累了,需要休息。Neednt 后加动词不定式(不带 to)的完成式时指过去已做了但勿须做的动作。如:You neednt have watered the vegetables,as it is going to rain.你满可以不必浇菜,天要下雨了。You neednt have brought your umbrella. We are going by taxi 你满可以不必带伞,我们要坐出租汽车去。注一注意 didnt have to 和 did
297、nt nee to 则常表示过去未做也勿须做的动作。如:I didnt have to interpret it for her,for she knows Chinese.我勿须为她翻译,她懂汉语。I didnt need to take a taxi; it is only five minutes walk to the station.到车站只须走五分钟,我不需要坐出租汽车。注二 used to 和 had better 也可看作是情态动词。情态动词 used to表示过去的习惯,但现在已无此习惯(would 表过去习惯时则无此含义)。如:When I was young,I used
298、 to play football.我小时常踢足球。He didnt use to come. (或用 usednt to)他过去不常来。Did he used to come? (亦可说 used he to.?)他过去常来吗?had better 表可取,意为应该或最好。如:We had better go now. 我们最好走吧。Youd better stop now.你现在应该停下来。(对长辈不可用 had better)Hadnt we better go now? 我们现在走不好吗?(had better 一般不用于肯定疑问句)英语语法手册语气概述 语气及其种类1)语气(mood
299、)语气是一种动词形式,表示讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2)语气的种类语气可分为下列三种:a)直陈语气(indicative mood)表示讲话人认为他所说的话是一个事实。如:There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。Jinzhou is famous for its apples.锦州以产苹果闻名。Comrade Zhang Side had a deep love for the Party.张思德同志对党怀有深厚的爱。b)祈使语气(imperative mood)表示讲话人对对方的请求或命令。如:Bring along you
300、r exercise books tomorrow.明天把练习本带来。Make yourself at home.请随便,不要客气。Dont move! 不许动!Dont be late.不要迟到。Be quiet! 请安静!c) 虚拟语气 (subjunctive mood)。英语语法手册虚拟语气 A 虚拟语气虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实,而只是一种愿望、假设、怀疑、建议、猜测、可能或纯粹的空想等。如:If I were not so busy,I would go with you.假如我不太忙,我会和你一起去。(表示假设)I wish Lao Li w
301、ere here.H6 would know how to fix the machine.老李在这儿就好了,他会知道怎样把机器修好的。(表示愿望)He suggests that we should all go to see the film.他建议我们都去看电影。(表示建议)虚拟语气的动词形式比较特殊,共有下列七种:1)动词原形(用于一切人称和数)2)动词的过去式(用于一切人称和数,be 的过去式用 were)3) had + 过去分词(用于一切人称和数)4) should + 动词原形(用于一切人称和数)5) should have + 过去分词(用于一切人称和数)6) should
302、(第一人称),Would(第二、三人称) + 动词原形7) should(第一人称),Would(第二、三人称) + have + 过去分词注上述某些动词形式和直陈语气的某些动词形式相同,但它们的用法及其所表示的时间概念则完全两样,二者切不可混淆。虚拟语气常用在表示条件的从句和表示结果的主句中。虚拟语气在条件从句和结果主句中的用法1)表示与现在事实相反的条件和结果,:如:If I Were you, I should go and see the dentist at once. 假如我是你的话,我会马上去看牙科医生。If they were no gravity, we should not
303、 be able to walk. 假如没有引力,我们就不能行走。If they had time,they would study Italian too. 假如他们有时间的话,他们也会学意大利语的。If She knew German,She would read Marx and Engels in the original假如她懂德语,她就会读马克思和恩格斯的原著了。He would tell me if he knew, but he does not,know anything about it. 假如他知道的话,他会告诉我的,但是他一点也不知道。2)表示与过去事实相反的条件和结果
304、。如:If I had known of your arrival I should have met you at the station.如果我早知道你要来,我会去车站接你的。If you had come a few minutes earlier,you would have met him.要是你早来几分钟的话,你就见到他了。If She hadnt been so strict with herself, she wouldnt have made such great progress.她要是对自己要求不严格,她就不会有这样大的进步。If the child had fallen
305、 through the ice, he would have drowned. 假如这孩子掉到冰窑里,他定会淹死了。3)表示与将来事实可能相反的条件和结果。其用法和表示与现在事实相反的条件和结果相同。如:If it Were Sunday tomorrow,my brother would go skating at the Beihai Park.如果明天是星期天,我弟弟会去北海公园滑冰的。If you dropped the glass,it would break.你如将杯子掉下来,它就会打碎的。What Would happen if I put the paper on the f
306、ire? It Would bum.我若把纸放在火上会怎么样?-纸就会烧着。注在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中,亦可用 were to + 动词原形(比较正式,常用于书面体中)和 should + 动词原形。如:If you were to come tomorrow,I might have time to see you.你如果明天来的话,我或许会有时间见你。If I were to see her tomorrow,I would tell her about your decisions. 我明天如见到她,就把你的决定告诉她。If it should rain tomorrow,w
307、hat would we do?明天万一下雨,我们怎么办?If you should meet George,tell him I want to see him.你如见到乔治,告诉他我要见他。英语语法手册虚拟语气 B 不用 if 的条件从句结构在笔语中,条件从句有时可以不用连词小而把 were,had 或 should 移至主语之前。但如从句没有 were,had 或 should,则一般不能这样做。如:Should he come,tell him to ring me up.他要是来了,让他给我打个电话。Were I in your position,I would go.如果我处于你的
308、地位,我就去。Had they not helped us,our experiment would have failed. 如果没有他们的帮助,我们的试验是会失败的。注有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用介词短语、动词不定式等来表示。如:without contradiction nothing would exist. 没有矛盾就没有世界。We could not have done the work well without your help.要是没有你的帮助,我们不可能做好这工作。It wonld be a good idea to go swimming at the summer pa
309、lace.到颐和园去游泳,倒是个好主意。All this would have been impossible ten years ago.这一切在十年前是不可能有的。英语语法手册虚拟语气 C 虚拟语气和情态动词虚拟结构(不论从句或主句)常可用情态动词的过去式,即could,might,wou1d 等加不带 to 的动词不定式或不带 to 的动词不定式完成式,来作谓语动词。这些情态动词除表示虚拟结构外,本身还有独立的意思。如:If I were you,I Would go.我如果是你,我就愿意去。If he were here,he might agree with you.假如他在这里,他
310、可能会同意你。I Would help you if I could. 假如我能够的话,我一定帮助你。If it had not been for their help,we could not have succeeded. 如果没有他们的帮助,我们是不可能成功的。英语语法手册虚拟语气 D 有时条件从句中的动作和结果主句中的动作所发生的时间不一致这时,动词的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如:If he had followed the doctors advice,he Would be quite all right now.他当时若是听医生的话,现在就会痊愈了。(从句说明过去,主句说
311、明现在)If I were you,I Would have gone to the theatre.假如我是你,我会去看话剧了。(从句的时间包括现在,主句说明过去)If you hadnt helped me,I couldnt have finished it on time and most likely I would be still working now.假若你没有帮助我,我不可能按时完成工作,很可能现在还在干哩。(从句说明过去,主句说明过去和现在)用直陈语气表示条件和结果在现代英语里,多用直陈语气表示条件和结果。直陈语气的条件和结果所表示的往往是事实。如不是事实,其可能性也较虚
312、拟语气要大。如:If it rains tomorrow,we shall not go out.假如明天下雨的话,我们就不出去。The dog wont attack you if you sit still.如果你安静地坐着,狗是不会咬你的。If the train leaves at eight thirty,there is no time to lose. 火车如果是八点半开,我们得抓紧时间了。If the rain stops,Ill go for a swim.要是雨停了,我就去游泳。英语语法手册虚拟语气 E 省去从句或主句的虚拟结构虚拟结构中的从句或主句有时形式上可以省略,但意
313、义上却仍存在。1)省去了条件从句的虚拟结构。如:That would be fine.那就太好了。(省去了 if you should do it 或类似条件)You might stay here forever.你可以永远呆在这里。(省去了 if you wanted 协或类似条件)I would not have done it.我是不会做那件事的。(省去了 if were you或类似条件)注虚拟结构中省去的从句有时并不容易找出。如:Who would have thought of it ? 谁会想到是这样的呢?2)省去了结果主句的虚拟结构(常用以表示愿望)。如:If he were
314、 here!假如他在这里该多好啊!If I had never married.如果我从未结婚就好了。这种结构也常用 if only 开头。如:If only I could help you! 假如我能帮助你,那该是多好啊!If only I were ten years younger!我要是能年轻十岁该多好啊!If you would only try harder!你如再努力一试就好了。(only 亦可置于 would 等助动词之后)注有时 if only 只表条件,不表愿望。如:If only I had known earlier,Id have sent you a telegr
315、am.我只要知道得早一点,就会拍电报给你了。英语语法手册虚拟语气 F 虚拟语气的其他用法虚拟语气用在主语从句中在 It is natural(necessary,strange,important) that.这类句型里,that 所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 should 加动词原形。如:It is quite natural that he should think so.他这样想是很自然的事。It is strange that he Should have gone away without telling us. 真奇怪,他没有通知我们就走掉了。It is necessary t
316、hat the question should be settled at once.必须马上解决这个问题。It is important that we should speak politely. 我们说话要有礼貌,这是很重要的。It is imperative that we should practise criticism and self-criti - cism. 应当进行批评与自我批评。虚拟语气用在宾语从句中下列两种宾语从句须用虚拟语气:1)在动词 wish 后的宾语从句(常常省去连词 that),表示不可实现的愿望。从句中的动词如用过去式,则表示与现在事实相反(如下面第一、二
317、例句);如用过去完成式,则表示与过去事实相反(如下面第三、四例句)。如:I wish I were a pilot.但愿我是个飞行员。I wish I knew how to operate the machine.我要是会操作这架机器该有多好啊! (= Im sorry I dont know.)I wish he hadnt gone.他要是没走该多好!(= Im sorry he has gone.)We wish you had come to our New Years party.我们真希望你来参加我们的新年联欢会。(= but you did not)动词 wish 如果是过去式
318、,后面宾语从句的动词的虚拟语气形式不变,仍用过去式或过去完成式。如:She wished she knew how to play golf. 她但愿会打高尔夫球。 (和过去事实相反)I wished I hadnt been so forgetful. Then I shouldnt have missed the concert.我要是不这样忘事该多好,那我就不会不去听音乐会。(和过去的过去的事实相反)注有时在宾语从句中可用 would 或 might 加动词原形,表示有可能实现的愿望。如:.I wish he,might stay with me.我希望他和我住在一起。He wishes
319、 I would go with him.他希望我和他一起去。I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安静一些。2)动词 demand(要求),suggest(建议),order (命令),insist(坚持),propose(建议)等后面的宾语从句,用 should(用于所有的人称)加动词原形来表示虚拟语气。如:I suggest that we should hold a meeting tonight.我建议今晚开个会。The chairman proposed that we Should discuss the question.主席提议我们讨论这个问题。Most
320、 students insist that they should have more English classes. 多数同学坚持要多上英语课。注这种结构往往可不用 should,尤其在美国,只用动词原形(用于所有的人称)。如上面三例只用 hold,discuss 和 have,不用 should hold,should discuss 和 should have。又如:I suggest that we make a new expertinent.我建议进行新的试验。I propose that the matter be put the vote at once.我提议把这个问题马上
321、付表决。虚拟语气用在状语从句中由 as if 或 as though 所引导的状浯从句表示比较或方式时,从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气。动词形式用动词的过去式(be 用 were)或 had + 过去分词。如:My mother locked after the orphan as if he were her own child. 我母亲照料这个孤儿像自己孩子一样。You speak as if you had really been there.你谈得好像你真的到过那里似的。注意下面句中的 as if 从句用作表语。如:It looks as if it might rain,天好像要下雨似
322、的。注连词 lest 和 in case 所引导的状语从句中的谓语动词亦用虚拟语气。例见 15.33 和 15.30虚拟语气用在定语从句中It is time (that)句型中的定语从句里的谓语动词常用虚拟浯气表示将来,动词形式用动词的过去式:意思是该干某件事了,时间已经有些晚了。如:It is time we left.我们该走了。It is time we went to bed.我们该睡觉了:It is time we summed up our results.我们该总结我们的成绩了。虚拟语气用在简单句中下面是虚拟语气用在简单句中较常见的两种情况,皆表祝愿。如:1)动词原形 1ive
323、 用在 Long live中。如:Long live the Communist Party of China! 中国共产党万岁!Long live the people! 人民万岁!(1ive 在此也是虚拟语气的一种动词形式,不可改为 lives)2)May 用在句子开头(多用在正式的文体中)。如:May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。May you be happy.祝你快乐。May you do even better! 祝你取得更大成就!英语语法手册非限定动词 A 非限定动词种类、意义和特征1)非限定动词(verbal)有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种。2)非限定动词和
324、限定动词的基本区别a)限定动词在句子中可以单独作谓语动词,非限定动词在句中则不能单独作谓语动词。b)限定动词的形式要与主语的人称和数一致,而非限定动词的形式则不受主语的人称和数的限制。如:He likes to sing 它他喜欢唱歌。They like to sing.他们喜欢唱歌。限定动词 like 受主语人称和数的限制,的形式与主语一致。第一句为likes,第二句为 like。非限定动词 sing 则不受这种限制,它的形式不随主语而改变。The man walking in front was carrying a flag.走在前面的人打着一面旗子。The men walking in
325、 front were carrying flags.走在前面的人们都打着旗子。限定动词 be 受主语的人称和数的限制,它的形式须与主语一致。第一句为 was,第二句为 were.非限定动词 walking 则不受主语的限制,它的形式不随主语而改变。3)非限定动词的双重性a)非限定动词有动词的特征:(a)如果非限定动词是及物动词,须有宾语。(b)非限定动词可以由状语来修饰。(c)非限定动词仍有语态和时态的变化。b)非限定动词还有一些非动词的特征它相当于名词、形容词等,在句子里可以作这些词类所能用作的句子成分。非限定动词双重性举例:He promised to do it tonight.他答应
326、今天晚上做。(非限定动词 to do的动词性质表现在它有宾语和状语 tonight 它的非动词性质表现在它用作promised 的宾语。)I am sorry to have disturbed you.我打扰你了,对不起。(to have disturbed 是动词不定式 to disturb 的完成式,说明非限定动词有时态上的变化,这也是非限定动词的动词性质。)I saw many people spreading manure in the fields.我看见许多人在地里施肥。(非限定动词 spreading 是现在分词,它有宾语 manure 和状语 in the fields。)T
327、here is no time to be lost.必须抓紧时间。(to be lost 是动词不定式 to lose 的被动式,说明非限定动词有语态上的变化这也是非限定动词的动词性质。)4)非限定动词短语带有宾语或状语的非限定动词词组,称为非限定动词短语。如:I have no time to finish that long novel this week.我本周没有时间读完那本长篇小说。(不定式短语)Forgetting the past means betrayal.忘记过去就意味着背叛。(动名词短语)Members wishing to see the play are reque
328、sted to notify Li Min be fore Saturday.愿意看戏的会员请在星期六以前通知李敏。 英语语法手册非限定动词 B 动词不定式意义、形式和特征1)基本概念和形式动词不定式(infinitive)是一种非限定动词,由不定式符号 to 加动词原形所构成。动词不定式有动词的特征,同时也有名词、形容词和副词的特征。2)动词不定式的动词特征a)如果动词不定式是及物的,须有宾语。如:He wants to study Japanese.他想学习日语。(动词不定式 to study 后面有宾语 Japanese)b)动词不定式可以被状语修饰。如:The rain continu
329、ed to fall heavily.雨继续下得很大。(动词不定式 to fall 后面有状语 heavily)动词不定式加宾语或状语构成动词不定式短语,如上二例中的 to study Japanese 和 to fall heavily。3)动词不定式的非动词特征用法动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,所以它在句子中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。1)主语To lean out of the window is dangerous.把身子伸出窗外是危险的。To talk with him is a great pleasure.和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。To die for the
330、 people is a glorious death! 为人民而死,虽死犹荣。动词不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语动词的后面,而在句首用引词作语法上的主语。上述两句即可改为:It is a great pleasure to talk with him.It is a glorious death to die for the people.注意也常用It is+形容词+动词不定式短语这样的句型:It is necessary to make a plan for this course of study.必须订一个学习这门课程的计划。It is not difficult to learn
331、 a foreign if you spend time and effort on it. 小只要你花时间下功夫,学好一门外国语并不难。Its just impossible to see that and not weep.看见那种情景而不哭是根本不可能的。(注意 weep 之前省去了 to,以免重复)2)表语Her wish is to become an astronaut.她的愿望是成为一名宇航员。Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.我们的计划是在两周内完成这项工作。His only desire was to be useful
332、to the country.他唯一的愿望是做一个对国家有用的人。3)宾语有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。这些动词有 want(想要),wish(想望),like(喜欢),decide(决定),help(帮助),pledge(保证),begin(开始),forget(忘记),learn(学习),ask(要求)等等。动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语。如:He wants to be a village school teacher in a mountain area.他要做个山村教师。Do you like to watch football matches? 你喜欢看足球赛吗?Learn to
333、 walk before you run.先学走后学跑。We decided to make changes in our plan.我们决定把计划做些修改。动词不定式也可以用来作某些形容词的宾语。这些形容词通常只有ready(准备好,愿意),eager(急于),anxious(急于)等,但为了学习上的方便,也可以包括 able(能够),sure(一定),glad(高兴),sorry(难过),afraid(怕),free(随意),pleased(高兴),determined(决心),willing(愿意)等。如:He is sure to succeed.他肯定会成功。How do you d
334、o? Im glad to meet you. 你好?见到你很高兴。The boys and girls are anxious to learn how to skate.这些男孩子和女孩子渴望学会滑冰。4)定语动词不定式作定语时,须放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。如:He is always the first one to get up.他总是第一个起床。I have a few words to say on this question。关于这个问题我有几句话要说。They are discussing ways to guarantee high output.他们正在讨论保证高产量的办
335、法。After the Ching Ming Festival it is time to sow sorghum,millet and corn.清明节一过,正是播种高梁、谷子和玉米的时节。5)状语动词不定式作状语时,一般放在它所修饰的动词之后。a)表示目的He went to Beijing to study in 1988.一九八八年他去北京学习。He went to Paris to learn French.他去巴黎学法文。注一强调动词不定式所表示的目的时,动词不定式可变为 in order to (为了)或 so as to(以便)加动词原形。如:We often listen t
336、o English broadcasts in order to get more practice in training our ears.我们经常听广播,以便加强听力训练。In order to learn acupuncture,she practiced on herself every day.为了学习针灸,她每天在自己身上试验。(注意 in order to 可放在句首)We must have good soil so as to grow roses.种玫瑰花要有好的土壤。注二动词不定式可以放在句首,使其所表示的目的更加明显突出。如:To be a good teacher
337、one must use good teaching methods.要成为好的教师一定要有好的教学方法。To de fend our country we must strengthen ourselves.为了保卫祖国,我们必须自强不息。注三 注意有些用作句子独立成分的习惯语,如 to begin with(首先),to conclude(最后),to be sure(当然),to tell you the truth(老实对你说)等。b)表示结果My grandmother lived to see the birth of my little daughter.我的祖母活到亲眼看到我的
338、小女儿出生。A few years later he came home to find that his hometown had greatly changed.几年后他回到家里,发现故乡的面貌大大地改变了。注一 有时可以用 too.to(太而不能)结构来表示结果办不到。如:He is too young to join the army.他太年轻了,不能参军。It was too cold,to go out last night.昨晚太冷,无法出去。注二 动词不定式和 only 连用时,常表示未预料到的结果。如:I went to see him only to find him ou
339、t.我去看他,不料他出去了。I hurried to the post office,only to find it was closed.我匆忙赶到邮局,不料已经关门了。 英语语法手册非限定动词 C 含有动词不定式的复合宾语动词不定式可用作复合宾语中的宾浯补足语。可有这种复合宾语结构的动词有 get(请),ask(请求),order(命令),persuade(说服),advise(劝告),like(喜欢),want(想要),tell(叫),know(知道)help(帮助),call on(号召,请求),等等。如:He got someone to repair the door.他请人修理门
340、。I persuaded my brother to change his mind.我说服我弟弟改变了主意。The doctor advised him to take a good rest.大夫劝他好好休息。在某些及物动词的复合宾语中,动词不定式须省掉 too 这些动词有:make(使),let(让),see(见),watch(望),hear(听),have(使),feel(觉得)等。动词 help 后不定式的to 可以省掉,也可以保留。如:Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China.古为今用,洋为中用。H
341、e let me go home.他让我回家。We must have someone repair the refrigerator.我们必须叫人来修电冰箱。I heard him speak in the next room.我听到池在隔壁房间里讲话。Mother is helping pat (to) clean her shoes.妈妈正帮蓓蒂刷鞋子。注一上述句子变成被动语态时,动词不定式的 to 仍须保留。如 英语语法手册非限定动词 D 动词不定式的否定结构动词不定式的否定结构由在不定式符号 to 之前加上 not 而成。如:He decided not to go home.他决定
342、不回家。The teacher warned the pupils not to go skating on thin ice.教师警告学生不要在薄冰上滑冰。I told him not to open the door.我叫他不要开门。疑问词 + 动词不定式疑问代词 who,what,which 和疑问副词 when,where,how 等后加动词不定式,构成一种特殊的动词不定式短语,可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。如:When to start has not been decided.何时动身尚未决定。(作主语)They told her where to find her litt
343、le brother.他们告诉她到哪里找她的小弟弟。(作宾语)The teacher showed the students how to do the exercise.老师教学生如何做练习。(作宾语)He thought a lot about how to improve his English pronunciation.他对如何提高英语语音想得很多。(作介词的宾语)动词不定式复合结构for + 名词(或代词宾格) + 动词不定式在这种结构中的 for 本身无意义。名词(或代词宾格)形式上是 for 的宾语,但在逻辑上可以说是动词不定式的主语。这种不定式复合结构在句子里可作下列成分:1
344、)主语For us to learn foreign languages is important.学习外语对我们来说是重要的。在句中,for us 在逻辑上是 to learn foreign languages 的主语。这种结构作主语时,和简单的动词不定式结构一样,一般都用引词讧来代表并放在句首,for + 名词 (或代词宾格) + 不定式则放在句末。如:It is important for us to learn foreign languages.It is necessary for us to learn from each other.我们必须相互学习。2)表语It is fo
345、r you to decide.这得由你决定。3)宾语Can you arrange for a car to take us there?你能安排一辆汽车送我们到那里去吗?4)定语There is a lo to work for us to do.有很多工作要我们去做。5)状语The policeman blew his whistle for the carts to stop.警察吹哨要那几辆大车停下来。(作目的状语)英语语法手册非限定动词 E 动词不定式一般式所表示的时间关系1)动词不定式一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如:I saw him go out.我看见他出去
346、了。(saw 与 go out 两个动作同时发生)Would you help me put things in order before we leave?在我们离开之前,你帮我整理一下东西好吗?(would help 和 put 同时发生)2)但在很多情况下,动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后;如:I hope to see you again.我希望再见到你。(to see 这个动作发生在hope 之后)The boy said he wanted to be a scientist.这男孩说他想做一个科学家。(to be 在 wanted 之后)动词不定式的时态形式
347、动词不定式通常有三种时态形式,现以 write 为例:一般式 to write 进行式 to be writing完成式 to have written动词不定式完成式的用法动词不定式完成式表示的动作发生在限定动词表示的动作之前。如:I am sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起,叫你久等了。(to have kept 发生在 am 所表示的时间之前)She seems to have read the book before.她好像看过这本书。(to have read 发生在 seems 所表示的时间之前)The battery appears to hav
348、e run down.这组电池好像已经用完了。(to have run down 发生在 appears 所表示的时间之前)但在下面句子中,动词不定式表示动作没有完成:We were to have met at ten.我们本来是约定十点钟见面的。(结果未见面)动词不定式进行式的用法动词不定式进行式表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如:He see ms to be recovering.他看来在康复。When he came in,I happened to be lying on the bed,reading. 他进来的时候,我碰巧正躺在床上看书。英语语法手册非限定动词
349、E 动词不定式的被动语态动词不定式有两种被动语态形式:一般式 to be written完成式 to have been written例:The next thing to be done is to carry away the earth.下-步要做的事是把土运走。No harm seems to have been done.似乎并没有造成损害。分裂不定式有时在不定式符号to和动词原形之间插入一个副词,这种现象叫做分裂不定式(split infinitive)。插入动词不定式的副词,习惯上往往与不定式动词连在一起。如:He likes to half close his eyes.他喜
350、欢半闭着眼睛。Our object is to further cement friendly relations between the two countries.我们的目的是进一步加强两国之间的友好关系。At first he wasnt interested in bookkeeping,but later he began to actually like it.起初他对会计工作没有兴趣,但到后来倒喜欢起它来了英语语法手册非限定动词 F 动名词意义、形式和特征1)动名词(gerund)为非限定动词的一种,由动词原形加词尾-ing 构成,与现在分词同形,动名词有动词和名词的特征。2)动
351、名词的动词特征:a)动名词可以有宾语。如:I have finished repairing that machine.我修完那台机器了。b)动名词可以用状语来修饰。如:They have started working in the apple-orchard.他们已经开始在苹果园里劳动了。动名词加宾语或状语构成动名词短语,如上两例中的repairing that machine 和 working in the apple-orchard。3)动名词的名词特征 在句中可作主语、宾语等。如:Getting up early is a good habit.起早是个好习惯。(动名词 getti
352、ng up 作主语)The foreign visitors enjoyed seeing Chinese acrobatics.外宾喜欢看中国杂技。(动名词 seeing 作宾语)用法动名词可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。1)作主语:Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。Reading aloud is very important in learning English.学习英语朗读很重要。Looking down on women is feudal ideology.轻视妇女是封建意识。注在下面结构中,亦可用引词讧作形式主语,把意义上的主语即动名词放在句末。如:Its
353、no use over spilt milk.牛奶打翻了哭也没有用。(作无益的后悔没有用)Its no good talking about it.谈也无用。2)作表语:Her job was looking after the pigs.她的工作是喂猪。His hobby is collecting stamps.他爱好集邮。注 动名词作表语时,不可与进行时态相混淆。试比较:She was washing clothes. (过去进行时)她正在洗衣服。Her job was washing clothes. (动名词)她的工作是洗衣服。3)作宾语:a)作直接宾语,用在 begin,start
354、,stop,finish,like 等动词后面。如:please stop talking.请不要讲话。You must practise reading English aloud.你应练习朗读英语。b)作介词的宾语。如:My sister is fond of reading novels.我姐姐喜欢看小说。Were tired of having the same kind of food everyday.我们对天天吃同样的饭菜感到厌倦。Instead of going to Zhongshan park,they went to the ZOO.他们没有去中山公园,到动物园去了。Mr
355、. Bush earns his living by teaching.布什先生以教书为生。He was punished for stealing.他因偷盗受到惩罚。4)作定语:My father works in a printing shop.我的父亲在一个印刷厂工作。Our school built a swimming pool last summer.我们学校去年夏天修建了一个游泳池。Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.我们教师的教学方法很好。动名词的否定结构动名词否定结构由 not 加动名词组成。如:Trying withou
356、t success is better than not trying at all.试验没有成功也比不试验好。He Hated himself for not having worked hard.他悔恨自己没有用功。动名词复合结构物主代词或名词所有格加动名词,构成动名词复合结构。在动名词复合结构中,物主代词或名词所有格是逻辑上的主语,动名词是逻辑上的谓语动词。这种结构在句中可用作主语、宾语等。如:Your going there will help a lot.你到那里对事情将大有帮助。(your going there 作主语)Please excuse my interrupting
357、you.请原谅我打断你。(my interrupting you 作 excuse 的宾语)Do you mind my smoking?我可以抽烟吗?(my smoking 作 mind 的宾语)Aunt Liu was very happy about Wangs coming to see her.刘大娘很高兴王来看她。(Wangs coming 作介词 about 的宾语)We are looking forward to the experts coming to speak to us.我们盼望那位专家来给我们作报告。(the experts coming 作 look forwa
358、rd to的宾语)注在口语中,这种结构中的名词往往不用所有格,而用通格,代词往往不用物主代词,而用宾格,如上面第二、五两句可改变如下:Please excuse me interrupting you.Aunt Liu was very happy about Wang coming to see her.下面再举几例:His father agreed to him becoming an engine-driver.他父亲同意他做火车司机。DO you remember me and my mother coming to see you?你还记得我和我母亲来看你吗?Tides are c
359、aused by the moon and sun pulling water toward them.海潮是由于月亮和太阳吸引海水而引起的。动名词的时态1)动名词的时态形式一般式 writing完成式 having written2)动名词的一般式动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如:Children enjoy watching colour TV. 儿童喜欢看彩色电视。(enjoy 与 watching 同时)Would you mind opening the window and letting a little a air in?请
360、你打开窗子,透透气好吗? (opening 和 letting 发生在 mind 之后)注意下面两句中动名词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如:Do you remember cutting rice on the state farm? 你记得在国营农场割水稻的事吗? (cutting 发生在 remember 之前)I shall never forget seeing Lu Xun for the first time in 1932.我永远不会忘记一九三二年第一次见到鲁迅的情景。(seeing 发生在 forget 之前)3)动名词的完成式动名词的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语
361、动词表示的动作之前。I regret having been unable to write to you earlier.我很抱歉未能早点写信给你。His leg showed no symptom of having been injured.他的腿不像受过伤。We were overjoyed at the news of China haying launched another man-made satellite.我们听到中国又发射了一颗人造卫星时都很高兴。动名词的被动语态动名词有两种被动语态形式:一般式 being written完成式 having been written例:
362、This picture shows a child being beaten by a Japanese soldier.这张照片上一个孩子在遭到日本兵毒打。The meeting was put off without his having been consulted.会议延期并未和他商量。动名词和动词不定式的比较从结构上看,两者不同之点有:动名词前可用介词,它还可被名词(或代词)所有格修饰;不定式前通常不用介词,更不能被名词(或代词)所有格修饰。动名词和动词不定式在实际运用中,有下列各点值得注意:1)动名词所表示的动作,在意义上比较一般和抽象,时间观念不强,不指某一次动作;动词不定式则
363、常表示某个具体动作。如:The students like playing football.这些学生喜欢踢足球。(经常性的爱好)Would you like to play football this afternoon?你今天下午愿意踢球吗?(指一次的动作)2)动词不定式所表示的动作的逻辑主语常常是句子里的-一个名词或代词,动名词所表示的动作的逻辑主语,可能是句子里的名词或代词,但也可能指一般人或物。如:She hates to trouble you.她不愿意麻烦你。(to trouble 的逻辑主语是 she)She hates smoking.她不喜欢吸烟。(smoking 的逻辑主
364、语不一定是 she,也可能是别人)3)有些动词,如:stop,remember,forget,后接动名词和后接动词不定式,其意义有所不同。试比较:Stop talking.不要讲话!(talking 的宾语,指停止讲话这个动作)Stop to think about it for a moment.停下来一想。(to think 是目的状语,指停下来,以便想一想)I remember seeing him。我记得见过他。(已见过,指过去的动作)You must remember to post the letter.你不要忘了寄这封信。(还没有寄,指未来的动作)4)某些及物动词后面只能跟动名词
365、作为它的直接宾语,不能跟动词不定式。其中常用的有 finish(作完,结束),avoid(避免),enjoy(享受),mind(在意,反对),insist on(坚持),object to(反对),give up(放弃),practise (实践,练习),put off(延期)等。如:We all enjoy listening go Beethovens symphonies.我们都喜欢听贝多芬的交响乐曲。We should avoid making grammer mistakes in our exercises.我们应在练习中避免犯语法错误。The doctor says I must
366、 give up smoking.医生说我必须戒烟。Would you mind repeating what you have just said?你重复一下你刚才说过的话好吗?5)某些及物动词后只能跟动词不定式作为它的直接宾语。常用的有want(要想),wish(希望,想要),hope(希望),agree(同意),promise(允诺),mean(打算),decide(决定),expect(期望),manage(设法),pretend(假装)等。如:I hope to visit China again.我希望再访问中国。I wish to take this opportunity to
367、 make up for the lessons I have missed.我想趁此机会把拉下的课补上。Teachers and students managed to set up a laboratory.师生设法修建了一个实验室。6)某些及物动词后可跟动名词也可跟动词不定式作它的直接宾语。其中常用的有 begin(开始),start(开始),continue(继续),like(喜欢),hate(恨),prefer(宁愿)等。如:When did you begin learning (to learn) typewriting?你什么时候开始学打字的?They continued wo
368、rking (to work) after the meal.他们饭后继续工作。二者形式相同。但动名词有动词性质(有时态和语态变化,可有宾语和状语),没有复数,前面也不可用冠词。名词化的动名词(verbal noun)的用法则和一般名词完全一样:它没有动词性质,有单复数形式,前面可用冠词。试比较:She likes reading Jane Eyre.她喜欢读简爱 。(动名词)The reading of The Dream of the Red Chamber took her about two weeks.她花了差不多两周的时间读完红楼梦 。(名词化的动名词)They started c
369、leaning their room at six.他们六点钟开始打扫房间。(动名词)They gave the classroom a good cleaning.他们把教室很好地打扫了一下。(名词化的动名词)reading 阅读(可用作动名词或名词化的动名词)readings 读物(只能是名词化的动名词)writing 写作(可用作动名词或名词化的动名词)writings 作品(只能是名词化的动名词)英语语法手册非限定动词 G 动名词和现在分词用作定语时的区别动名词用作定语时,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系,即它不是该名词的动作。现在分词用作定语时,则和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关
370、系,它是该名词的动作。试比较:reading materials 阅读材料(reading 是动名词用作定语,逻辑上materials 决非.reading 的主语,reading materials = materials for reading。)leading comrades 领导同志(1eading 是现在分词作定语,逻辑上comrades 是 leading 的主语,leading comrades= comrades who lead。)动名词作定语的例子还有:a reading-room 阅览室drinking water 饮用水a writing course 一门写作课a
371、sleeping car 卧车(火车中可以睡觉的车厢)the getting-up bell 起床铃英语语法手册非限定动词 H 分词意义和特征1)分词(participle)也是一种非限定动词,它兼有动词和形容词的特征。2)分词可有宾语(仅限于现在分词)或状语,分词和宾语或状语一起构成分词短语。形式分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由动词原形后加词尾-ing 构成。规则动词的过去分词由动词原形后加词尾-ed 构成,不规则动词的过去分词无一定规则。现在分词和过去分词的区别现在分词和过去分词主要的区别表现在语态和时间关系上。1)语态上不同:现在分词表示主动的意思,而过去分词多由及物动词变来,表
372、示被动的意思。试比较:surprising 使人感到惊讶的(主动)surprised 自己感到惊讶的(被动,即被惊讶的)an exciting story 一个令人兴奋的故事(主动)excited spectators 激动的观众(被动,即被引起激动的)a moving film 一部感动人的影片。A moved audience 受感动的观众A tiring journey 累人的旅行A tired football player 累了的足球运动员He told us many interesting things last night.他昨夜告诉我们许多有趣的事情。She is inter
373、ested in astronomy.她对天文学有兴趣。也有一些过去分词是由不及物动词变来的,它们只表示一个动作已完成,没有被动的意味。如:fallen leaves 落叶the exploded bomb 已爆炸了的炸弹a retired miner 退休矿工returned students 归国留学生2)时间关系上不同:一般说来,现在分词所表示的动作往往正在进行,而过去分词所表示的动作,往往已经完成。试比较:the changing world 正在变化着的世界the changed world 已经起了变化的世界boiling water 正在开的水boiled water 已经煮开过
374、的水(可能是凉开水)developing countries 发展中国家developed countries 发达国家英语语法手册非限定动词 I 分词和分词短语的用法1) 作定语作定语用的分词如果是单词,一般放在它所修饰的名词之前。如:Im reading a very interesting book.我在读一本很有趣的书。He likes to drink cold boiled water. 他喜欢喝凉开水。分词短语作定语用时,一般皆放在它所修饰的名词的后面。它的功用相当于定语从句。如:China is a developing socialist country belonging
375、to the Third world.中国是一个发展中的社会主义国家,属于第三世界。(= which belongs to the Third World)The man sitting it the corner is my brother.坐在角落里的那个人是我的兄弟。(= who is sitting in the comer)Most of the people invited to the party did not come.被邀请参加晚会的人多数没有来。(= who were invited to the party.)2)作表语The opera is very moving
376、and instructive.这个歌剧很动人,且有教育意义。The cups are broken.这些杯子是破的。He is married.他已经结婚了。注 分词作表语用时,相当于形容词,不可与进行时态和被动语态中的分词混淆起来。它们的形式相似,但可以从意义上加以辨别。试比较:Lei Fengs spirit is inspiring the people all over the country. 雷锋的精神鼓舞着全国人民。(现在进行时)His report is inspiring. 他的报告令人鼓舞。(现在分词作表语)The road was completed by the PL
377、A men.这条路是解放军战士修成的。(被动语态)The road is completed.这条路已经筑成。(过去分词作表语)3)作状语分词在意义上也可用作状语,表示时间、原因、方式和伴随情况等。a)表示时间(在意义上往往相当于表示时间的状语从句)。如:Looking out of the window,I saw groups of children passing by the house.我从窗口望出去,看见成群的孩子们从房子前面走过。(= When I locked out of the window)Heated,the metal expands.这种金属加热后即膨胀。(= Wh
378、en it is healed)Opening the drawer he took out a dictionary.他打开抽屉,拿出一本词典。(= He opened the drawer and took.这两个动作是一个接着一个)注如果要强调分词短语与谓语动词所表示的时间关系,分词短语之前可用 when 或 while 等连词。如:While working in the factory (= While I was working in the factory),I learnt a lot from the workers.我在工厂工作期间,从工人那里学到了很多东西。When he
379、ated,the metal expands.这种金属加热后即膨胀。b)表示原因(在意义上相当于表示原因的状语从句)。如:Feeling tired, I telephoned and said I couldnt come to a hospital of Chinese medicine.我感到累,打电话说我不能去。(= Since I felt tired)Thinking that Chinese medicine might help,he went to a hospital of Chinese medicine.他想中医也许有效,于是到一家中医医院去治病。(= As he th
380、ought that.)Inspired by the excellent situation they worked even harder.在太好形势的鼓舞下,他们更加努力工作。(= Since they are inspired by.)c)表示方式、伴随情况及结果(这种用法没有相当的状语从句可以代替)。如:He came running back to tell us the news.他跑着回来告诉我们这个消息。(方式)She stood there waiting for the bus.她站在那儿等公共汽车。(伴随情况或方式)The child fell,striking hea
381、d against the door and cutting it.小孩摔了一跤,头在门上碰破了。(结果)He went out slamming the door.他走出去砰地一声把门关上。(伴随情况)The lichens came borne by storms.这些地衣是由暴风雨带来的。(方式)分词的否定结构现在分词的否定式由 not 后加现在分词构成。如:Not knowing what to do,she went to the teacher for help.她不知道该怎么办,就去请老师帮助。I left at noon,not staying for lunch.我是中午走的
382、,没有留下来吃午饭。过去分词表否定时,常借助 un-等前缀表示。如:The boy was left uncared for.那孩子无人照管。含有分词的复合宾语分词可作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。可有这种复合宾语的动词有see,watch,hear,set,keep,find,have,get 等等。如:We saw them walking across the road.我们看见他们穿过那条马路。We heard the children singing I Love Beijings Tian An Men我们听见孩子们唱我爱北京天安门 。I found my hometown almost
383、 completely rebuilt.我发现故乡几乎全部改建过了。在 have 或 get 后面的复合宾语中,宾语补足语多是过去分词,而它所表示的动作又往往由别人所完成。如:We must get the television set repaired.我们必须把电视机修好。(请别人修)I had my watch mended in town.我在城里修的表。(叫别人修的)If we have shortcomings,we are not afraid to have them pointed out and criticized.我们如果有缺点,就不怕别人批评指出。(请别人指出)但 h
384、ave 的复合宾语中的过去分词的动作有时不一定由别人来完成,而是表自己的经验。如:He had his arm broken.他把手臂折断了。(不是别人给弄折的,而是自己弄折的)注一上述句子结构变为被动语态时,除主语和宾语互换位置外,分词不动。如上面的第一、二例句即可变为:They were seen walking across the road.The children were heard singingI Love Beijing Tian An Men。注二现在分词在复合宾语中和动词不定式在复合宾语中的意义稍有不同。后者指事情的全过程,目的在于仅仅说明发生了这件事;前者指正在继续的动
385、作的一部分,目的在于将该动作当时进行的情景呈现于读者之前,其含义相当于进行时态。如:I saw him go upstairs.我看见他上楼去了。(看见他上楼整个过程,只说明他上楼这件事)I saw him going upstairs.我看见他走上楼的。(只看见他上楼这个动作的一部分,说明他上楼的情景)I was working in the room all morning I heard somebody All knock at the next door.我整个上午在房间工作,听见有人敲隔壁房间的门。(听见敲门整个过程)When I went back to the room,I h
386、eard her practicing singing in the next room.我回房间时听见她在隔壁房间练歌。(只听见一部分,回房间前她已开始唱了)英语语法手册非限定动词 J 现在分词的时态过去分词没有时态形式的变化,所以这里只讲现在分词的时态形式。1)现在分词的时态形式一般式 writing完成式 having written2)现在分词一般式其所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词所表示的动作之前或后发生。如:Working together with Dr. Bethune,we learnt a lot from him.我们在和白求恩大夫一起工作期间,向
387、他学到很多东西。(working 与 leamt 同时发生)Knowing that they were going abroad next week ,they began to make preparations.他们知道他们下星期要出国,所以都开始作准备。(knowing 发生在 began 之前)He came up to me,sayingGlad to see you again.他来到我跟前说道,很高兴又见到你。(saying 发生在 came 之后)3)现在分词完成式其所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,常常用作状语,表示时间或原因。如:Having done his
388、homework,the schoolboy began to write his diary.这个小学生做完作业后,开始写日记。(having done his homework 发生在began 之前,表示时间。)Not haying done it right, I tried again.没有做对,我就又试。(not having done 发生在 tried 之前,表示原因。)现在分词的被动语态一般式 being written完成式 haring been written如:This is one of the many dams being built the river.这是沿
389、河修筑的许多水坝之一。Being surrounded,the enemy troops were forced to surrender.敌军被包围了,被迫投降。Having been asked to stay,I couldnt very well leave.人家请我留下,我就不好离开了。独立结构(absolute construction)分词短语所表示的动作在逻辑上有主语,这种主语皆可在同一句中找到。如:The young woman standing over there is our new English teacher.站在那边的年轻妇女是我们新的英语老师。(分词短语 st
390、anding over there的逻辑主语是 the young woman)Having finished his work,he went out to play volleyball.他做完工作后,出去打排球。(having finished his work 的逻辑主语是 he)但有时分词短语有它自己的独立的主语,这种主语常常是名词或代词(主格),放在分词短语之前,这种结构叫做独立结构。独立结构常用作状语,多用在书面语中。如:The dark clouds having dispersed,the sun shone again.乌云已散去,太阳又普照大地了。(时间状语)We sha
391、ll thresh the wheat,weather permitting.天气好的话,我们就打麦。(条件状语)Their room was on the first floor,its broad window overlooking the park.他们的房间在二层楼上,房间里的宽大的窗户俯视着公园。(伴随情况状语,the first floor 在英国指第二层楼,在美国指第一层,其余可类推。)We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two.我们加倍努力工作,一人干两人的活。(方式)Almost all metals are goo
392、d conductors,silver being the best of all.几乎所有的金属都是良导体,银是最好的导体。(伴随情况)The meeting over,we all left the room.会议结束以后,我们就都离开了房间。(时间状语,注意 over 之前省去了 being)This done,we went home.做完此事,我们就回家了。(时间状语)She gazed,her hands clasped to her breast.她双手*在胸前凝视着。注一有的分词短语可以独立存在,在句中没有逻辑上的主语。它们往往已经变成习惯用语,必须熟记。如:Generally
393、 speaking,this book is not very difficult.总的说来,这本书并不很难。Judging from what you say,he has done a very good job.从你的话看来,他的工作做得很不错。Considering that he has been in china for only a year,he speaks Chinese well.考虑到他到中国才一年,他的中国话讲得很不错了。类似的习惯用语尚有 talking of (谈起),speaking of (谈到)等引导的分词短语。注二英语里还有一种较口语化的with + 名词
394、或代词宾格 + 分词 (或形容词、介词短语)结构,也往往作状语用,表示伴随情况。如:He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没有熄灯就睡着了。She gazed with her hands clasped to her breast.她双手*在胸前凝视着。上述结构中的分词亦可用形容词或介词短语代替。如:He sleeps with the windows open even in winter.他即使在冬天也开着窗户睡觉。A girl carte in with a book in her hand.一位姑娘手里拿着一本书走了进来。(在笔语中,也可说:A girl came in,book in hand.)