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1、刘津瑜刘津瑜美国德堡大学古典系美国德堡大学古典系北京大学西方古典学中心北京大学西方古典学中心2012年年3月月28日日社团与馈赠：罗马帝国城市生活新探InscrAqu-01, 00676(Aquileia)D(is) M(anibus) sacr(atum) / collegium sacr(um) Mart(is) / C(aius) Licinius Onesimus / Licinia Clymene / C(aius) Titius C(ai) f(ilius) Peregrinus / Barbia L(uci) l(iberta) Amanda / Goppia Sex(ti) f
2、(ilia) Tertia / C(aius) Caesonius Aprilis / Fortunatus / P(ublius) Mutilius Aprio / C(aius) Marcinius Eupras / C(aius) Helvius Synecdemus / L(ucius) Allius Omuncio / C(aius) Baebius Clario / M(arcus) Calidius Marcellus / Fortunatus / A(ulus) Barbius Zmaragdus medic(us) / quisquis collega debitor fue
3、rit / loculo si decesserit sive vivos / recesserit in honc(!) locum non / inferetur. Funerary dimension:This inscription comes from the sacred association of Mars. It includes a member list, and a stipulation that whoever member is in arrear will not be able to be buried in the (communal) burial plo
4、t.主要史料： 碑铭Ancientcollegia罗马时代的社团、行会vsMedievalguilds中世纪的行会Are they comparable?类似吗？不类似：Self-sufficiencytheory（esp.M.I.Finley)ThescaleofRomaneconomy?类似Multiplefunctionsoftheseorganizations(VanNijf,etc.)SocialCapitaltheoryandNewInstitutionalEconomicsexplanation(esp.A.Monson,C.Hawkins,P.Bang)Legislations
5、suppressing/regulatingcollegia:The Twelve Tables (Dig.47.22.4,Gaius):Sodales sunt, qui eiusdem collegii sunt, quam Graeci hetairian vocant. His autem potestatem facit lex, pactionem, quam uelint, sibi ferre, dum ne quid ex publica lege currumpant.(collegiahadtherighttomakeinternalagreements(leges,pa
6、ctiones)astheywished,providedthattheydidnotviolatepubliclaw.)64BC:asenatus consultumabolished“thosecollegiathatseemedtohavebeenestablishedinconflictwiththepublicinterest”(collegia sublata sunt quae adversus rem publicam videbantur esse constituta).(Asconius.Pis.8)55BC:Lex Licinia de sodaliciis“Frequ
7、enter tum etiam coetus factiosorum hominum sine publica auctoritate malo publico fiebant: propter quod postea collegia et s(enatus) c(onsultis) et pluribus legibus sunt sublata praeter pauca et certa quae utilitas ciuitatis desiderasset, sicut fabrorum fictorumque.”(Asconius)Caesar: cuncta collegia,
8、 praeter antiquitus, constituta, distraxit(Suetonius,Iul.42.)Augustussreign: plurimae factiones titulo collegi noui ad nullius non facinoris societatem coibant. Igitur collegia praeter antiqua et legitima dissoluit.(Suet.Aug.32.1)FlavianDynasty:Rubric.Concerningassembly,society,andcollege.Nooneistot
9、akepartinanassembly(coetus)inthatmunicipiumortoformasociety(sodalicium)orcollege(collegium)forthatpurposeortoconspirethatitbeheldortoactinsuchawaythatanyofthesethingsoccur.Anyonewhoactsagainsttheserulesistobecondemnedtopay10,000sestercestothecitizensoftheMunicipium Flauium Irnitanum.Andtherightofact
10、ion,suit,andclaimofthatmoneyandconcerningthatmoneyistobelongtoanycitizenofthatmunicipium(lexIrnitana,Chapter74)Marcian:Dig. 47.22.1.1: si qua fuerint illicita, mandatis et constitutionibus et senatus consultis dissolvuntur: sed permittitur eis, cum dissolvuntur, pecunias communes si quas habent divi
11、dere pecuniamque inter se partiri. Dig.47.22.3: Sed religionis causa coire non prohibentur, dum tamen per hoc non fiat contra senatus consultum, quo illicita collegia arcentur. Dig.47.22.1.2(Marcian):non licet autem amplius quam unum collegium legitmum habere, ut est constitutum et a divis fratribus
12、Formalstructuralfeaturesofacollegium:theby-laws(lex collegii)会规Magistrates管理人员membershiprequirements入会标准commontreasury(pecuniae communes; arka) 共同财产和活动经费patronorpatrons正式的庇护人一次性捐赠的形式CIL11,06358=ILS06654(Pisaurum)ThelocalcollegiumfabrummadeadedicationtoLuciusApuleiusBrasida,whowasanAugustaliswithdecu
13、rialdecorationsornament(a)/decurional(ia)honor(ato),aswellaspatronandmagistrateofthecollegium,forhisgenerosity.Ontheoccasionofthededication,hegave50serstercestoeachcollegiummember.一次性捐赠的形式CILIII.11042=RIUII.503(Brigetio,Pannoniasuperior;220AD)Meetingplace(schola)ofthecollegiumpurchasedbythemoneygive
14、nbyQ.UlpiusFelix,prefect(?)ofthecollegiumcentonariorum,whilehewasaliveThe sheer numbers of scholae make them an important factor in the urban landscape捐赠的规模Purposesofendowments捐赠的用途会规案例Theby-lawsoftheassociationofAsclapiusandHygiea(CIL VI10234=ILS7213,Rome)(Itsaverylongtext.Igivethesummaryhere.)In15
15、3AD,SalviaC.f.Marcellinadonatedashrine/tombwithupperstorey,amarblestatueofAsclapius,andtheadjacentcoveredterrace,wherethemembersoftheassociationmayfeast,inmemoryofherhusbandandhisboss,animperialprocurator.Inaddition,shealsosetupafoundationof50,000sesterces,towhichherbrother-in-law,P.AeliusZenon,anim
16、perialfreedman,furtheradded10,000sesterces.Theentireby-lawsoftheassociation wereabouthowthe60,000sestercesshouldbeproperlyused.两人捐款6万塞斯特斯Marcellina单独捐了一个带二楼的墓室、医神像、相邻的带屋顶的阳台Theby-lawsstipulatedthatthesizeoftheassociationshouldnotexceed60members.Fromtheyieldofthe60,000sesterces,these60peoplemaymeetan
17、dcollectdistributionsonthesevenstipulatedoccasionsindesignatedplacesandaccordingtofixedrulesofshares/distributionforeachoccasion.Thetwodonors,SalviaMarcellinaandP.AeliusZenonwerecalledmotherandfatheroftheassociationrespectivelyintheby-laws.会规规定成员不得超过60名。7次活动：定点、定日期、并按等级定量发放酒和食物两位捐主被称为社团称为“母”与“父”CIL
18、XIV,2112 = ILS 7212 = FIRA III,35 (136 AD). Lavinium， ItalyCILXIV,2112=ILS7212=FIRAIII,35(136AD).Theby-lawsoftheassociationoftheworshippersofDianaandAntinousofLanuvium-捐主认捐15000塞斯特斯-每年6次正式宴会，分别庆祝Antinous的生日（11月27日）、月神和社团的生日（8月13日），捐主LuciusCesenniusRufus、其父、其母、其兄弟的生日。The“era”纪年ofthejointcollegium/col
19、legiafabrumetcentonariorumofMediolanum:curatorsofyearforty(curatores anni XXXX;CILV5578)curatorofthetreasury(arc(ae)oftheassociationofyearseventy(LXX)(CILV5738)curatorsofthetreasurycalledTitiana(ark(ae) Tit(ianae)提提阿那基金)oftheassociationofMilanofyearonehundredandthirtyseven(CXXXVII)(CILV5612)curatoro
20、ftheark(ae) Titiannaeofyearonehundredandfifty(CILV5869).Sassina.CILXI.6520;ILS6647.Marblecippi.Terminus post quem,112AD.Ontheface:D(is) M(anibus) | Cetraniae| P(ubli) f(iliae) Severinae, | sacerdoti | divae Marcian(ae), | T(itus) Baebius Gemelli|nus August(alis) | conjugi sanctiss(imae). Ontheleftsi
21、de:Caput ex testamento | Cetraniae Severinae. | Collegis dendropho|rorum, fabrum, cento|nariorum munic(ipii) Sassi(natis) | (sestertium) sena milia n(ummum) dari | volo; fideiq(ue) vestrae col|legiali (sic!) committo, uti | ex reditu (sestertium) quatern(orum) m(ilium) | n(ummum) omnibus annis prid(
22、ie) | idus Iun(ias) die natalis | mei oleum singulis | vobis dividatur et | ex reditu (sestertium) binum | milium n(ummum) Manes | meos colatis. Hoc ut ita faciatis fidei | vestrae committo6千塞斯特斯捐给三个团体，每年其中4000塞斯特斯的利息用于分发橄榄油给每个会员，以纪念捐主的生日；另外2000塞斯特斯的收益用于“安抚”她的亡灵。CILV.2176(Altinum,RegioX;secondcentur
23、yAD).L(ucius) Ogius| Patroclus, secutus | pietatem | col(legio) cent(onariorum) | hortos cum aedificio huic| sepult(urae) iunctos | vivos donavit, ut | ex reditu eor(um) lar|gius rosae et esc(a)e | patrono suo et | quandoque sibi| ponerentur.Inaccordancewithpiety,LuciusOgiusPatroclus,whilealive,gave
24、thecollegiumcentonariorumgardens(hortos)花园,withabuilding,adjoininghistomb,sothatfromtheiryieldagreaterabundanceofrosesandfood/edibles(rosae et esc(a)e)maybeofferedtohispatronandtohimselfatanytime.第三方托管基金AE1998,282ante omnia gratias agendas Servilio Diodoro, v(iro) e(gregio), quod dignatus | sit aput
25、 (!) rem p(ublicam) L(aurentium) L(avinatium) splendidissimae civitatis n(ostrae) collegio n(ostro) (sestertium viginti milia) n(ummum) | nominee n(ostro) collocare, cuius summae usuram, quod idest (mille) (sestertios) n(ummos), | a re p(ublica) L(aurentium) L(avinatium) quodannis praestari, ut die
26、pr(idie) id(us) Nov(embres) natalis eius | quodannis sportulas habeamus secundum ea quae in tabula aenea | quam Schola in quam convenimus perscribtum posuit, idque ordi|ni n(ostro) maxime placere tam bono viro benemerenti gratias age|re cum sciamus quantam laetitiam in perpetuum ab eo percepe|rimus. 捐主捐2万塞斯特斯给大女神崇拜团，但基金交由城市保管，每年大女神崇拜团从城里取得这笔基金的利息，即1千塞斯特斯，在捐主生日那天发东西结论捐赠对社团、行会规模、活动等的直接影响社团、行会之为信贷组织社团、行会的多功能性社团、行会与捐赠人、社团与社团之间的交错关系Apulum，Dacia
