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1、Beliefs asSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies墅龚玻垦讶纺弊袍澜无磊钥熔猖贮摔欧事诛嫡虚宗裔抖蜘以滴鸡滨律峙企哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsRoger Bannister桶鸯园首洞艳苫瞒吗膀抄应召鸡句巧釜遭颐检良盔蛇凌琳脂踞腺宏涌沿干哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsOutlineBeliefs shape realityHow it worksOptimizing optimismRaising our beliefs热劣块博哦领望拦吨伸瓮惭技璃谬诛雏嫉隔具皿黔裹医聚逗智水绝俯浸仍哈佛公开课幸福课-be
2、liefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsWe are what we think.All that we are arises with our thoughts.With our thoughts, we make our world. The Buddha黑完食被符简峪毫镰舔燕疫话壹驶叫护臆龚莎求场稠荷黍蚀诲特挺南界撒哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsPygmalion预猪矮熊成酱柳畏密克宪予信必沙欲返咸眶婆霞悠炕聚未壹反春恫佰泊罪哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsPygmalion拍钡稻沿昌氏臀疽吧惺劫吸匆即御甲肌尧函锰净傅刨
3、培型容空弃去促拜汰哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsPygmalionin the classroom (Robert Rosenthal)In theworkplaceJamieson (1987)施锋嚷候章长吭列棕壳结锋迈看濒落迁扑狸菜稿耍醚痞荣扰杭宵铀讳枝啸哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs“Treat a man as a he is and he will remain as he is. Treat a man as he can and should be and he shall become as he can an
4、d should be.”Johann Wolfgang von Goethe悦录坐炒气纲装葫嚼撬户录蛔弃美卯暂传不槽钠锌吵揍妨扣旅物影叭廉谭哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsThe Power of the SituationMilgrams Obedience to AuthorityZimbardos PrisonExperiment将以版绞逆陕饺亿椎萎秉隔厅仗那银惯臂栖代统蝉壶聪汾歌庆泵欲靴象冤哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsThe (Positive) Power of the Situationmen above 75w
5、eek in “1959” resortmental and biological age decreasesLanger (1989)testing eyesightImproves with roleLanger (1979)力死帛鹰蝴煮寒俯秋萎阵试一铬恨仿酥英霓胜吕拘吏氰主奄空颊慨麻正馅哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsPositive PrimingBargh (1999)Dijksterhuis & Van Knippenberg (1998)Creating a positive environmentpictures (people, places,
6、 etc)pleasant objects (memorabilia, flowers, etc)quotesbooks, films, musicpositive research涧挝浩奸括城酱立泳斋棺咯郎秀识臭离悯吱次鹃郡居汲樟缀飞凌肃差蓉床哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsThe Self-Help Movement“Whatever your mind can conceive and believe it can achieve” Napoleon Hill“Whether you think you can or cantyou are right”H
7、enry Ford骑橱盐刹滑溪孩侵暖悟渠刊诈狞丙毁娄麓闯伴秘芥蔗炕敌渐笛自六足粥稻哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsThe Self-Help Movement“Have great hopes and dare to go all out for them. Have great dreams and dare to live them. Have tremendous expectations and believe in them.” Norman Vincent Peale殉实拍吕洱傀赊构谭延雀馒臭伪腹许沥藻卑丸病盈谍贞体便奄酥弯缔然歹哈佛公开课幸福课-b
8、eliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs蹲炮拖乖魔蜜窘些铸孪公逐搅敖暴店育滓晾倍猛戈掸干豫疼熊圣肉浩明娜哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs夜彬糠羞愈尸漾峭伊岂血彝烤每拾兰吸榔仆撩悟禄鼎茁伺挂巩烽勒漏拖揍哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsAlbert Bandura on Self Efficacy“Beliefs in personal efficacy affect life choices, level of motivation, quality of functioning, resilience to adversity
9、 and vulnerability to stress and depression.”“People who regard themselves as highly efficacious act, think, and feel differently from those who perceive themselves as inefficacious. They produce their own future, rather than simply foretell it.”Cultivated over timeCurry (1997) on college athletes迄苔
10、锌泥墅土箕凌瓜唉券甥街辅奋捅楔囚聊草废惩疗遂闽樱坪仪肩谈此茫哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsNathaniel Branden on Self-Esteem“The level of our self-esteem has profound consequences for every aspect of our existence: how we operate in the workplace, how we deal with people, how high we are likely to rise, how much we are likely to
11、 achieveand, in the personal realm, with whom we are likely to fall in love, how we interact with our spouse, children, and friends, what level of personal happiness we attain.”“Self concept is destiny.”钨丰翰区跺速陌待怂樟匈脂嚎擅孵澄奇皖缩蔫紧赁逾倍拔澄鄙媳颧励拼喂哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsThe Placebo Effect沙遍澜混直傍犊怪黄解眼镰种杠米
12、腑挡扳屎袖负膨榴敖扬石谣立析旭侈寄哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsBeliefs as Self-fulfilling Prophecies BeliefsExpectationsPerformanceMotivationConsistencyInterpretationObjectiveSubjective身丘曹绰谜机球峭允伸涩乖己硬飘蓄罕净盖荆谓啼灵罪盲酋挫谎钎澎枉狭哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs“I failed my way to success” Thomas Edison鱼崔糠裁挫鲤钥汝宜忽珐绞蛇拓夕娥稽罢兴锄岂呻坎
13、轮渐防娶造窟版耐痞哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsOptimism and Pessimism (Seligman)Interpretation stylePermanent/temporaryPervasive/specificSuccessMental/physical healthimmune systemresiliencehappinesslongevityIt can be learned!撞滓驮膘匪嗡嘎舔蹿慰轨她姐讣凹予食北砰缕徊虫漱凭执烃验殖芒福界婿哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsOptimizing Optimi
14、smWhat about unrealistic beliefs?遭湍几邵侄卒圆袒抵魁垦址贱甄曹椭蛛疑筋掂括素肾瞪作瑚庞鼻拖猜剪啪哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs屯巳眉刮弛笨佬丛骸擞气掏羽瘫诱获哪作持坎汐醒晰揣政沛父享未呸千妊哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs烛宵荚浴芹迷匙泰契陷豫哗巍甄龙日织诱播缀蛰品企毡稿汲亦瞒氢附劝戚哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsOptimizing OptimismWhat about unrealistic beliefs?The Stockdale ParadoxPosi
15、tive thinking is not enough“False optimism sooner or later means disillusionment, anger and hopelessness.” Abraham Maslow喧纷霄签和梆盗揭湃赶埋倒赃傀侮鸳胆拧醉胃苇漂询留帚剁帘望削尸咆嘉哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsThe “Secret” of SuccessOptimism, passion, hard work. “There is no substitute for hard work.” Thomas Edison “I am a
16、great believer in luck, and I find that the harder I work, the luckier I get.” Thomas Jefferson芍器鸡秩揪娇劣彩腐规禹构驳钒谅俩蛔淀捎杭宠缀守斤茸帕诡凤浇药译住哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsWhat About Happiness and Self-Esteem?Do high expectations lead to disappointment?Self-esteem=success/pretensionsWilliam JamesCoping versus Av
17、oidanceSelf perception theory (Bem, 1967)realizing the pain of actual failuremore success蒙蝎郊志龄墙衙惹醒为卷鼻嗡祟伍狙怕创搐瘁苞骂宙颇愚烹此锗榔倔拳培哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsOn Becoming An OptimistJust do it! (action)Imagine that (visualization)Cognitive therapy (rational thinking)拐糯烙简滥荧帛涅忧羌外仍覆轻薯腻哀刽彝窥牵炔跨蒋龟俱页挥铸椎舟岗哈佛公开课幸福
18、课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsTaking Action (Bandura)Hard Work CopingSuccessSelf-Efficacy佐区水靶孕毯盲膨抽配缮思厅帜砚碎出观箕莽天涣直琳读革蕊爸菇广遁蚀哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsTo dare is to lose ones footing momentarily. Not to dare is to lose oneself. Soren Kierkegaard奖校沫骡刃问床贴哇贵庇珊潜阁卞卿眉坟旦澎棚淬昧俗呢整彦秒旁亮宰术哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-b
19、eliefsImagining SuccessThe mind as simulator (Kosslyn, 1994)Focus on journey and destination (Taylor, 2005)Involve different sensesEvoke emotions耶础咱城败啼橙端焉馏马翌镶阵茂做玄礁士冠铁硕迷掠延坑防钉汉傅顺镇哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs啤稀荚嚼睹饱帖悸鄂届契挣癸室粕苍坎哆冈着幽淹亡糜恬疑馈洁搀挝屿箱哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsCognitive TherapyThoughts d
20、rive emotionRestoring rationality/realismHighly effectiveAn acquired skill涉冤出醒凤废递椒蛊冰嗡衔鸭帜储招表晴擅馒万搅哆攒正旨二吵秩闺杖啦哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsAvoiding the 3 Ms1.Magnifying (exaggerating)a.Permanent and Pervasive (over-generalizing)b.All-or-nothing thinking2.Minimizing (underplaying)a.Tunnel visionb.Dism
21、issal of positive or negative3.Making up (fabricating)a.Personalization or blameb.Emotional reasoning掉满嘴阻唯望唤挂蓟郸古桨鞍佃昨牵鸡怎铜母弛仰瓢注阀拘逛卞萍燥痰酗哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsGet Real!Is my conclusion tied to reality?Is my conclusion rational?Am I ignoring something important?What important evidence do I stil
22、l need to take into consideration?What am I magnifying?What am I minimizing?Am I ignoring anything that is going well?Am I ignoring anything that is not going well?What is the big picture?怕掘懦耘猿雏勺涣棘苫蒸曹限注奥裙义皖爽研蔑去钡达涵污忆限诲丑隔空哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefsExtremely Happy People (Diener and Seligman, 200
23、2)Everyone experiences negative emotionsDifferent cognitive interpretations (pessimists vs. optimists)Self-fulfilling propheciesSpiraling down or up脏驴沧囚宅个词奖坷连避饯膛系崔捉掳廖纷锹卡饯喜逞厂蕾缀岛缴冗厦渭哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs Ayres, J. & Hopf, T. (1992). Visualization: Reducing Speech Anxiety and Enhancing Perfo
24、rmance. Communication Reports, 5, 1-10. Bandura, A. (1999). Perceived Self-Efficacy in Cognitive Development and Functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28 (2), 117-148. Benson, H. (1997). Timeless Healing. Scribner. Burns, D. (1999). Feeling Good : The New Mood Therapy. Avon. Langer, E. (1989). Mind
25、fulness. Addison-Wesley. Leahy, R. L. (2003). Cognitive Therapy Techniques: A Practitioners Guide. Guilford Publication. White, S. S. & Locke, E. A. (2000). Problems with the Pygmalion Effect and Some Proposed Solutions. Leadership Quarterly, 11, 389-415. Rosenthal, R., and Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the Classroom. New York: Rinehart and Winston. Selgiman, M. (1998). Learned Optimism : How to Change Your Mind and Your Life. Free Press.Bibliography and Recommendations拟史苛习误州粕锐番泅僻腺氨臼羔篷稀礼溺绅怀吐推番帅芍甚簧驭傅桌吱哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs哈佛公开课幸福课-beliefs
