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1、Unit2Thefineartofputtingthingsoff1DiscussionIfyouaregoingtosubmityourEnglishcompositionbytheendofnextweek,willyoustartwritingitrightnoworwaituntilthenightbeforethedeadline?Doesitmakeyoucomfortabletodoso?21.Procrastinationisthethiefoftimeisaverywell-knownproverbthatremindsusthatweshouldNeverputofftil
2、ltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday,whichisyetanotherproverb.Haveyoubeentaughttodothingspromptly?Doyoubelieveinthesetwoproverbsandactaccordingly?2.Therearepeoplewholiketodothingspromptlyandalsopeoplewhoarepronetopostponewhatevertheyaresupposedtodo.Towhichcategorydoyouthinkyouyourselfbelong?Whatdoyouthinkaret
3、headvantagesofbeingado-it-nowerorapostponer?3Do-it-nowersvs.postponerNotinorderKeepeverythinginorder4Keepirregularhours;behindthescheduleKeepregularhours;punctual3DelayuntilthedeadlineandfindexcusesfordelayDosomethinglongbeforethedeadline2Withoutcarefulplan;inahurryPlansth.carefullyinadvance1postpon
4、erDo-it-nowers4Whataretheprosandconsofprocrastination?BecomeindecisiveAvoidmakinghastydecisions6IncreasedfeelingsofoverwhelmGetmoreusefulinformation7FallbehindorloseyourcompetitiveedgeMakesroomforcreativity5NegativeimpactonrelationshipCooldownyouranger8PutyouinanawkwardandpassivesituationProblemsmay
5、endupgettingsolved4DrainyourmentalenergyPutoffunpleasanttasksinfavorofmoreenjoyablethings3MissanopportunityCreatetimeforsomethingelsethatismoreimportant2Decreasedself-confidenceReducestress/pressure/anxiety1NegativePositive5TextStructure:ArgumentationThesis:Procrastinationisnotaltogetherabadpractice
6、I.Presentingthetopic(1-2)1.Fourexamplesofprocrastination2.ClassificationofhumanbeingsintotwocategoriesII.Elaboration(3-7)3.Intheliterary/artisticfield:inspiring,reviving,stimulating4.Inthemilitary,diplomaticandlawfield:timetoreflect;strategies5.Inthebusinessfield:avoidmakinghastyandcostlydecision6.I
7、ntheadministrativefield:avoidhastydecisions7.Intheacademicfield:acommonpractice6III.Explanation(8)1)Unwillingtoconfrontsomethingtheydread2)AnunconsciouswayofsortingtheimportantfromthetrivialIV.Conclusion(9)1)Manydecisionsmaybeimprovedifpostponed2)Timeisnotmeanttobedevouredbuttobeconsumeddelicatelyan
8、dwithouthaste7CoherenceThecentralissueofDemarestsessayisthenotionofprocrastination,whichrunsthroughthewholepieceofwritingandcontributes,toagreatextent,toitscoherence.CoherenceandCohesionWhilecoherenceisbasicallyamatterofmeaning,grammaticalandlexicaldevices,knownascohesion,arealsousedtoenablethereade
9、rtofeelmoreclearlythecoherenceofwriting.8CohesiveDevicesAnimportantcohesivedeviceusedinEnglishisreference,whichmeanstheuseofsuchwordsasdemonstrativepronouns,personalpronouns,andthedefinitearticletorefer,inmostcases,towhathasbeenmentionedearlierorsometimestowhatisgoingtobementionedlater.Apartfromrefe
10、rence,conjunction,i.e.theuseoftheso-calledtransitionalwordsandphrases,andlexicalcohesion,i.e.therepetitionofawordinexactlyitsoriginalformorinitssynonym,ortheuseofrelatedwordssuchasitsantonymsarealsocommontypesofcohesioninEnglish.9LocationsofCohesionCohesionisoftenfoundbetweensentencestomakethemhangt
11、ogether.Butitcanalsobeusedbetweenparagraphstoweavethemmorecloselyintoonepiece.MoreExamplesfromtheTextTheuseofthewordyetatthebeginningofpara.3indicatesthatinthisparagraphthereaderwillfindsomethingcontrarytowhathehasreadaboutintheprecedingone.(Para.2illustratesthetroubleprocrastinationmayincurwhilepar
12、a.3tellsthereaderthatdelaycanofteninspireandreviveacreativesoul.)Atthebeginningofpara.4,thewordcunctatorisrepeated,itsfirstoccurrencebeinginpara.1.10Para.5beginswiththeparodyoftheproverbWherethereisawill,thereisaway.Thewordwillintheparodyrepeatsthewordwillinthelastsentenceofpara.4,thoughusedinadiffe
13、rentsense.Hispointatthebeginningofpara.6referstowhatManderbachsaysintheprecedingparagraphs.Theuseofthewordalsointhefirstsentenceofpara.7referstoasimilarsituationmentionedpreviously.11LibraryWork1.PhilipDormerStanhope,4thEarl(伯爵)ofChesterfield,(1694-1773),Englishstatesman,oratorandauthor.Hisliteraryr
14、eputationrestuponhisletterstohisillegitimateson,PhilipStanhope,whowasborninHollandin1732.Theletters,filledwithwitandworldlywisdom,werepublishedunderthetitleLetterstoHisSon(1774)12LibraryWork2.SamuelJohnson,(17091784),Englishpoet,critic,andmanofletters,theliterarydictatorofEnglandinthelatterhalfofthe
15、eighteenthcenturyandoneofthemostfamouspersonalitiesofhistime.HeisbestknownforhisDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(1755),whichisinsomerespectsaninnovationinlexicography.Hehadthestrongestinfluenceofanyofhiscontemporariesontheliterarythoughtandstyleofthelatterpartoftheeighteenthcentury.133.QuintusFabiusMa
16、ximusCunctator(ca.280203B.C.),RomangeneralwhosecautiousdelayingtacticsduringtheearlystagesoftheSecondPunicWar(218201B.C.)gaveRometimetorecoveritsstrengthandtaketheoffensiveagainsttheinvadingCarthaginianarmyofHannibal(247163B.C.),whosworeeternalenmitytoRome.14TheStoryofMosesHiddeninaBasketWhenMoseswa
17、sborntheHebrewswereslavesinEgypt.Pharaohwasafraidofthembecausehethoughttheymighttakeoverhiscountry.HeorderedthatallHebrewbabyboysbekilledatbirthsothattheywouldnotgrowupandfightagainsthim.TosaveMoseshismothermadeaplan.ShehidhiminabasketbythesideoftheRiverNile.15MosesisRescuedMosessisterMiriamwatchedo
18、verhimuntilPharaohsdaughtercametotherivertowash.ShefoundMosesinhisbasket.Miriamtoldhersheknewawomanwhocouldbeanurseforthebaby.Itwashismother.Pharaohsdaughtertookhimbacktolivewithherasthoughhewereherson.16GodSpeakstoMosesMosesgrewupasanEgyptianprince,butheneverforgothewasaHebrew.OnedayMoseslosthistem
19、perandkilledanEgyptianwhohadbeatenaHebrewslavetodeath.Hehadtorunawaytoanotherland.GodspoketohimfromaburningbushandtoldhimhemustgobackandfreetheHebrewsfromslavery.17TheTenPlaguesMoseswenttoPharaohtoaskhimtosettheHebrewsfree.Pharaohdidnotwanttolosehisslaves.Hewouldnotletthemgo,becausetheyworkedonhisgr
20、andbuildings.AwfulthingsbegantohappeninEgypt.Thereweretenplagues.Beforeeachone,MoseshadwarnedPharaohwhatwouldhappen.MosestoldhimthedisastershadbeensentbyGod.18TheHebrewsareFreedThelastplaguewastheworst.TheeldestsonineveryEgyptianfamily,includingPharaohs,died.GodhadwarnedMosestomarkthedoorpostsofallH
21、ebrewhousessothatHebrewboyswouldbesafe.PharaohwassoupsetbylosinghissonthathesaidtheHebrewscouldleaveEgypt.19AChangeofMindTheHebrewsknewtheymustleaveEgyptquickly.Theyneededfoodtotakewiththem.Therewasnotimetoletthebreadrisebeforeitwascooked.Theyhadtotakethedoughasitwas.Pharaohchangedhismindagainandsen
22、thisarmyafterthemtobringthemback.20MosesPartstheSeaThearmychasedtheHebrewstothebanksoftheRedSea.Theywouldhavebeentrappedbutamiraclehappened.GodtoldMosestoliftuphisrodandashedidsothewaterspartedtomakeadrypath.Theywereabletomaketheirescape.21TheHebrewsareSavedWhenalltheHebrewsweresafelyattheothershore
23、,MoseslifteduphisrodagainandthewatersoftheseaclosedonPharaohsarmywhohadbeenchasingthem.GodhadsavedtheHebrews.The path disappeared 22GodLeadstheWayEventhoughtheHebrewswerefree,theywerestillinthedesert.TheywantedtofindalandcalledCanaanwhichGodhadpromisedthem.Thejourneywaslongandtheysoonranoutoffood.Th
24、eywereveryhungryandblamedMosesfortakingthemoutofEgypt.MosestoldthemthatGodwouldgivethemfood.Hungry in the Desert 23FoodandWaterGodtoldMoses,Iwillgivethepeoplefood.Thenextdaythegroundwascoveredwithawhitefoodwhichtastedlikehoney.Mosescalledthisfoodmanna.Godalsosentflocksofbirdscalledquailsthattheycook
25、edandate.Whentheirwaterranout,GodtoldMosestostrikearockwithhisrod.Ashedidsowaterrushedoutandtheyallhadenoughtodrink.Water in the Desert 24MountSinaiAfterthreemonthsoftravellingtheHebrewscametothefootofMountSinai.GodcalledMosestomeethimonthemountain.Asheclimbedtherewasthunderandlightning.Whenhewasupt
26、hemountainGodgaveMosestenlawswhichtoldthepeoplehowtolive.Thunder and Lightning 25TheTenCommandmentsTheseTenCommandmentswerewrittenontwotabletsofstone.Mosesstayedsolongonthemountainthatthepeoplewaitingatthefootofthemountaingrewangry.TheydecidedtomakeanotherGodforthemselves.Itwasagoldencalf.The Ten Co
27、mmandments 26TheTenCommandmentsWhenMosesreturnedhewasshockedtoseethepeopledancingandworshippingthegoldencalf.HebrokethetabletsGodhadgivenhimanddestroyedthegoldencalf.GodforgavehispeopleforworshippingthestatueandtoldMosestocuttwomoretabletsofstone.The Golden Calf 27GodsLawsMosestookthestonetabletsupt
28、hemountainandGodgavehimtheTenCommandmentsagain.WhenhecamedownallthepeoplelistenedtoMosesashetoldthemwhatGodhadsaid.MosespromisedGodthattheHebrewswouldkeepalloftheCommandments.2829exhortv.(formal)urgeoradvisestronglye.g.Theprofessorexhortedhisstudentstobemorecreativeintheirresearch.Netizensareexhorte
29、dtobecautiousinmakingfriendsonline.30theelegantearlnevergotaroundtomarryinghissonsmotherThisimpliesthatLordChesterfieldssonwasanillegitimatechild.Earlisarankofanobleman,andLordishistitle.TheranksfornoblemenintheUKareDuke,Marquis,Earl,ViscountandBaron,intheorderofdescendingstatus.getaroundtodoingsth.
30、findtimetodosth.Whatwithhisworkandstudy,henevergotaroundtovisitingthenewMuseum.31attesttobeproofof;demonstrateHisversatilityasajournalistatteststohiswidelearningandrichlifeexperience.themostwell-intentionedmenhavebeenpostponerseverLordChesterfieldissaidtobeoneofthemostwell-intentionedmen,yethealsopo
31、stponed.32Thattheelegantearlatteststothefactthateventhemostwell-intentionedmenhavebeenpostponersever.Thewell-admiredearlwasneverabletofindtimetomarryhissonsmotherashehadmeantto,andhewouldoftenevenletpeoplelikeDr.Johnsonwaitforalongwhilebeforecomingouttomeetthem,whichwellprovesthateventhosemostrespec
32、tedandadmiredfiguresaregoodpostponers.译文：这位优雅的伯爵从来没有娶成他儿子的母亲，而且有一个坏习惯，就是让约翰逊博士这样的大人物在前厅等上几个小时把脚晾凉。这一点证明了即使是用意最好的人也曾经拖延过。33dubv. give(sb.)anunofficialnameornicknameThechildischubbyandcheerful,sowedubbedhimAh-fu.Dubalsomeans“provide(afilm)withasoundtrackinadifferentlanguagefromtheoriginal”录音Withagener
33、alimprovementintheirEnglishproficiency,moreandmoreyoungpeopleprefertowatchamovieintheoriginalinsteadofonedubbedinChinese.34pleadv. (formal)togiveasanexcuseforanactionWheneverhefailedtodohiswork,hepleadedlackoftime.Pleadhasdifferentmeaningsindifferentcontexts.Themostcommonlyusedmeaningistoaskearnestl
34、yandinabeggingway.ThechildpleadedwithhisparentstolethimwatchTVatsuppertime.Shepleadedformoretimetofinishherwork.35rationalizeattempttoexplainorjustifyonesactionwithplausiblereasons,eveniftheyarenottrueorappropriatee.g.Dontrationalizeyourincompetencebyfindingfaultwiththemethod.Itisdifficulttorational
35、izethebehaviorofteenagersatacertainstageoftheirdevelopment.36Hamlet,ofcourse,raisedprocrastinationtoanartform.AccordingtoanoldGermaniclegend,youngPrinceHamletofDenmarkseesaghostwhotellshimthathisfatherthekingwasmurderedbyClaudius,Hamletsuncle,whonowholdsthethroneandmarrieshismother.TheghostmakesHaml
36、etsweartoavengethemurder.Hamletsmelancholyandquestioningnatureandhisuncertaintyabouttheghostsstorypreventhimfromtakingimmediateaction.Shakespeare,thegreatEnglishdramatist,transformedthetaleintoadramaofgreatpsychologicalandphilosophicaldepthinabout1,600.371.HowdoesDemarestbeginhisessay?Isitaneffectiv
37、ebeginning?(para.1)HebeginswiththefamoussayingofChesterfieldsandinstancesofsomehistoricallywell-knownfigures.Yes.Thiseffectivelyremindspeoplethatprocrastinationisnotunderallcircumstancesanon-recommendablepractice;sometimespeopledohaveagoodreasontowaitbeforetheytakeaction.38Therearethosewhopreparethe
38、irincometaxesinFebruaryIntheU.S.federalincometaxiscollectedbytheInternalRevenueServiceandmoststatesalsohaveadditionalincometax.Ataxyeariscountedfrom1Januaryto31Decemberandoneisrequiredtofilefederalincometaxreturnsby15Aprilanddeadlinesforfilingstateincometaxdiffersuchas1MayinVirginia.Sothosewhoprepar
39、etheirincometaxesinFebruaryarewellaheadofthedeadlines.Hereitservesasanexampleofthedo-it-nowers.39theapocalypticvoiceofDinersthreatensdoomfromDenveramenacingorderfromDenver,theheadofficeoftheDinerscreditcard,thatforebodescatastrophe.DinersreferstotheDinersClub,Inc.,U.S.A.Itwasthisclubthatintroduced,i
40、n1950,thefirstuniversalcredit-cardwhichcouldbeusedatavarietyofestablishments.40FaustianencountersAccordingtolegend,FaustwasawanderingscholarinGermany.Hewasknownforhismagicdeeds.AfterFaustsdeath,peoplebegantotellmoreandmoreofhismagicdeeds.Goethe(17491832),thegreatGermanpoet,dramatist,andnovelist,turn
41、edthelegendintoadramaticpoem.InGoethesFaust(17901831),theherohadmanyencounterswithMephistopheles,thedevil.41WhydoesDemarestrefertovisitstothebarber,thedentist,andthedoctorasFaustianencounters(para.2)?FaustianencountersrefertoFaustsencounterswiththedevilMephistopheles.Naturallytheyareundesirable.Most
42、peopleareunwillingtovisitbarbers,doctors,anddentists.42Yetforallthetroubleprocrastinationmayincur,delaycanofteninspireandreviveacreativesoul.Itistruethatdelaycausesproblems,but,inmanycases,ithelpsstimulatethecreativityinaperson.43incurv.becomesubjectto(sth.unpleasant)asaresultofonesownactionThecompa
43、nyincurredaheavylossduetomismanagement.Suchanambitiousprojectwouldsurelyincurremarkableexpenses.44(Bridget)Jean(Collins)Kerr(19232003)U.S.humoristanddramatist.Kerrissaidtobeoneofthefunniestwomenwritersofhergeneration.ShehadhonoraryL.H.D.(DoctorofHumanities)degreesfromNorthwesternandFordhamUniversiti
44、es.Herpublicationsinclude:JennyKissedMe(1949),Mary,Mary(1963),andPleaseDontEattheDaisies(1957).45JeanKerr,authorofmanysuccessfulnovelsandplays,saysthatshereadseverysoup-canandjam-jarlabelinherkitchenbeforesettlingdowntohertypewriter.译文：吉恩克尔写过很多成功的小说和剧本。她说，在坐到打字机之前，她要把厨房里的每个汤罐和每个果酱瓶上的标签都读一遍。46thearto
45、fpostponementhadbeenvirtuallyamonopolyofthemilitary(Hurryupandwait),diplomacyandthelawthepracticeofputtingthingsoffhadalmostbeenexclusivelydonebythemilitary,etc.Theimpliedmeaningisthatthemilitarycommanders,thediplomats,andthelawyersarealmosttheworstdelayers.47ruminatev.(formal)thinkdeeplyandcarefull
46、yHeruminatedover/onthesituationbeforehemadethefinaldecision.Sheruminatedforalongtimebeforesheexpressedheropinion.48SingaporeSlingSlingherereferstoanalcoholicdrinkwhichisusuallymadeofwhiskey,brandy,orespeciallygin,withwater,sugarandsometimesbitters.SingaporeSlingisaslinginwhichcherrybrandyisaddedtoth
47、eusualginbase.49BlessedlyItmeansfortunately.ThenatteringTelexwouldhavefacilitatedthesupplyofweaponsanddispatchoftroops,deprivingtheproconsuloftheexcusetodelayaction.50Telexaninternationalsystemoftelegraphywithprintedmessagestransmittedandreceivedbyteleprintersusingthepublictelecommunicationsnetwork.
48、Thewordisablendofteleprinterandexchange.51counterpartn.apersonorthingthatdoesthesamejoborhasthesamepurposeasanotherinadifferentsysteme.g.TheU.S.counterpartoftheHouseofCommonsinBritainistheHouseofRepresentatives.Theuniversitypresidentismeetinghiscounterpartsfromvariouspartsoftheworld.52theworldsmosta
49、ddictedpostponerstheworldsworstpostponerswhojustcouldnotfreethemselvesfrompostponingAddicted(adj.)literallymeansdependentonsth.(usuallyadrug)andunabletostophavingit.Heisaddictedtococaine/heroin.53BeverlyHillscityinsouthernCalifornia,completelysurroundedbythecityofLosAngeles54Thenumberofattorneyswhod
50、iewithoutawillisamazing.Itisausualpracticeforpeopletomakeawill,anofficialstatementofthewaytheywishtheirpropertytobesharedoutaftertheirdeathbeforetheydie.Anditisgenerallytheattorneysorlawyerswhoadministerthewills.Butattorneysthemselvespostponemakingtheirownwills.55Evenwherethereisnowill,thereisaway.E
51、venwhenwhereisnowilltoprocrastinate,thereisawaytodoso.ThisisaparodyoftheproverbWheretheresawill,theresaway,meaning,Ifonehasthedeterminationtoachievesomething,awayofdoingsowillbefound.56ExplainDemarestsdistortionoftheproverbwherethereisnowill,thereisawayatthebeginningofpara.5.Theauthorisplaying/punni
52、ngonthewordwill.Therepetitionofthewordservesasacohesivetiebetweenthetwoparagraphs.Butmindthatthewordisusedindifferentsensesinthetwoinstances.Intheprecedingparagraph,willmeansastatementinwritingsayinghowsomeonewisheshispropertytobedistributedafterhisdeath.Inthedistortedversionoftheoldsaying,thewordwi
53、llisusedinthesenseofvolition.ThusitmeansEvenwhenthereisnowilltoprocrastinate,thereisawaytodoso.Hegoesontoillustratehispointbygivingexamples.57BankofAmericaaU.S.bankinginstitutionwithheadquartersinSanFrancisco,California,andaboutninehundredbranchesthroughoutthestate.ItisthelargestcommercialbankintheU
54、.S.andthelargestnongovernmentbankintheworld.58Thereisalways,saysManderbach,adelicateedgebetweenhavingenoughinformationandtoomuch.“Thereisnotalwaysaclearlinethatdistinguishesenoughinformationfromexcessiveinformation,”saysManderbach,“soonecanalwaysfindanexcuseforhisnotgettingtodoanythingrightaway.”59H
55、ispointiswelltaken.Whathesaidisacceptedastrueorworthyofattention.60bureaucratizationn.thepracticeofgoverningaplacebyexceedinglycomplicatedadministrativeprocedure;thestateofbeingsubjecttobureaucracybureau,bureaucracy(redtape),bureaucratic61flourishv. developrapidlyPostmodernismmadeitsfirstappearancei
56、nthelatetwentiethcenturyandcontinuestoflourishnow.Flourish,whenspeakingofaperson,ananimal,etc.meansgrowordevelopinahealthyorvigorousway.Thetreesplantedontheschoolcampusareflourishing.Werehappytoseethesedisabledchildrenflourishintheirfoster-homes.62smotherpolicymakersinblanketsoflegalism,compromisean
57、dreappraisalpreventpolicymakersfromactingpromptly/frommakingpromptdecisionsbyexcessiveadherencetolaw,bymakingconcessions,andbymakingrepeatedassessments63Bureaucratization,wasdesignedtosmotherpolicymakersinblanketsoflegalism,compromiseandreappraisalTranslation:随着政府负担日益加重和社会形势日趋复杂，官僚化盛行开来，其目的就是使政策制定者在
58、墨守陈规、寻求妥协和重新评估的过程中窒息这样就不会做出草率的决定了。64WatergatereferringtotheseriesofscandalsinvolvingtheadministrationofU.S.PresidentRichardNixon(19691972,inoffice)65bestuddedwithbecoveredwithsomethinglikestudse.g.theskystuddedwithstars;aseastuddedwithislands.Sowhenlanguagesarestuddedwithphrases,youfindphrasesinlang
59、uagesjustlikestuds.66takeshighhonorsdoverywell,earngreatdistinctionHonorsreferstothespecialrankordistinctionconferredbyauniversity,college,orschooluponanoutstandingstudent.Here,theauthorissayingplayfullythatacademicpeoplearenobetterpostponersthanothers.67churnsoutthreetofivepagesofwritingadayproduce
60、sthreetofivepagesaday.Churnout,whichmeansproducesth.(esp.sth.ofbadquality)routinelyormechanically,esp.inlargequantities,isusedbytheauthorironicallyandjokinglyhere.Threetofivepagesofwritingcannotbeconsideredasalargequantity.68checkingoutthelatestbookexaminingthelatestbookcarefully;borrowingthelatestb
61、ookfromthelibrary69Academealsotakeshighhonorsinprocrastination.BernardSklar,aUniversityofSouthernCaliforniasociologistwhochurnsoutthreetofivepagesofwritingaday,admitsthatmanyofmyfriendsgothroughagonieswhentheyfaceablankpage.Thereareallsortsofrationalizations:thepressureofteaching,responsibilitiesath
62、ome,checkingoutthelatestbook,lookingupanotherfootnote.译文：学术界在做事拖拉方面也享有盛名。伯纳德斯科拉是南加州大学的一位社会学家，每天能写出三到五页的东西。他承认道，“我的很多朋友在面对白纸时痛苦不堪。对此有各种各样的理由：教学的压力、家庭的责任、研读最近的新书、查阅新的注释。”70assiduousadj.showinggreatcareandperseverance;hard-workingJohnisassiduousindoingresearchwork.Heisknownasanassiduousscholar,alwaysex
63、ploringnewfieldsofstudy.71MarilynMonroe(19261962)U.S.movieactress.Shewasaworld-famoussexsymboland,afterherdeath,aHollywoodlegend.Frustratedinherambitiontobecomeaseriousactress,shecommittedsuicideatthirty-six.72confrontv.faceuptoanddealwithaproblemoradifficultsituatione.g.Asoldierhastoconfrontdangera
64、nddeath.Heconfrontedthedifficulttaskwithcourageandoptimism.Iamconfrontedwithmanydifficulties.Onlywhenthepoliceconfrontedherwithevidencedidsheadmitthatshehadstolenthemoney.73themomentoftruthatimewhenapersonistested,adecisionhastobemade,oracrisishastobefaced74evadev.findawayofnotdoingsth.thatmustbedon
65、ee.g.Hetriedtoevadethequestionsabouthispast.Theproblemisperhapsdifficulttosolve,butitshouldnotbeevaded.751.Howdoyouexplaintheparenthesis(at$50-plusanhour)inpara.8?Thisisahumoroustouch.Thisreferstowhatthepsychologists(moreexactlypsychiatristsorpsychoanalysts)chargetheirclientsfortheconsultations.This
66、explainswhytheyalwaysdelaycuringtheirpatients.2.ThinkofoneortwoexamplestoillustratewhatDr.GreensonsaysAllfrightenedpeoplewillthenavoidthemomentoftruthentirely,orevadeorpostponeituntilthelastpossiblemoment.(para.8)Forexample,apersonwhohasabadtoothtendstodelayhisvisittothedentistuntilthepainbecomesint
67、olerable.76Infact,thereisalongandhonorablehistoryofprocrastinationtosuggestthatmanyideasanddecisionsmaywellimproveifpostponed.Thefactthatthehabitofpostponementcanbepasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationhasindicatedthatmanyideasanddecisionsmaybecomemoreaccomplished,iftheyaredelayedlongerinapplication.7
68、7parliamentaryprocessInWesterncountries,aparliamentgenerallyhasthreeparts:achiefofstate,anupperchamber,andalowerchamber.Thelowerhousepasseslaws;theupperhouseexaminestheselawsand,ifnecessary,revisesthem;andtheheadofstatethenapprovesthelawsandmakesthemofficial.Inthesimplestterms,aparliamentoperatesint
69、hisway.78forthatmatterThisphraseisusedtoemphasizeorindicatethatastatementmadebyapersoninonecaseisalsotrueinanothercase.79So,forthatmatter,isthecreationofagreatpainting,oranentre,orabook,orabuildinglikeBlenheimPalace,whichtooktheDukeofMarlboroughsarchitectsandlaborers15yearstoconstruct.译文：同样的情况也出现在其他
70、地方，包括创作伟大的画作、烹饪主菜、撰写著作、或兴建布伦海姆宫那样的建筑工程花了马布罗公爵的建筑师和劳工整整15年的时间。80theDukeofMarlboroughJohnChurchill,1stDukeofMarlborough(16501722),Englishgeneralandstatesman,oneofthegreatestmilitarycommandersinhistory81T(erence)H(anbury)White(19061964)Englishnovelist.HisnovelTheSwordintheStonewasfirstpublishedin1938.8
71、2timeisnotmeanttobedevouredinanhouroraday,buttobeconsumeddelicatelyandgraduallyandwithouthaste.Timeisnottobespentinagreathurry,butratherbewhiledawayinaslowandcarefulway.83paceThisisaprepositioninLatin,meaningwithallduerespectordeferencetothepersonnamed(inannouncingacontraryopinion).84WhilethepointsD
72、emarestmakesabouthissubjectmatterareserious,thetoneofhiswritingisamixtureoftheseriousandthehumorous.Identifyhisshiftsintonefromonetotheother.(para.9)Whilethestatementatthebeginningofpara.3delaycanofteninspireandreviveacreativesoulisaseriousone,thefollowingillustrationsdonotsoundtobeso.ButrememberJea
73、nKerrwasahumorist.Whathesaysabouttheprocrastinationinthearmy,thoughabitoverstated,maystillbeseriouslymeant.Thetwoillustrativeexamples,especiallytheoneoftheU.S.generalstakingasportingdayofftodelaythebattle,areinstancesofhumouratthecostofcredibility.Inthelastparagraphtheinclusionofthecreationofanentre
74、eaddsahumoroustouchtootherseriousillustrationssuchasthecreationofagreatpainting,abook,andabuilding.851. Doyouagreethatprocrastinationisnotallbad?Ifyoudo,addanexampleofyourowntosupportit.Ifyoudont,thengiveanexampletoshowthetroubleprocrastinationmayincur.2. Therearesomecommonpracticesinourdailylifetha
75、thavenearlyalwaysbeenviewedinanegativelight,suchasprocrastination.Inthetextyoucanseehowtheauthorsucceedsindispellingtheprejudicesagainstprocrastinationandgivingititsdue.Canyoudosomethingsimilarinagroupdiscussion?8687ClosingWhyDoWeNeedClosing?Anessaymustbeginwell,anditmustendwell,too.Theopeningintrod
76、ucesthebodyoftheessay,andtheclosingannouncesTheEndofanessay.WhatMakesaGoodClosing?Butonoccasions,youmayfeelthattomerelysignaltheendinthefinalparagraphisjustnotenough.Thecentralpointandmainideasmayrequirereinforcement,orasummary,especiallyforalongandcomplexsubject,soastoleaveyourreaderswithmemorablef
77、inalthoughtorimage.Whenitcomestothewritingofaclosing,youmustmakecertainthatyourconclusionbothsignalstheendofyourdiscussionandhighlightsyourmessage.88WhatMakesaBadClosing?Toannouncethatyouhavefinishedyourwritingtaskisneversoeasy.Youareaskedtotellyourreadersthatyouhavedealtwiththetopicasfullyasyoucana
78、ndthatyoubelieveyourdiscussionhasbeencomplete.Suchastatementishardtofind,andamechanicalrepetitionofearlierremarkscanonlyweakenthesignificanceofyourmessage.Byamererepetition,youarelikelytolosetheadvantageofthespecialpositionclosingshold.89WhyisClosingImportant?Closinganessayeffectivelyisessentialtoac
79、hievingbothunityandcoherence.Bothopeningsandclosingsdemandemphasisonthecontextofthemessage.However,youalsoneedtorememberthatanopeningintroducesthecontexttoyourreaders,whileaclosingwindsupthecontext.Thewordingineachshouldthusbedifferent.Inaddition,theclosingofanessaymustbecompleteandwholewithinitself
80、.Thisdoesnotmeanthatthefirstandfinalparagraphsarethemostimportant.Aneffectiveopeningorafineclosingdoesnotsalvageanotherwisefoolishorbadlyorganizedtheme.Itdoesmeanthatanessaymustbeginwellandmustendwell.90AnExampleReadthefollowingopeningandclosingparagraphs,andnoticehowthewriterappliesaclosingtechniqu
81、e:Opening:Nooneperhapshaseverfeltpassionatelytowardsaleadpencil.Buttherearecircumstancesinwhichitcanbecomesupremelydesirabletopossessone;momentswhenwearesetuponhavinganobject,anexcuseforwalkinghalfacrossLondonbetweenteaanddinner.Asthefoxhunterhuntsinordertopreservethebreedoffoxes,andthegolferplaysin
82、orderthatopenspacesmaybepreservedfromthebuilders,sowhenthedesirecomesuponustogostreetramblingapencildoesforapretext,andgettingupwesay:91ReallyImustbuyapencil,asifundercoverofthisexcusewecouldindulgesafelyinthegreatestpleasureoftownlifeinwinterramblingthestreetsofLondon.Closing:Thatistrue:toescapeist
83、hegreatestofpleasures;streethuntinginwinterthegreatestofadventures.Stillasweapproachourowndoorstepagain,itiscomfortingtofeeltheoldpossession,theoldprejudices,foldusround;andtheself,whichhasbeenblownaboutatsomanystreetcorners,whichhasbatteredlikeamothattheflameofsomanyinaccessiblelanterns,shelteredan
84、denclosed.Hereagainistheusualdoor;herethechairturnedasweleftitandthechinabowlandthebrownringonthecarpet.Andhereletusexamineittenderly,letustouchitwithreverenceistheonlyspoilwehaveretrievedfromallthetreasuresofthecity,aleadpencil.92或许不曾有人对一支铅笔求之不得欣喜不已，但是我们却总有占有某物的欲望之火熊熊燃烧的时候，我们却总有决心得到一个物品，以作为我们茶余饭后漫步
85、伦敦的借口的时候。正如猎狐者为了狐狸生生不息的繁衍而打猎，正如高尔夫球运动者为了保护广阔空旷的土地免遭建设者的蹂躏而打球一样。当漫步街区的欲望不期而至，买铅笔只不过是一个借口罢了。于是我们起身立之，喃喃自语道：“我确实必须要去买一支铅笔。”似乎在这冠冕堂皇的借口之下，我们可以尽情地沉溺在冬日城镇生活的愉悦惬意中闲庭漫步于伦敦街区。93AnalysisIntheaboveexample,wenoticethatthepatternsofdevelopmentinthesetwoparagraphsarereversed.Thefirstbeganwithaleadpencilandendedwi
86、thstreetrambling;thesecondbeganwithstreethuntingandendedwithaleadpencil.Thustheessayneatlycompletedafullcircleandendedwhereithadstarted.Thisisamoresubtlesignalofclosingthandulloroverusedexpressionssuchasfinally,inconclusion,tosumup,asIsaid,orletmerepeat.94TechniquesofClosingWritingAnumberoftechnique
87、sthatareworkableforopeningscanalsobeemployedinclosings.Herearesometechniquesforwritingeffectiveclosings,which,inactualpractice,canbeusedindividuallyorincombinationtobringyouressaystoasmoothandlogicalending.SummingupkeypointsWhetheryouarebuyingacarorinvestinginamutualfund,learnthefactsbeforeyouspendy
88、ourmoney.Neverrelysolelyonthewordofasalesperson,afriendoracquaintance,orevenarelativewithoutdoingyourownresearch.Youworkhardtoearnyourmoney.Workequallyhardtospenditwisely.CallingforactionIfyouwanttofeelbetterandworkmoreproductively,getupoffthecouchandexercise!95MakingafinalpointTheultimateironyistha
89、tsomeactorsbecomesocloselyidentifiedwiththecharacterstheyplaythataudienceshavedifficultyacceptingtheminanyotherroles.AskingaquestionIfyoucontinuetosquanderournaturalresources,whatwillremainforourchildren?96Writetheopeningandclosingofanessay.Makesuretheclosingparagraphrestatesthethesisstatementintheo
90、pening.Notethatrestatingdoesnotmeanrepeating,andtheclosingissupposedtoputalogical,smooth,andemphaticendtothewholeessay.97Writeanessayofabout300wordsonIsItAlwaysWrongtoLie?Paycloseattentiontobothyouropeningandclosingandmakethemecho.Thetitleisanopen-endedquestion,soyoucantbewrongeitherway.Intheopening
91、,makeaclearstatementofyourposition.Supportitwithgoodreasoningandconcreteexamplesinthebodyparagraphs.Intheclosing,restateyourpositionbysummarizingthemainideasinthebodyparagraphs.98991.Thewell-admiredearlwasneverabletofindtimetomarryhissonsmotherashehadmeantto,andhewouldoftenevenletpeoplelikeDr.Johnso
92、nwaitforalongwhilebeforecomingouttomeetthem,whichwellprovesthateventhosemostrespectedandadmiredfiguresaregoodpostponers.2.Itistruethatdelaycausesproblems,but,inmanycases,ithelpsstimulatethecreativityinaperson.3.Evenwhenwhereisnowilltoprocrastinate,thereisawaytodoso.4.“Thereisnotalwaysaclearlinethatd
93、istinguishesenoughinformationfromexcessiveinformation,”saysManderbach,“soonecanalwaysfindanexcuseforhisnotgettingtodoanythingrightaway.”5.Thefactthatthehabitofpostponementcanbepasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationhasindicatedthatmanyideasanddecisionsmaybecomemoreaccomplished,iftheyaredelayedlongerina
94、pplication.1001.FranklinexhortedreaderstobediligentandthriftyinhisAutobiography.2.Whocanattesttothegenuinenessofthesignature?3.HeisdubbedTinybecausehelookssosmallforhisage.4.Hetriedtorationalizehisrefusaltotaketheadvice.5.Hiswordsincurredourdispleasure.6.Itisvirtuallyimpossibleforustofinishtheworkwi
95、thinsuchashorttime.7.Heruminatedoverthelikelyconsequencesoftheoperation.8.Ittakesmanyyearsofassiduousefforttoreachthatlevelofproficiencyininterpretation.101事实上，拖延的历史悠久而光荣，这意味着如果推迟一下，许多想法和决定就可能有所改进。推迟做决定本身就是一个决定，这话不无道理。议会程序实际上就是一个拖延和审议的过程。同样的情况也出现在其他地方，包括创作伟大的画作、烹饪主菜、撰写著作、或兴建布伦海姆宫那样的建筑工程花了马布罗公爵的建筑师和劳
96、工整整15年的时间。在此期间，设计可能不断成熟和完善。确实，仓促会葬送雅致。石中剑的作者TH怀特曾写道，时间“并不是要一小时，或一天就挥霍掉，而是应该细腻地、缓慢地、从容地享受。”换言之，尊敬的切斯特菲尔德伯爵，今天不必做的事，请一定拖延到明天再做吧！102Languagework1.Grammar1.predominantly,prevailing2.preferential3.inadvisable,shrinkage4.magnifying5.unapproachable,fictitious6.unbecoming/becoming7.unaccountable8.disorienta
97、tion9.persuasion,entreaties10.irremediable1032.Vocabulary1.truism2.subliminal3.shrink4.academe5.natter6.apocalyptic7.anythingbut8.attestto9.ruminate10.fortified104(B)1.scientificterms2.dothehonours3.onspeakingterms4.inhonourof/tohonour5.onthebestofterms6.inhonourof7.ontheirhonour8.terms9.honour(v.)1
98、0.honours(n.)11.short-termmortgage12.inthemostflatteringterms13.honour(n.)14.ontheirhonour15.honour(n.)1052.1.l2.h3.k4.g5.b6.j7.c8.d9.f10.i11.e12.a3.A1.flagrant2.fragrance3.flagrant4.flagrant5.fragrantB.1.contemptible2.contemptuous3.contemptible,contemptuous4.contemptuous5.contempt,contemptuous,cont
99、emptibleC.1.legal2.legal3.lawful4.legal106Blankfilling1.not2.relation3.on4.occurs/happen5.off6.due7.assigned8.plenty9.than10.words11.more12.to13.deadline14.ahead15.closing16.summed17.as18.of19.seated/sitting20.fit107Proof-reading1.alsobe2.manymuch3.causelead4.thatwhere5.throughthroughout6.uponupon7.lessmore8.athleteathletes9.focuson10.greatgreater108
