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1、The Culture of Alcohol and the Translation of Alcohol Commercials 酒文化与酒广告翻译Foreign Languages College Jiangxi Normal University March 2012 - - i - The culture of alcohol and the translation of alcohol commercials Abstract：Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most unique American writers. He is best known fo
2、r his tales of mystery and the macabre. His horror short stories venture even beyond human s reason, exploring the vague cross-border field of life and death, dream and reality, conscious and insane. The Black Cat is one of the most classic horror novels which also reveal the dark side of the human
3、being in psychology. The author of this thesis proposes that there exits subconscious evil in human beings. Therefore, the thesis aims to analysis the hero s personalities in The Black Cat according to Freud s psychoanalysis, which will help us understand Poe s other works and his artistic thoughts
4、easily. Key words：Edgar Allan Poe; Freud s psychoanalysis; The Black Cat- - ii - 以弗洛伊德精神分析理论分析黑猫中的叙述者摘要： 埃德加爱伦坡是美国作家中最独特的一位，以悬疑、惊悚小说最负盛名。他的恐怖故事极力挑战理性的界限，探索生命与死亡、梦境与现实、清醒与癫狂的晦暗不明的交界地带。 黑猫是这些恐怖小说中最为经典的一部作品，它同时也揭露了人类精神层次的黑暗面。本论文的作者认为人性中有种罪恶的潜意识。所以，本论文旨在通过弗洛伊德的精神分析理论来分析黑猫中主人公的性格，从而帮助我们更容易地理解坡的其他作品和他的创作理
5、念。关键词： 埃德加爱伦坡 ; 弗洛伊德的精神分析 ; 黑猫- - iii - ContentsChapter 1 Introduction. 1Chapter 2 Psychoanalysis . 32.1 Overview . 32.2 The Structural Model of Personality. 4Chapter 3 A Psychoanalytic Interpretation of The Black Cat . 53.1 Ego of the Narrator. 53.2 Id of the Narrator . 63.3 Superego of the Narrato
6、r . 7Chapter 4 Conclusion . 9Bibliography . 10 Acknowledgements . 11 - - 1 - Chapter 1 Introduction Born in Boston, Massachusetts, in January 1809, and died in Baltimore, Maryland, in October 1849, Edgar Allan Poe lived only forty years in this world, but his name brings to mind images of murderers
7、and madmen, premature burials, and mysterious women who return from the dead. His works have been in print since 1827 and include such literary classics as “The Tell -Tale Heart” , “The Raven”, and “The Fall of the House of Usher”. This versatile writers oeuvre includes short stories, poetry, a nove
8、l, a textbook, a book of scientific theory, and hundreds of essays and book reviews. He is widely acknowledged as the inventor of the modern detective story and an innovator in the science fiction genre, and he made his living as America s first great literary critic and theoretician. Poes reputatio
9、n today rests primarily on his tales of terror as well as on his haunting lyric poetry. Poes short stories are abounded with bloody violence, murder and even supernatural events. And the places where the stories occur are usually dreary and gloomy castles, bleak cellars or churches, and thrilling gr
10、ave yards. All these are the recurrent and indispensable elements in establishing Poes prevalent terror, which is strong enough to shake readers interior feelings. Among these stories, Poe can not stop interpreting his “death wish”. “Death” has become one of his constant themes, especially the death
11、 of a beautiful woman, and he made assertions in his famous article “The Philosophy of Composition” that this is “the most poetical topic in theworld ”. Such stories as “Ligeia ”“Morella ” and “Berenice ” are good examples. And personal tragedy was another recurring theme throughout Poes life. In hi
12、s early childhood, his father deserted the family and later his beloved mother died. He was adopted by a wealthy tobacco family but seldom had a good time with them. It is his miserable life experience and his pessimistic temperament that led Poe to be obsessed with his “death fantasia” and dark rom
13、anticism. It is not difficult to find that Poe has an astonishingly strong and meanwhile twisted and weird power of imagination which is quite bewildering, and this is one of the reasons that he isdrawn much attention. Allan Poe himself is also one of the most controversial figures in the American l
14、iterary history. Although his contributions to the literature have been widely acknowledged at present, he was misunderstood at his time because of his wired character. For example, his literary executor - - 2 - Rufus Griswold spared no pains, after Allan Poe s death, to sully his reputationhe paint
15、ed Poe as a Bohemian, depraved, and demonic, a villain with no virtue at all. Professor Chang also mentioned that Poe s own work did at times seem to corroborate the view of Griswolds and many others that his was an evil genius and thus the legend steadily building up about Poe placed the man in a v
16、ery unfavorable light; therefore Emerson dismissed him in three words “the jingle man ”and Mark Twain declared his prose to be unreadable. Henry James made the ruthless statement that “an enthusiasm for Poe is the mark of a decidedly primitive stage of reflection” . And Whitman, who was the only fam
17、ous literary figure presented at Poe Memorial Ceremony in Baltimore in 1875,had a mixed feeling about Poe: he did admit Poes genius, but it was“its narrow range and unhealthy lurid quality ”that most impressed him. However, needless to say, the majority of critics today, in America as well as in the
18、 world, have recognized the real, unique importance of Poe as a great writer of fiction, a poet of the first rank, and a critic of acumen and insight. His works are read the world over with appreciation and understanding. Edgar Allan Poes works didn t bring him fame and fortunate before he died. Sin
19、ce the 20thcentury, with the irrationalism philosophy and Fraud s psychoanalysis rising and developing, Allan Poe and his works have been wildly accepted. Freud proposed that the human psyche could be divided into three parts: Id, ego, and super-ego. Id represents human being s basic desire, impulse
20、 and vitality for living. It is the subconsciousness part of human being s spiritual activities. The super-ego is the moral component of the psyche, which takes into account no special circumstances in which the morally right thing may not be right for a given situation. The rational ego attempts to
21、 exact a balance between the impractical hedonism of the id and the equally impractical moralism of the super-ego; it is the part of the psyche that is usually reflected most directly in a persons actions. When overburdened or threatened by its tasks, it may employ defense mechanisms including denia
22、l, repression, and displacement. There are always conflicts between Id and super-ego. If a person keeps balance between both of them, he will be a mental healthy man. If not, he will become anoia. Apparently, the hero in the Black Cat was a twisted-mind person after experiencing a series of spirit c
23、hange including impulse, crime, guilt and fear. In this thesis, the author analyzes the hero s personalities in The Black Cat- - 3 - according to Freud s psychoanalysis, which will help us understand Poe s other works and his artistic thoughts easily. Chapter 2 Psychoanalysis This chapter consists o
24、f two parts, mainly dealing with the theories of psychoanalysis. The first part is a brief introduction to Freudian psychological theories, aimed to present a panoramic view of the school. The second part gives an account of one major theory of psychoanalysisthe structural model of personalities. Se
25、rving as an interpreting vehicle for the criticism to be conducted, the theroy will be adopted and applied later to the analysis of the unreliable narrator in The Black Cat.2.1 Overview The theory of psychoanalysis initiated by Sigmund Freud, the famous Austrian neurologist, is a set of creative ide
26、as and was originally employed for the treatment of mentally-disordered patients. Coming at the turn of the 20th century, this theory provided a radically new approach to the analysis of human behaviors in the medical field. Resting on the convincing evidence obtained through many carefully recorded
27、 case studies, Freud claimed that most of our actions are motivated by psychological forces over which we have very limited control. Based on years of fruitful research work, Freud finally established his own theoretic realm of psychoanalysis, resulting in a vehement revolution in the field of Psych
28、ology. The foundation of the theory mainly consists of the following three premises Freud has ever proposed:1)most of the individuals mental processes are unconscious;2)all human behavior is motivated ultimately by sexuality;3)many of our desires and memories are repressed because of the powerful so
29、cial taboos attached to certain sexual impulses. In the two epoch-making works, The Interpretation of Dreams and A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis, Freuds original ideas and pioneering explorations are mostly embodied, each given a detailed explanation exhaustively. In the first work mentione
30、d, Freud elucidates theory of the unconscious, the formation of dreams and 9 ways of interpreting them; in the second one, he improves theory of the libido, proposes stages of psychosexuality and explicates the specialized terminology such as Oedipus complex, Repression, Anxiety etc. Another signifi
31、cant work that deserves mention is The Ego and the Id, in which Freud gives an elaboration on the three components of personalitythe id, the ego and the superego as well as the interactive relationship - - 4 - among them.The innovative and daring work Freud has made offers a brand-new view to the un
32、derstanding of human mind, which contributes to the establishment of a general belief that human behaviors of any kind, as a matter of fact, are not meaningless or random but meaningful and goal-oriented. In this sense, the psychoanalytic theory can be employed as an effective vehicle to understand
33、human behaviors which are really informative and explainable. Apart from Freud, efforts are also made by such psychoanalysts as Anna Freud, Carl Jung and Marie Bonaparte, whose endeavor not only enriches the theory with new concepts and values, but also impels the development of the school of psycho
34、analysis. Because of its universal applicability, the theory goes beyond the medical field and is introduced into the literary world, exerting great influence on both the creations and interpretations of literary works. 2.2 The Structural Model of PersonalityOne of Freuds most influential findings i
35、s the three-layered structure of personality. From Freudian point of view, personality is composed of three elements which are known as id, ego and superego. These three parts, interacting with one another, work together and result in many complex human behaviors. The id, as the primary component of
36、 personality, is entirely unconscious, including the behaviors that are instinctive and primitive. Characterized by vitality and untamedness, the only aim of the id is to strive for instant satisfaction and gratification by following the Pleasure Principle, with the least regard for social conventio
37、ns, legal ethics, or moral restraints. The ego, quite different from the id, operates on the basis of the Reality Principle, attempting to satisfy the ids desires inrealistic and socially appropriate ways. Developing out of the id s interaction with the external world, the ego ensures the impulse of
38、 the id can be expressed in an acceptable manner. The last component of personality is the superego, which is supposed to hold all the internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from society. The major function of the superego is to perfect and civilize human behaviors, suppressing all
39、unacceptable urges of the id and struggling to make the latter act upon idealistic standards instead of realistic principles. In other words, it is responsible for“transmitting the constraints that culture exercises over the individual, and for imposing the necessary and ultimately excessive sacrifi
40、ces of instinct demanded by civilization”.According to Freud, these aspects of personality often work together in bringing out a certain kind of human - - 5 - behavior. How one behaves is actually the result of the wrestling of the three. Therefore, a healthy personality entails a balance among the
41、threethe id, the ego, and the superego. Chapter 3 A Psychoanalytic Interpretation of The Black Cat This chapter mainly gives an interpretation of the narrator in the Black Cat from Freudian psychoanalytic perspective. The Black Cat is one of Allen Poe s finest horror tales. Poe s horror tales, featu
42、red by the psychiatric traits and psychological significance, serve as a good source for the psychoanalysts to understand both Poe and his works. Traditionally, The Black Cat is taken as a classic horror story permeated with gothic elements such as superstition and murder, yet from Freudian perspect
43、ive, it can be treated as a case study of a patient who is troubled with psychological problems. And this horror tale can be more vividly compared as a mind-disordered patient s confession to a psychology doctor. 3.1 Ego of the NarratorAt the beginning of the narrator s retrospect, he described what
44、 he was like at his young age. “ From my infancy I was noted for the docility and humanity of my disposition. My tenderness of heart was even so conspicuous as to make me the jest of my companions. I was especially fond of animals, and was indulged by my parents with a great variety of pets. With th
45、ese I spent most of my time, and never was so happy as when feeding and caressing them. This peculiar of character grew with my growth, and in my manhood, I derived from it one of my principal sources of pleasure. ” (Poe, Tales 161) From above we can see the narrator was very kind and humane when he
46、 was young. This is ego of the narrator. The ego, according to Freud, operates on the basis of the Reality Principle, attempting to satisfy the ids desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. During this period, the narrator liked animals and he gained pleasure by feeding and caressing them.
47、 What s more, when the narrator got married early, he felt very happy because his wife also liked animals and had same nice characteristics like him. They raised animals together and the narrator formed firm friendship with a black cat Pluto, his favorite pet. “ I married early, and was happy to fin
48、d my wife a disposition not uncongenial with my own. Observing my partiality for domestic pets, she lost no opportunity of procuring those of the most agreeable kind. We had birds, - - 6 - gold-fish, a fine dog, a small monkey, and a cat. ” (Poe, Tales 161) The narrator s ego enables him went on a h
49、appy and normal life in realistic and socially appropriate ways. 3.2 Id of the Narrator However, after he became addicted to alcohol, “ a disease ”what the narrator called, his disposition gradually changed and turned to a villain. He began to ill - treat his once loving pets and wife. I grew, day b
50、y day, more moody, more irritable, more regardless of the feelings of others. I suffered myself to use intemperate language to my wife. At length, I even offered her personal violence. My pets, of course, were made to feel the change in my disposition.(Poe, Tales 162) He even harmed his favorite cat
51、. One night, returning home, much intoxicated, from one of my haunts about town, I fancied that the cat avoided my presence. I seized him; when, in his fright at my violence, he inflicted a slight wound upon my hand with his teeth. The fury of a demon instantly possessed me. I knew myself no longer.
52、 My original soul seemed, at once, to take its flight from my body and a more than fiendish malevolence, gin-nurtured, thrilled every fibre of my frame. I took from my waistcoat-pocket a pen-knife, opened it, grasped the poor beast by the throat, and deliberately cut one of its eyes from the socket!
53、 I blush, I burn, I shudder, while I pen the damnable atrocity. (Poe, Tales 162) At last, he killed his wife with an axe out of rage. One day she accompanied me, upon some household errand, into the cellar of the old building which our poverty compelled us to inhabit. The cat followed me down the st
54、eep stairs, and, nearly throwing me headlong, exasperated me to madness. Uplifting an axe, and forgetting, in my wrath, the childish dread which had hitherto stayed my hand, I aimed a blow at the animal which, of course, would have proved instantly fatal had it descended as I wished. But this blow w
55、as arrested by the hand of my wife. Goaded, by the interference, into a rage more than demoniacal, I withdrew my arm from her grasp and buried the axe in her brain. She fell dead upon the spot, without a groan. (Poe, Tales 168) All his behaviors showed signs of mental distortion. The narrator was no
56、t born a bad person. He himself sensed his changing disposition. He did fell remorse about cutting an eye of his first cat. However, he couldn t restrain himself from his inner evil. Again he submitted the cat to his - - 7 - violence-hanging it. He attributes his maltreating and killing of his first
57、 cat to the “Fiend Intemperance ” and “the spirit of perverseness ” . He believes perverseness was “one of the primitive impulses of the human heart - which give direction to the character of Man”. Perverseness gives the reason of his unjustifiable acts, suck as hanging his first cat, rapping with a
58、 cane on the wall that concealed the body of his wife. Poe gave further arguments on the spirit of perverseness. He believed man often do bad or stupid things just because we know we should not, and tend to violate laws only because we are aware that is wrong. This exactly dovetails with id, one par
59、t of the human psyche Freud proposed in his late work. The id is the completely unconscious, impulsive, child-like portion of the psyche that operates on the Pleasure Principle and is the source of basic impulses and drives; it seeks immediate pleasure and gratification, with the least regard for so
60、cial conventions, legal ethics, or moral restraints. In The Black Cat, the narrator s unconscious evil was awaked by the addiction of alcohol. 3.3 Superego of the NarratorEvery time after the narrator s perverse acts, his superego would appear. The first time is that after the narrator cut one of Pl
61、uto s eyes from the socket when id was controlling him, he felt sorry and was frightened by what he had done to the poor cat, when he waked up the next day. “When reason returned with the morning -when I had slept off the fumes of the nights debauch -I experienced a sentiment half of horror, half of
62、 remorse, for the crime of which I had been guilty”. (Poe, Tales 162:163) The second time is that after the fire accident, the narrator was haunted by the terror of killing the cat. “For months I could not rid myself of the phantasm of the cat; and, during this period, there came back into my spirit
63、 a half-sentiment that seemed, but was not, remorse. I went so far as to regret the loss of the animal, and to look about me, among the vile haunts which I now habitually frequented, for another pet of the same species, and of somewhat similar appearance, with which to supply its place.” (Poe, Tales
64、 165) The last time appears at the beginning of the tale. The narrator was already in the prison and was to die. He confessed his crime and said, “ These events have terrified -have tortured -have destroyed me.” (Poe, Tales 160) The narrator seemed to be a normal man in sanity and regret what he had
65、 done in this tone. At all this times, superego dominated the narrator and let him be conscious of what he had done. - - 8 - According to Freud, superego holds all the internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from society. The major function of the superego is to perfect and civilize
66、human behaviors, suppressing all unacceptable urges of the id and struggling to make the latter act upon idealistic standards instead of realistic principles. The narrator in The Black Cat regretted every time when he finished a crime. When the narrator recovered from alcohol or his irritation, he w
67、ould act as a normal person. This is the result of the narrator s superego. At this moment, the narrator realized his crime because his behaviors surely went against the society s moral standards. Consequently, he would feel sorry and terrified. Id, ego and superego are three parts of human psyche t
68、hat Freud proposed. Normal people are dominated by ego and superego and superego can repress id. If id overweigh superego, like the narrator in The Black Cat, the person will become spirit disordered and commit a series of abnormal things against social conventions, legal ethics, or moral restraints
69、. Every reader will take the narrator in The Black Cat as a psycho, he killed his pet, ill-treated animals and murdered his wife. The narrator, indeed, is not a normal person. The beginning of this tale is the narrator s confession, which will let others feel that he is mind-clear. As the story is s
70、crolling, people will be frightened by the change of the narrator s disposition and his deeds. In most parts of the tale, the narrator s activities are crazy and unbelievable. While his regret or horror about his doing is just in few sentences. That means, the id of the narrator overweighs the super
71、ego in a great extend. It seems that the narrator is fond of cruelty and violence. And his conscience is just a piece of ice in front of his deep evil. The murderer is an unreliable narrator. He told the story, confessed his wrong-doing and regretted. This was just one of the short times when his su
72、perego dominated the narrator s mind. The narrator was a mind-disordered patient rather than a murderer, because when he committed his crime, he didn t think it was wrong, but took it as a normal thing. When the narrator killed his wife, he was not frightened, he did not fell upset or depressed. On
73、the contrary, he figured out a good way to hide the body calmly and showed out later in front of the police. He did all of these just as normal as his daily routine. This is a typical example of mind-disordered patients behaviors. For common people, they behave themselves because of the moral standa
74、rds or the law. That is, their superego wins over their id. People cannot do whatever they like because superego teaches - - 9 - them not to go against those rules. Once the relationship between superego and id is broken, people will abnormal, or worse, mad. In The Black Cat, the narrator s id occup
75、ied his mind, though sometimes his superego would come out now and then, so he became crazy and cannot control himself. It seems that a monster was released from the deep evil of the narrator. Chapter 4 Conclusion Winning high praise from many critics, The Black Cat is considered one of the finest h
76、orror tales ever created by Poe. The innovative handling of the gothic elements as well as the dealing of the mentally disturbed protagonist, makes the tale distinct from its traditional counterparts. In the story, Poe drew upon superstitions about cats and explored into the human psyche, creating a
77、 horror not only on a cultural scale but also on a psychological level. This thesis has analyzed the narrator s psyche using Freudian theory. The Black Cat looks into the dark side of man, witnesses the down fall of a man, examines the primitive impulse of a manperverseness. This makes it a classic
78、gothic novel. As a master of short stories of horror, Poe applied different types of elements of horror, which are either from his personal writing technique, like the imagery and symbolisms suggesting horror, and the synchronization of peak and emotional explosion, or from his personal psychologica
79、l illusion, like the description of dark unconsciousness and the death and resurrection of beauty. Poe s horror tales are still very popular nowadays, because he is good at illustrating the heroesabnormal spirit. Needless to say, the analysis of Allen Poe s works through Freuds psychoanalysis has gr
80、eat significance. - - 10 - Bibliography 【1】Bloom, Harold. Comprehensive Research and Study GuideEdgar Allan PoeM. New York: Chelsea House, 1999. 【2】Bonaparte, Marie. The Life and Works of Edgar Allan Poe M.New York: Prometheus Books, 1980. 【3】Freud, Sigmund. Peter Gay, ed. The Freud Reader M.New Yor
81、k: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.,1989. 【4】Jung C G. Psychology and literature in 20th Century Literary Criticism M. Longman, Singapore, Publishers, Pte.ud.19th impression,1996. 【5】爱伦坡 , 爱伦坡作品精选 M. 曹明伦译 ,长江文艺出版社 , 2007. 【6】李玲 .哥特文学与爱伦坡 J.学术界， 2006【7】王齐建 .试论爱伦坡 C .中国社会科学院外国文学研究所.外国文学研究集刊 : 第 6 期.北京: 中国社
82、会科学出版社， 1982【8】杨波 .来自灵魂深处的恐怖 D. 湖北：华中师范大学外国语学院，2002. 【9】张永怀 .爱伦坡短篇小说的精神心理分析J.读与写杂志， 2009(10)：57-58. 【10】朱振武 .爱伦坡小说全解 M. 上海：学林出版社， 2008. 【11】朱平珍 .黑猫: 病态人格的象征论爱伦坡的短篇小说黑猫J.湖南社会科学,2004- - 11 - Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Lecturer Xu Junfang, for her
83、 patient guidance and valuable comments and advice to my thesis. Furthermore, I appreciate my classmates for their generous encouragement and selfless assistance. Particularly, my thanks also go to Jiangxi Normal University which has provided me with four years of happy university life and a great amount of knowledge.
