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1、UnitFourChemicalReactionsTeachingAim1.Understandwhatischemicalreactions.2.Knowsomebasicchemicalreactionssuchasthereactionsbetweeninert惰性惰性(ornoble)gasesandthereactionsbetweenNonmetals.3.DescribeinEnglishhowchemicalsreactwitheachotherTeachingDifficultandImportantPointsGraspsomebasicchemicaltermsonche
2、micalreactionsinEnglish.Inaddition,knowabouttheprocessandresultofchemicalreactions.CONTENTS:(1)Questionsonmainchemicalreactions.(2)IntensivereadingoftheadaptedpassageChemicalReactions(3)Explainandtranslatethetext(4)ExtensivereadingofmaterialsonchemicalreactionsTeachingProcedurePart1Pre-activitiesPar
3、t2While-activitiesPart3After-activitiesSpotdictationAsummaryofthephysicaland(1)_natureoflifemustbegin,notontheEarth,butintheSun;infact,attheSunsverycenter.ItisherethatistobefoundthesourceoftheenergythattheSunconstantlypoursoutintospaceaslightandheat.Thisenergyis(2)_atthecenteroftheSunasbillionsuponb
4、illionsofnucleiofhydrogenatoms(3)_witheachotherandfusetogethertoformnucleiofhelium,andindoingso,releasesomeoftheenergythatisstoredinthenucleiofatoms.TheoutputoflightandheatoftheSunrequiresthatsome600milliontonsofhydrogenbe(4)_intoheliumintheSuneverysecond.ThistheSunhasbeendoingforseveral(5)_ofmillio
5、nsofyears.Thenuclearenergyis(6)_attheSunscenterashigh-energygammaradiation,aformof(7)_radiationlikelightandradiowaves,onlyofverymuchshorter(8)_.1.chemical2.liberated3.collide4.converted5.thousands6.released7electromagnetic8.wavelengthThisgammaradiationis(9)_.Thisradiation,initsturnisabsorbedandreemi
6、tted.Astheenergyfiltersthroughthelayersofthesolarinterior,itpassesthroughtheX-raypartofthespectrumeventuallybecominglight.Atthisstage,(10)_,andcanescapeintospacewithoutbeingabsorbedfurtherbytheatoms.(11)_,ithitstheEarth.9.absorbedbyatomsinsidetheSuntobereemittedatslightlylongerwavelengths.10.ithasre
7、achedwhatwecallthesolarsurface,11.AverysmallfractionoftheSunslightandheatisemittedinsuchdirectionsthatafterpassingunhinderedthroughinterplanetaryspace,IntroductionChemicalreactionsarethebasisoflifeonearth.Ashumanbeings,wearelittlemorethanthenaturallyabundantelementsofwhichwearecomposedandthereaction
8、sbetweenthecompoundsthattheyform.Takeforinstanceeverydayhouseholdcleaning.Ifyourelikeme,youliketoeatoffofcleandishes,preparefoodonacleansurface,andusecleanrestroomfacilities.Discussion1)Whatischemicalreaction?2)whatchemicalreactionsdoyouoftenencountereveryday?Readthefollowingpassageandfindkeystothet
9、woquestions.TextOrganizationPart1(Para.1-2)Whydochemicalsreactwitheachother?Part2(Para.3-5)Thereactionofsodiumwithchlorine?Part3(Para.6-7)ThereactionofnonmetalsPart4(Para.8-9)Thecategoryofchemicalreactions?Part2While-readingReadPara.1,2andanswerthefollowingquestions:1.Whatcanleadtotheformationofache
10、micalbondbetweenatoms?2.Whydochemicalsreacttogether?3.Whatdoesinert/noblegasesinclude?Whichgrouparetheyplacedintheperiodictable?Thereactionoftwoormoreelementstogetherresultsintheformationofachemicalbondbetweenatomsandtheformationofachemicalcompound.Thereasonhastodowiththeparticipatingatomselectronco
11、nfigurations.helium氦氦,neon,argon,krypton氪氪,Xenon疝疝,radon.groupVIIIAoftheperiodictableandnicknamedinert(ornoble)gases1.Thereactionoftwoormoreelementstogetherresultsintheformationofachemicalbondbetweenatomsandtheformationofachemicalcompound.Butwhydochemicalsreacttogether?Thereasonhastodowiththepartici
12、patingatomselectronconfigurations.化合物化合物两个或多个化学元素之间的反应导致原子间化学两个或多个化学元素之间的反应导致原子间化学键的形成和产生新的化学物质。但是为什么这些键的形成和产生新的化学物质。但是为什么这些化学物之间会相互发生反应呢?其间的原因是跟化学物之间会相互发生反应呢?其间的原因是跟原子的电子结构相关联的。原子的电子结构相关联的。chemicalbond化学键化学键chemicaln.producedbyorusedinareactioninvolvingchangesinatomsormolecules药品药品,化学物化学物同义词:同义词:ch
13、emicalsubstance*TheWaterhasbeensaturated饱和饱和withaspecialchemical.adj.relatingtoorusedinchemistry化学的化学的同义词:同义词:chemic*火是一种被称为氧化的快速化学反应。火是一种被称为氧化的快速化学反应。*Fireisarapidchemicalreactionknownasoxidation.*chemicalplants化工厂化工厂havetodowithWordbuilding-on组成组成.微粒,构成非金属元素词尾微粒,构成非金属元素词尾proton,质子,质子neutron,中子中子io
14、n离子离子electron电子电子argon氩氩neon氖气氖气krypton氪气氪气xenon氙气氙气radon氡气氡气heliumhi:li:mn.agasthatislighterthanair,willnotburn,isanelementandisusedinballoons,airshipsandsometypesoflights【化化】氦(第氦(第2号元素,符号为号元素,符号为He)Airisacolorless,odorless,tasteless,gaseousmixture,mainlynitrogen(approximately78percent)andoxygen(ap
15、proximately21percent)withlesseramountsofargon,carbondioxide,hydrogen,neon,helium,andothergases.空气是一种无色、无嗅、无味的气体混合物,主要由氮气空气是一种无色、无嗅、无味的气体混合物,主要由氮气(约占约占78)和氧气和氧气(约占约占21)组成,还有少量的氩、二氧组成,还有少量的氩、二氧化碳、氢、氖、氦及其它气体。化碳、氢、氖、氦及其它气体。neonni:n n. a colourless gas which has nosmell, does not react with other chemica
16、ls,andshinesredwhenanelectriccurrentgoesthroughit【化化】氖氖,氖氖气气(第第10号号元元素素,符符号号Ne)*霓虹灯间歇闪烁,十分美丽。霓虹灯间歇闪烁,十分美丽。*Theneonlightsgoinandoutverybeautifully.argon:nn.agaswhichisfoundintheairandissometimesusedtomakeelectriclights【化化】氩氩(第(第18号元素,符号号元素,符号Ar)氦和氩都是单原子气体。氦和氩都是单原子气体。Heliumandargonaremonatomicgases.ra
17、donrednn.aradioactivegasthatisformedwhenradiumdecaysandisfoundnaturallyinrockandsoil【化化】氡氡:Radonisthedaughterofradium.(第第86号元素,符号号元素,符号Rn)*Thehazardandcontrolmeasuresofindoorradon*室内氡的危害及控制措施室内氡的危害及控制措施*地下室的氡含量超标。地下室的氡含量超标。*Theradonlevelinthebasementwasimpermissibly不许可地不许可地,不允许地不允许地high.Thetendencyo
18、fthenoblegasestonotreactwithotherelementshastodowiththeirelectronconfigurations.Allofthenoblegaseshavefullvalenceshells;thisconfigurationisastableconfigurationandonethatotherelementstrytoachievebyreactingtogether.Inotherwords,thereasonatomsreactwitheachotheristoreachastateinwhichtheirvalenceshellisf
19、illed.【化化】价价,原原子价子价惰惰性性气气体体这这种种与与其其它它元元素素不不反反应应的的趋趋向向和和它它们们的的电电子子构构型型有有关关。所所有有的的惰惰性性气气体体的的价价电电子子层层是是充充满满的的,这这种种构构型型很很稳稳定定,同同时时也也是是别别的的元元素素通通过过反反应应努努力力想想达达到到的的状状态态。换换句句话话说说,原子互相反应是为了达到价电子层充满的状态。原子互相反应是为了达到价电子层充满的状态。valenceshellvalenceshellreferstotheoutermostelectronshellofanatomthatcontainselectrons
20、.价电子层价电子层*卤原子在它们的价电子层含有七个电子。卤原子在它们的价电子层含有七个电子。*Halogenatomscontainsevenelectronsintheirvalenceshell.stablesteibladj.afarmbuildingforhousinghorsesorotherlivestockadj.afarmbuildingforhousinghorsesorotherlivestock稳定的,安定的,可靠的稳定的,安定的,可靠的:Itistoolatetoshutthestabledoorafterthehorsehasbeenstolen.谚谚失马锁慨,为时已
21、晚。失马锁慨,为时已晚。稳定的政府对经济成长是重要的。稳定的政府对经济成长是重要的。Astablegovernmentisessentialtoeconomicgrowth.市场繁荣市场繁荣,物价稳定。物价稳定。Marketsareflourishingandpricesarestable.-ate酸盐酸盐chlorate氯酸盐氯酸盐acetate醋酸盐醋酸盐sodiumacetate乙酸钠乙酸钠diacetate双醋酸盐双醋酸盐citrate,柠檬酸盐柠檬酸盐Wordbuilding4.Chlorine,withsevenvalenceelectrons,needsoneadditional
22、electrontocompleteitsvalenceshellwitheightelectrons.Sodiumisalittlebittrickier.Atfirstitappearsthatsodiumneedssevenadditionalelectronstocompleteitsvalenceshell.Butthiswouldgivesodiuma-7electricalchargeandmakeithighlyimbalancedintermsofthenumberofelectrons(negativecharges)relativetothenumberofprotons
23、(positivecharges).质子质子氯氯原原子子有有7个个价价电电子子,只只需需要要多多一一个个价价电电子子就就可可以以达达到到8电电子子的的稳稳定定构构型型。钠钠原原子子有有一一点点变变形形。起起初初它它看看起起来来需需要要7个个多多余余的的电电子子才才能能充充满满价价电电子子层层。但但是是钠钠原原子子得得到到7个个负负电电荷荷后后,相相对对质质子子数数量量(正正电电荷荷)而而言言,会会使使得得电电子子数数量量(负负电电荷)变得高度不平衡。荷)变得高度不平衡。imbalancedadj.beingorthrownoutofequilibrium失衡的,不均的Intheindustry
24、chain,theinternationalizeddevelopmentofthevariouslinkstakesonanimbalancedlook.产业链中各个环节国际化发展呈现出不均衡的态势。产业链中各个环节国际化发展呈现出不均衡的态势。Manywomenwerepeddledwhichresultedinimbalancedsexualdistinctionandmanymenofmarriageagehadnowives.更严重的是,大量妇女被贩卖,造成男女性别比例的失更严重的是,大量妇女被贩卖,造成男女性别比例的失调与大量适婚男子失婚调与大量适婚男子失婚.negative1)h
25、avinganegativecharge负的负的2)characterizedbyordisplayingnegationordenialoroppositionorresistance;havingnopositivefeatures否定的,消极的,负面的否定的,消极的,负面的Ihaveanegativeopiniononthevalueofthisidea.中子不带电荷中子不带电荷,既不带正电荷既不带正电荷,也不带负电荷。也不带负电荷。Neutronhasnocharge,eitherpositiveornegative.berelativeto和和.成比例成比例,和和.有关系有关系,以以
26、.为基准为基准Thedetectivethoughtthestickwasrelativetothemurdercase.侦探认为这根木棒和谋杀案有牵连。侦探认为这根木棒和谋杀案有牵连。Iftheycutthemselvesofffromtrade,manpowerwillbecheaprelativetocapital.这些国家如果脱离了自由贸易,那么相对资本而言人力这些国家如果脱离了自由贸易,那么相对资本而言人力资源将会更加低廉。资源将会更加低廉。protonprtnatypeofelementaryparticle(=verysmallpieceofmatter)whichhasapos
27、itiveelectricalchargeandisfoundinthenucleusofallatoms质子质子Neutronisneutralandslightlyheavierthantheproton.中子是中性的,比质子略重。中子是中性的,比质子略重。一个质子几乎与整个氢原子的重量相等。一个质子几乎与整个氢原子的重量相等。Oneprotonisalmostasheavyasanentireatomofhydrogen.positive1)havingapositivecharge正的正的,阳性的阳性的Thischargeisapositivecharge.2)characterize
28、dbyordisplayingaffirmationoracceptanceorcertaintyetc.积极的,肯定的,积极的,肯定的,明确的,正面的,正数的明确的,正面的,正数的:Therehavebeenpositivedevelopmentsininternationalrelations.国际关系已逐步改善。国际关系已逐步改善。Asitturnsout,itismucheasierforsodiumtogiveupitsonevalenceelectronandbecomea+1ion.Indoingso,thesodiumatomemptiesitsthirdelectronshe
29、llandnowtheoutermostshellthatcontainselectrons,itssecondshell,isfilled-agreeingwithourearlierstatementthatatomsreactbecausetheyaretryingtofilltheirvalenceshell.结果显示,对钠原子来说失去一个价电子变成一个钠正离子结果显示,对钠原子来说失去一个价电子变成一个钠正离子会更容易。会更容易。通过这样做,钠原子失去了第三层电子层的价电通过这样做,钠原子失去了第三层电子层的价电子,同时含有价电子的第二层电子层作为最外层电子层达到子,同时含有价电子的
30、第二层电子层作为最外层电子层达到饱和状态。这个结果和我们早先的说明,原子互相反应是为饱和状态。这个结果和我们早先的说明,原子互相反应是为了使价电子层达到充满的状态相一致。了使价电子层达到充满的状态相一致。turnout5.Thistrait,thetendencytoloseelectronswhenenteringintochemicalreactions,iscommontoallmetals.Thenumberofelectronsmetalatomswilllose(andthechargetheywilltakeon)isequaltothenumberofelectronsinth
31、eatomsvalenceshell.ForalloftheelementsingroupAoftheperiodictable,thenumberofvalenceelectronsisequaltothegroupnumber(seeourPeriodicTablepage).这种参与化学反应时失去电子的趋势是所有金属都共有的特这种参与化学反应时失去电子的趋势是所有金属都共有的特点。金属原子失去的电子数(和它们将要带的电荷)和原子点。金属原子失去的电子数(和它们将要带的电荷)和原子价电子层的电子数目一样。对于周期表价电子层的电子数目一样。对于周期表A族所有的元素而言,族所有的元素而言,价电
32、子数等于元素所在的周期数(参考周期表)。价电子数等于元素所在的周期数(参考周期表)。takeonbeequaltoQuestionsReadPara.6,7andanswerthefollowingquestions.1.Howdononmetalscompletetheirvalenceshells?2.Howmanyelectronsdononmetalshaveintheirvalenceshellexcepthydrogenandhelium?3.Whohaveelectronsintheirfirstelectronshell?Nonmetals,bycomparison,tendt
33、ogainelectrons(orsharethem)tocompletetheirvalenceshells.Forallofthenonmetals,excepthydrogenandhelium,theirvalenceshelliscompletewitheightelectrons.Hydrogenandheliumonlyhaveelectronsintheirfirstelectronshell.6.Nonmetals,bycomparison,tendtogainelectrons(orsharethem)tocompletetheirvalenceshells.Forallo
34、fthenonmetals,excepthydrogenandhelium,theirvalenceshelliscompletewitheightelectrons.Therefore,nonmetalsgainelectronscorrespondingtotheformula=8-(group#).Chlorine,ingroup7,willgain8-7=1electronandforma-1ion.非金属物质非金属物质非金属,相比之下,倾向于获得电子(或是共用电子)来充非金属,相比之下,倾向于获得电子(或是共用电子)来充满价电子层。对于所有的非金属,除了氢和氦,它们的价电满价电子层。
35、对于所有的非金属,除了氢和氦,它们的价电子层都是充满子层都是充满8电子。因此,非金属根据公式,获得的电子电子。因此,非金属根据公式,获得的电子数数=8-(族序数),获得相应的电子。氯,在第(族序数),获得相应的电子。氯,在第7族,将得到族,将得到8-7=1个电子并形成个电子并形成-1价的离子。价的离子。tendtocorrespondtoformula1)somethingregardedasanormativeexample准则准则,原则,配方原则,配方:此药的配方仍是秘密。此药的配方仍是秘密。Theformulaofthemedicineisstillasecret.2)公式)公式,方程式
36、方程式水的分子式是什么?水的分子式是什么?Whatistheformulaforwater?7.Hydrogenandheliumonlyhaveelectronsintheirfirstelectronshell.Thecapacityofthisshellistwo.Thushelium,withtwoelectrons,alreadyhasafullvalenceshellandfallsintothegroupofelementsthattendnottoreactwithothers,thenoblegases.Whatdoesinert/noblegasesinclude?氢和氦只
37、有在第一层电子层才有电子,而它只能容纳氢和氦只有在第一层电子层才有电子,而它只能容纳2个电个电子。所以氦拥有子。所以氦拥有2个电子就已经使价电子层充满,并且成为个电子就已经使价电子层充满,并且成为了不倾向与其它元素反应的惰性气体。了不倾向与其它元素反应的惰性气体。Hydrogen,withonevalenceelectron,willgainoneelectronwhenforminganegativeion.However,hydrogenandtheelementsontheperiodictablelabeledmetalloids,canactuallyformeitherpositi
38、veornegativeionscorrespondingtothenumberofvalenceelectronstheyhave.Thushydrogenwillforma+1ionwhenitlosesitsoneelectronanda-1ionwhenitgainsoneelectron.离子离子氢只有一个价电子,只有去获得一个电子才能当形成负离子。氢只有一个价电子,只有去获得一个电子才能当形成负离子。然而,氢和周期表上标记的非金属元素可以根据他它们拥有然而,氢和周期表上标记的非金属元素可以根据他它们拥有的价电子数成为正离子或负离子。因此,当氢失去一个电子的价电子数成为正离子或负离子
39、。因此,当氢失去一个电子时刻形成时刻形成+1价离子,得到一个电子时形成价离子,得到一个电子时形成-1价离子价离子。ReadPara.8,9andanswerthefollowingquestions1.Whatisexothermicreactionandendothermicreaction?2.Whatisspontaneousreactions?Couldyouciteanexample?1.Whatisexothermicreactionandendothermicreaction?Key:Somereactionsreleaseenergytotheirsurroundings(us
40、uallyintheformofheat)andarecalledexothermicreaction.somereactionsneedtoabsorbheatfromtheirsurroundingstoproceed.Thesereactionsarecalledendothermicreaction.2.Whatisspontaneousreactions?Couldyouciteanexample?Key:Reactionsthatproceedimmediatelywhentwosubstancesaremixedtogether(suchasthereactionofsodium
41、withchlorineorureawithammoniumchloride)arecalledspontaneousreactions.Reactionenergy8.Allchemicalreactionsareaccompaniedbyachangeinenergy.Somereactionsreleaseenergytotheirsurroundings(usuallyintheformofheat)andarecalledexothermic.Forexample,sodiumandchlorinereactsoviolentlythatflamescanbeseenastheexo
42、thermicreactiongivesoffheat.Ontheotherhand,somereactionsneedtoabsorbheatfromtheirsurroundingstoproceed.Thesereactionsarecalledendothermic.所有的化学反应都伴随着一个能量的改变。一些反应释放能所有的化学反应都伴随着一个能量的改变。一些反应释放能量到环境中量到环境中(通常以热的形式通常以热的形式),这种反应被称为放热反应。,这种反应被称为放热反应。例如例如,钠和氯反应如此激烈,产生的火焰可以被视作放热反应钠和氯反应如此激烈,产生的火焰可以被视作放热反应散发出热量
43、。另一方面散发出热量。另一方面,有些反应需要从周围环境中吸收热量有些反应需要从周围环境中吸收热量才能进行。这些反应被称为吸热反应。才能进行。这些反应被称为吸热反应。accompanyintheformofAgoodexampleofanendothermicreactionisthatwhichtakesplaceinsideofaninstantcoldpack.Commercialcoldpacksusuallyconsistoftwocompounds-ureaandammoniumchlorideinseparatecontainerswithinaplasticbag.Whenthe
44、bagisbentandtheinsidecontainersarebroken,thetwocompoundsmixtogetherandbegintoreact.Becausethereactionisendothermic,itabsorbsheatfromthesurroundingenvironmentandthebaggetscold.一个很好的吸热反应的例子就是发生在即使冰袋的内部。商一个很好的吸热反应的例子就是发生在即使冰袋的内部。商业冰袋通常由为两种化合物组成业冰袋通常由为两种化合物组成-尿素和氯化铵,两者保存在尿素和氯化铵,两者保存在分开的塑胶袋中。当袋子被弄皱里面的容器弄
45、破之后,两种分开的塑胶袋中。当袋子被弄皱里面的容器弄破之后,两种化合物混合在一起化合物混合在一起,并开始反应。因为反应是吸热的并开始反应。因为反应是吸热的,所以它所以它从周边环境吸收热量,袋子就变冷了。从周边环境吸收热量,袋子就变冷了。coldpack冷毛巾,冷毛巾,冰袋等冰袋等coldpackcheese冷装乳酪HotColdPack冷热袋请用冷毛巾敷被咬处以消肿。请用冷毛巾敷被咬处以消肿。Pleaseapplyacoldpackoverthebitestoreduceswelling.9.Reactionsthatproceedimmediatelywhentwosubstancesare
46、mixedtogether(suchasthereactionofsodiumwithchlorineorureawithammoniumchloride)arecalledspontaneousreactions.Notallreactionsproceedspontaneously.Forexample,thinkofamatch.Whenyoustrikeamatchyouarecausingareactionbetweenthechemicalsinthematchheadandoxygenintheair.当两种物质混合在一起后立刻发生反应的当两种物质混合在一起后立刻发生反应的(如钠
47、和氯或尿素与如钠和氯或尿素与氯化铵氯化铵的反应的反应)被称为被称为自发反应自发反应。并不是所有的反应都是自发。并不是所有的反应都是自发进行的。例如进行的。例如,一根火柴。当你擦火柴时,你是在引发火柴头一根火柴。当你擦火柴时,你是在引发火柴头里的化学物质和空气中的氧气发生反应。里的化学物质和空气中的氧气发生反应。spontaneousThematchwontlightspontaneously,though.Youfirstneedtoinputenergy,whichiscalledtheactivationenergyofthereaction.Inthecaseofthematch,you
48、supplyactivationenergyintheformofheatbystrikingthematchonthematchbook;aftertheactivationenergyisabsorbedandthereactionbegins,thereactioncontinuesuntilyoueitherextinguishtheflameoryourunoutofmaterialtoreact.纸板火纸板火不过,火柴是还不会自动燃烧的。你必须先输入能量不过,火柴是还不会自动燃烧的。你必须先输入能量,这种能这种能量称为反应的活化能。在火柴的例子中量称为反应的活化能。在火柴的例子中,
49、你通过火柴和火柴盒你通过火柴和火柴盒的摩擦提供热的形式活化能;在活化能被吸收之后,反应就的摩擦提供热的形式活化能;在活化能被吸收之后,反应就开始了,除非你将火苗熄灭或是耗尽了反应的材料,则反应开始了,除非你将火苗熄灭或是耗尽了反应的材料,则反应将继续进行。将继续进行。inthecaseof至于至于,在在的情况下的情况下,就就来说来说Inthecaseoftaxdodging,theresultswereevenmorestriking.对于对于偷税漏税偷税漏税的问题,测试结果甚至更为突显。的问题,测试结果甚至更为突显。而由于市场干预和政治因素,欧洲的情况很复杂。而由于市场干预和政治因素,欧洲的
50、情况很复杂。InthecaseofEurope,theissueiscomplicatedbymarketinterventionsandpolitics.runoutofPart3After-readingI.Fillinthefollowingblankswithappropriatewordsfromthebox.11.absorb12.chemical13.negative14.statement15.proceededreactionelementchemicalelectronconfigurationnoblenegativepositivestatementcommonmeta
51、lformulaabsorbproceedureaspontaneousactivationenergy1.Attachment1tothisSoftwareLicenseidentifiestheSoftwareandtheprocessororequipment_onwhichtheSoftwaremaybeexecuted执行执行.2.Theenzyme酵酵mayexistintwointerconvertible,activeformswhichpossessdifferent_energies.3.ForsomeyearstheLiberalshadflirtedwith不认真考虑不
52、认真考虑theideaofformingaunitedfrontwiththemoremoderate_amongsttheSocialists.4.Completesinceritycanaffecteven_andstone.5.WewillacceptnothinglessthanfullvictoryGoodluckandletusallbeseech祈求祈求theblessingofalmightyGoduponthisgreatand_undertaking事业事业.1.configuration2.activation3.element4.metal5.noble6.Educat
53、ingthepublicaboutnewbiotechnologymaybeascriticalasthetechnologyandmayhavethegreatestimpactinpromoting_attitudes.7.HakkinenofFinlandhadhisfirsttestinthe1996Mclaren_OneCarattheEstoriltrackinPortugal0nThursday.8.Theabilityoftheionospheretoreflectthesewavesisdependentuponnormalvariationsinthe_densityatd
54、ifferentlevels.9.Equallyobjectionable令人反感的令人反感的isthefactthatsaturationby_emissionreducesthegainexercisedbyanincomingsignal.10.Factorsaffectingthepreparationarestudiedandthebest_conditionsarefoundbytheoptimization最佳化最佳化experiments.6.positive7.formula8.electron9.spontaneous10.reaction11.Evenwhensubjec
55、tedtomilitaryconquesttheChinesealwaysmanagedintheendtosubdue征服征服and_theinvader.12.Theprimarypurposeofanalyticalchemistryinvolvesfindingouttheamountandtypesof_speciespresentinasystem.13.Somustwetakethesameattitudetowards_phenomenathatgiverisetoideological观念观念confusionandmentalpollution.14.Afterreceiv
56、ingthecomments,theagencycanissueafinalrule,alongwithageneral_describingtherulesauthorityandpurpose.15.Wemustreplaceandmodernizeourforces,andthatiswhyIhave_withtheproductionanddeploymentofthenewICBMknownastheMX.11.absorb12.chemical13.negative14.statement15.proceededII.Fillintheblankswithproperphrases
57、.havetodowithintermsofturnoutgiveuptakeonbeequaltocorrespondtointheformoftakeplacegiveoffinthecaseofrunoutof16.Thesuppliedassembly集会集会toolsshallbereinspected重新重新检查检查atthisendtoensurethatthey_thestandards.17.Ifyou_suchaschemeyoullendangeryougoodnameandprobablyloseyourmoneyintothebargain.18.Stayingupl
58、atemakeshimathisworst_physicalsituation.19.Asarulewedeliverthegoodswithinsevenday,but_urgentorder,wecandeliverthemwithinfourday.20.Thechimneyisnolonger_volumesofwastegasintotheatmosphere,asprotectivefiltersarebeingused.16.correspondto17.haveanythingtodowith18.intermsof19.inthecaseof20.givingoff21.Id
59、rathertakecareofthestomachsofthelivingthan(takecareof)thegloryofthedead_stonememorials.22.Theseniorcivilservanttheyarrestedforspying_tobeaTrojanhorse,plantedbyenemyintelligencetwentyyearspreviously.23.Godsavedthefool,anddidnotletthem_,forifitbenotforthem,wisemencannotgetaliving.24.Thechemicalpropert
60、yofformationwaterinoillayermight_tothatofadjacentwaterlayer.25.Hewas_forathree-monthtrialperiodbeforebeingacceptedasapermanentmemberofstaff.21.intheformof22.turnedout23.runout24.beequalto25.takenonIII.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Forachemicalreactiontobebalanced,alloftheatomspresentinmole
61、culesorformulaunitsormolesofreactantstotheleftoftheequationarrowmustbepresentinthemolecules,formulaunitsandmolesofproducttotherightoftheequationarrow.Thecombinationsoftheatomsmaychange(indeed,thisiswhatchemicalreactionsdo)butthenumberofatomspresentinreactantsmustequalthenumberofatomspresentinproduct
62、s.对于一个化学反应平衡,方程箭头左边反应物的分子里所有对于一个化学反应平衡,方程箭头左边反应物的分子里所有的原子、公式单位和摩尔必须体现在方程箭头右边产物的分的原子、公式单位和摩尔必须体现在方程箭头右边产物的分子、公式单位和摩尔中。原子的结合方式将会改变(实际上子、公式单位和摩尔中。原子的结合方式将会改变(实际上这是化学反应的实质),但是反应物原子的数目一定和产物这是化学反应的实质),但是反应物原子的数目一定和产物原子的数目相等。原子的数目相等。Chargeisalsoconservedinbalancedchemicalreactionsandthereforethereisaconser
63、vationofelectricalchargebetweenreactantsandproducts.电荷在化学反应平衡中也是保持不变的,因此在电荷在化学反应平衡中也是保持不变的,因此在反应物和产物之间存在电荷的平衡。反应物和产物之间存在电荷的平衡。Althoughchemicalequationsareusuallyconcernedonlywithreactantsandproductschemicalreactionsmayproceedthroughmultipleintermediatesteps.Insuchmulti-stepreactionstheproductsofoner
64、eactionbecomethereactants(intermediaryproducts)forthenextstepinthereactionsequence.虽然化学方程式通常只和反应物和产物有关,但是化学虽然化学方程式通常只和反应物和产物有关,但是化学反应能够通过多个中间步骤进行。在这些多步反应中,反应能够通过多个中间步骤进行。在这些多步反应中,一个反应的产物是反应序列中下一步的反应物(中间产一个反应的产物是反应序列中下一步的反应物(中间产物)。物)。Reactioncatalystsarechemicalspeciesthataltertheenergyrequirementsof
65、reactionsandtherebyalterthespeedatwhichreactionsrun(i.e.,controltherateofformationofproducts).反应催化剂是能够通过改变反应物所需能量来改变反应反应催化剂是能够通过改变反应物所需能量来改变反应进行的速度(例如,控制产物的产率)的化学物种。进行的速度(例如,控制产物的产率)的化学物种。Combustionreactionsarethosewhereoxygencombineswithanothercompoundtoformwaterandcarbondioxide.Theequationsforthes
66、ereactionsusuallydesignatethatthereactionisexothermic(heatproducing).Synthesisreactionsoccurwhentwoormoresimplecompoundscombinetoformamorecomplicatedcompound.燃烧反应是氧气和别的化合物结合形成水和二氧化碳的燃烧反应是氧气和别的化合物结合形成水和二氧化碳的反应。这些反应方程通常标明该反应放热反应。这些反应方程通常标明该反应放热(产生热量产生热量)。合。合成反应发生在两个或两个以上的简单化合物结合形成一成反应发生在两个或两个以上的简单化合物结
67、合形成一个更为复杂的化合物。个更为复杂的化合物。Decompositionreactionsreflectthereversalofsynthesisreactions(e.g.,reactionswherecomplexmoleculesarebrokendownintosimplermolecules).Theelectrolysisofwatertomakeoxygenandhydrogenisanexcellentexampleofadecompositionreaction.分解反应反映了合成反应的逆过程(例如,复杂分子分分解反应反映了合成反应的逆过程(例如,复杂分子分解成相对简单的
68、分子的反应)。水电解成氧气和氢气是解成相对简单的分子的反应)。水电解成氧气和氢气是分解反应的一个经典的例子。分解反应的一个经典的例子。Thenamesofchemicalreactionsreplacementreaction置换反应置换反应exothermicreaction放热反应放热反应endothermicreaction吸热反应吸热反应spontaneousreaction自发反应自发反应combustionreaction燃烧反应燃烧反应synthesisreaction合成反应合成反应decompositionreaction分解反应分解反应reversiblereaction可
69、逆反应可逆反应photochemicalreaction光化反应光化反应combinationreaction化合反应化合反应doubledecompositionreaction复分解反应复分解反应hydrationreaction水合反应水合反应Chemicalequation化学方程式化学方程式hypergolicreaction自燃反应自燃反应redoxreaction/oxidation-reductionreaction氧化还原反应氧化还原反应ionicreaction离子反应离子反应neutralizationreaction中和反应中和反应electrodereaction电极
70、反应电极反应hydrolysisreaction水解反应水解反应hydrationreaction水合反应水合反应.四大基本化学反应四大基本化学反应:化合反应化合反应,分解反应分解反应,置换反应置换反应,复分解反应复分解反应.Thefourelementalchemicalreactions:combinationreaction,decompositionreaction,replacementreaction,doubledecompositionreaction判断一个反应是否为化学反应的依据是反应是否判断一个反应是否为化学反应的依据是反应是否生成新的物质。根据化学键理论,又可根据一个生
71、成新的物质。根据化学键理论,又可根据一个变化过程中是否有旧键的断裂和新键的生成来判变化过程中是否有旧键的断裂和新键的生成来判断其是否为化学反应。断其是否为化学反应。IV.Writingpractice:PracticeOne:Directions:Makinguseofanyfourofthefollowingwordsorexpressionsinonepassage:reactionchemicalconfigurationabsorbspontaneousintermsofintheformofgiveoffPracticeTwo:Directions:Forthispart,youar
72、eallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicCancerandEnvironment.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:1癌症的两个起因。癌症的两个起因。2造成癌症的环境原因。造成癌症的环境原因。3非个人原因造成的环境污染。非个人原因造成的环境污染。HomeReadingTop10AmazingChemicalReactionsHomework1.MakePPTforachemicalreactionyouareinterestedin(picturesorvideosorobjects),describetousinclassfor3to5minuetsanddotheexperimentifyouwouldliketo.2.Finishtheclozetest.3.PreviewUnit4ThePeriodicTable