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1、名师精编优秀教案第二篇句法总复习正在紧张的进行当中,许多同学在词汇方面都做了细致的总结复习,但不知道你们是否注意到在总复习中,要想提高英语综合运用能力,句子的复习是不可轻视的。英语的语音,词汇是构成英语的三大基础,而这些基础知识的学习和运用都离不开“句子”。在近几年中考中,各种题型的考查也都离不开句子。 因此我们中考复习要特别重视句子,句型。我建议同学们, 复习时先从最基本的句式入手,在复习课本内容的同时,注意各种结构的句式,最好自己动手整理,归纳出一些具有代表性的,典型的句子,掌握规律,反复念诵,加深印象。下面我们来对初中阶段英语句子的种类做一个归纳,练习。一.句子的概念二 .句子的分类(
2、3)三 .句子的用法1.简单句:(1)陈述句:1)陈述句的概念(见中考指导69)2)陈述句的分类包括肯定句 (实意动词、系动词和情态动词结构),否定句( 3 种)这类句子大量出现在中考试题中,并以各种形式进行考查,其中可以分为以下五种: 主语+不及物动词。如:I arrived at six last night. 主语+及物动词+宾语,如:I bought a good EnglishChinese Dictionary yesterday. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,如:Please tell me a story before I go to bed. 这样可加双宾语的句子有b
3、uy,tell, give, ask, pass, teach. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语, 如:I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy. 主语+系动词+表语,如:Tom is an American boy. The grass turned green in spring.在初中常见的句型中有There be句型,表示存在某种事物,如:There is a map on the wallbe动词的形式要与其后面相近的那个名词相一致。要注意的是这种句型加入助动词后,也要保持be动
4、词,不要换用have,如:There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.就象这类句子,要注意搜集,多做笔记。做到能够灵活运用。(2)疑问句:1)疑问句的概念(见中考指导70)2)疑问句的分类一般疑问句。特殊疑问句。选择疑问句。反意疑问句。3)疑问句的用法(见中考指导71)一般疑问句的用法特殊疑问句的用法选择疑问句的用法反意疑问句的用法。4)疑问句的习题解析其中反意疑问句在近两年中考试题中都有考查Youve never seen such a wonderful film before,_?A. haven t you B. have you C. do you
5、 D. orMartin is good at fishing, _?A. is he B. does he C. isnt he D. doesn t he -_do you have an English party?-Twice a year. A. How often B. How long C. How soon D. When (3).感叹句1)感叹句的概念(见中考指导70)2)感叹句的分类(见中考指导70)由 how 引出的感叹句。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 9 页名师精编优秀教案由 what 引出的感
6、叹句。3)感叹句的用法(见中考指导70)(4).祈使句1)祈使句的概念(见中考指导71)2)祈使句的分类(见中考指导71)3)祈使句的用法(见中考指导71)(5) 注意主谓一致的问题在句子结构中要注意主谓一致的问题,即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应。要注意的有如下几点: 用and 连接两个主语时一般应视为复数,但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式,如:A singer and dancer is coming to our party. a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演员。而a singer and a dancer 则要译为:一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。有些以s 结尾的
7、名词谓语动词要用单数,如: The news is good (news 为不可数名词 )。 有量词时应按量词的数量计算;如:This pair of glasses is goodMy glasses are broken. 有些形单却意为复数的名词,如:People are coming here这样的词还有Police, 如果要讲一个警察时,应讲a policeman。 两个警察为two policemen。 又如 a policewoman, two policewomen所有不定代词each , either, neither, one, the other, nobody, not
8、hing, anyone, anything,someone, something 要作为单数如:Someone is waiting for you 简单句我们就复习到这。下面我们看一下并列句要复习哪些重点内容。2.并列句(连词)(1) 在并列句中表示 联合关系 的连词有: and not only but also, neither nor, either or如: My sister and my parents are going to the cinema。(2)表示 转折关系 的并列连词有:but 和 yet, 如: She is a good student, but she d
9、idnt pass the final exam. 又如:I think the news is strange, yet it is true(3)表示 选择关系 的连词有: or, either or,如: Hurry up, or you will be late for school(4 ) 表示 因果关系 的并列连词有:for, so 如: They studied very hard , so they all passed the exam中考中考查并列句的重点是考察并列连词的使用。如,and ,or, but bothand, neithernor, eitheror, not
10、 only but also 等。还有一些连接副词如,then , so, therefore, yet, however等。Study hard, _ youre sure to have a good result in the exam!A. but B. and C. for D. or The father wished the twins to be doctors, but _of them liked to study medicine. A. both B. neither C. either D. none 并列句中有很多省略现象,了解了这些省略现象,有助于提高阅读理解水平
11、。1) 省略主语。2) 省略谓语或谓语的主要部分。并列句的省略一般都在后面的分句,但也可在前面的分句省略。3.复合句:也叫主从复合句(1)宾语从句精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 9 页名师精编优秀教案1)概念2)引导词 宾语从句本身是陈述句时, 用 that 引导。如: I knew that he was a good man (that 只在从句中起联接作用,不在句中充当语法成分,既不是主语也不是宾语,所以在口语中常常被省略。如:I am sure (that) she has passed the exam宾语从句
12、本身是一般疑问句时,用if / whether 引导。 它们在宾语从句中只起连接作用,不起语法作用,当作是否讲。从句中有or not 结构时,要用 whether, 如: I ask him if (whether) he has had his lunchI asks him whether he has had his lunch or not特殊疑问句用特殊疑问词(5 个特殊疑问代词和4 个疑问副词) 3)宾语从句的时态与主句时态的呼应问题。主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态可以是任何所需要的时态,如: I know he didnt come. 我知道他没来。I know
13、 he will come tomorrow我知道他明天来。 I know he has gone to London我知道他已去伦敦了。 主句中的谓语动词若是过去时,宾语从句也要用过去时态精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 9 页名师精编优秀教案中的某一种。比如:一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时。除了在表达宇宙中的客观真理时,不能用现在时态。如:I wanted to know when he would comeThe teacher told me the earth moves around the s
14、un 4) 宾语从句的语序问题。要用陈述语序5)宾语从句的否定转移(中考指导)6)宾语从句的简化(中考指导)(2)状语从句1)状语从句的概念(中考指导)2)状语从句的分类时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、程度、方式、比较、让步等。3)状语从句的用法时间状语从句,其连接词有:after, before, when, as,as soon as , until (till) , while, since, by其中较难until (till) 直到,在用 until 表达时间状语的句子中,主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。如动词是持续性动词,它要用肯定句,如:I studied hard unti
15、l 12 oclock last night. 如果动词是瞬间截止性动词,则要用否定句,如:He didnt go to bed until his mother came back精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 9 页名师精编优秀教案since, for, by, before 来引导的时间状语从句。since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间,如: I have studied English since 而由 by 引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间,如:I had learned 25 English songs
16、by the end of last term而 before 则多用于完成时,ago 则多用于一般过去时,如:He had finished his work before twelve yesterdayI left my hometown two years ago在状语从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来。它们可能是主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时, 如: If it rains, they wont go to the parkon Sunday也可以主句是一般过去时, 从句用一般过去进行时,如: He said if it rained the next day he woul
17、d not go to the park考试中常见的考点有:要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句,因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态,如:I want to know if he will come here tomorrow在宾语从句中的条件状语从句与主句的关系,如:I want to know if it rains he will come here tomorrow 原因状语从句通常用because, since, as 引导。也可用连词 for引导。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 9 页名师精编优秀教案
18、其中较难掌握的有以下几点:because , 应译为 因为 。它表达的因果关系最强, 如: He didnt pass the exam because he didnt study hardsince 应译为 既然 ,如:Since you were ill yesterdayI left some notes on your deskas 应译为由于,如:As it is too hot wed better go swimmingsince 与 as 所表达的因果关系远比because 弱得多。而for 表达的因果关系最弱。它不能用于句首,如:He studies hard, for h
19、e wants to go to college 在比较状语从句中有同级比较as as, 如: This book is as good as that one要注意的有两点:as as 中间要用原级而不是比较级。 用形容词还是副词, 如: Mary writes as carefully as Tom而其否定句为not as (so) as, 如: They didnt work so hard as we did, 而不同级比较用比较级加than, 如: He is younger than I am要注意的是表示 越来越 这一概念时有两个句型:比较级 and比较级,如: The days
20、 are getting longer and longerThe little girl is becoming more and more beautiful定冠词the 比较级the 比较级,如: The harder you study, the more you can learn精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 9 页名师精编优秀教案方式状语中要注意的是as (连词 )与 like (介词)的区别。as 作为连词其后接从句,如:Please do it as I did it但后面的句子常作省略,如:Pleas
21、e do it as I而 like 是介词,其后要接的是宾语,如:Please do it like me目的状语从句常用so that来引导。结果状语从句通常用 sothat, such(a)that, so that 引导,表示事态结果。结果状语从句中往往主句是“因”,从句是“果”。a. so thatso 形容词 a 名词 that,如:She is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her或用 such a 形容词 名词 that, 如: She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes h
22、erb. 在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用such, 如: It is such good weather we want to go for a picnic又如:They are such good players that they should win the game.c. 在 much, many, few, little 之前只能用 so, 如: I have so little money that I cant buy itd. so that 之间只有形容词时, 则不能用such, 如: It 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - -
23、 - - -第 7 页,共 9 页名师精编优秀教案is so good that I want to buye. so that 其后接从句,如:I got up earlier so that I could catch the first bus地点状语从句通常由where, everywhere, anywhere引导。条件状语从句表示前提或条件。通常用连词if 来连接。* 如果 if 引导的条件状语从句所表示的前提或条件能够实现,主句所表示的事情就会发生,在这种情况下,从句动词要用一般现在时表示将来,而主句通常是一般将来时或带有情态动词。If you come here, you ca
24、n see it. We ll go for a picnic if it doesnt rain tomorrow.* 如果 if 引导的条件状语从句所表示的前提或条件可以实现或正在进行,动词要用现在完成时,主句通常用将来时。Ill show you how to do it if I have finished the book.We wont take it if you are thinking of buying it.让步状语从句在让步状语从句中,从句表示在某种相反的条件下,主句所表示的情况依然发生。让步状语从句的连词主要有 though/ although. (3)定语从句精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 9 页名师精编优秀教案1)定语从句的概念(中考指导)2)定语从句的引导词(中考指导)3)定语从句的用法正确使用关系代词that(指人或物), which(指物)和 who(指人)通常定语从句总是紧跟在所修饰的词的后面。关系代词和关系副词的省略在定语从句中作宾语或表语的关系代词可以省略。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 9 页