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1、初中英语语法大全新目标语法网络图一、名词1、名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名， 团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f 或-fe 结尾的词变-f 和-fe 为 v 再
2、加 -esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves加-schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词，变y 为 i 加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y 结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加 -stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加 -esNe
3、gro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加 -o 结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以 -th 结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-pat
4、hs,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体） 也可以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple,
5、group, government, population, team, public, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关 ), times(时代 ), spirits(情绪 ), drinks( 饮料 ), sands(沙滩 ), papers(文件报纸 ), looks(外表 ), brains(头脑智力 ), greens(青菜)7表示“某国人”加 -sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man 或-wo
6、man 结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s 构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.
7、s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boy s father, Jack s book, her son-in-law s photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe children s toys, women s rights, 以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s或者 Dickens novels, Charles s job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapan s and America s problems, Jane s and Mary s b
8、ikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and America s problems, Jane and Mary s father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctor s, the barber s, the tailor s, my uncles精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 10 页2. s所有格的用法：表示时间today s newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earth s atmosphere, the tree s branche
9、s3表示国家城市等地方的名词the country s plan, the world s population, China s industry4表示工作群体the ship s crew, majority s view, the team s victory5表示度量衡及价值a mile s journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the life s time, the play s plot7某些固定词组a bird s eye view, a stones throw, at ones wit s end(不知所措 )
10、3. of 所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二、冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for yo
11、u.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前， 表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于 quite, rather, man
12、y, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于 so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the
13、violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数
14、数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季
15、节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.
16、三、代词：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 10 页3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselv
17、es, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII.
18、 不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some与 any:1) one 可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some 多用于肯定句，any 多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some 可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some mon
19、ey?3) some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时，some 表示某个， any 表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some 和数词连用表示“大约”，any 可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each 和 every: each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every 强调整体，所指的数必须是三
20、个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none 和 no：no 等于 not any，作定语。 none 作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.
21、How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other 和 another: 1) other 泛指“另外的， 别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other 特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如： He held a book in one hand and his notes in the o
22、ther. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another 指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：I don t like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5.
23、all 和 both, neither 和 either all 表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither 和 none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 四、形容词和副词I. 形容词：1. 形容词的位置：
24、1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1修饰 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one 等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only 修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等可以后置the only person awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters lo
25、ng5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3) 复合形容词的构成：精
26、选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 10 页1形容词 +名词 +edkind-hearted6名词 +形容词world-famous2形容词 +形容词dark-blue7名词 +现在分词peace-loving3形容词 +现在分词ordinary-looking8名词 +过去分词snow-covered4副词 +现在分词hard-working9数词 +名词 +edthree-egged5副词 +过去分词newly-built10数词 +名词twenty-yearII. 副词副词的分类：1时间副词soon, now, earl
27、y, finally, once, recently5频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑问副词how, where, when, why3方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8关系副词when,
28、 where, whyIII. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er 和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和 most。1.同级比较时常常用asas以及 not so(as)as 如： I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more
29、 the more”句型。如： The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如： I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours. Our school is four times as large as yours. Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级
30、和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect 。五、介词I. 介词分类：1简单介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4双重介词
31、from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5分词转化成的介词considering( 就而论 ), including6形容词转化成的介词like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII. 常用介词区别：1表示时间的in, on, atat 表示片刻的时间，in 表示一段的时间，on 总是与日子有关2表示时间的since, fromsince 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from 指从时间的某一点开始3表示时间的in, afterin 指在一段时间之后，after 表示某一具体时间
32、点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4表示地理位置的in, on, toin 表示在某范围内，on 指与什么毗邻，to 指在某环境范围之外5表示“在 上”的 on, inon 只表示在某物的表面上，in 表示占去某物一部分6表示“穿过”的through, acrossthrough 表示从内部通过，与in 有关， across表示在表面上通过，与on 有关7表示“关于”的about, onabout 指涉及到， on 指专门论述8between 与 among 的区别between 表示在两者之间，among 用于三者或三者以上的中间9besides与 except 的区别besides指“除了 还
33、有再加上”，except 指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首10表示“用”的in, withwith 表示具体的工具，in 表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音11as 与 like 的区别as意为“作为，以 地位或身份”，like 为“象 一样”，指情形相似12in 与 into 区别in 通常表示位置（静态），into 表示动向，不表示目的地或位置六、动词I. 动词的时态：1. 动词的时态一共有16 种，以 ask 为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask进行am/
34、is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 10 页完成进行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking2. 现在完成时与
35、一般过去时的区别：1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：I read the novel last month. ( 只说明上个月看了，不
36、涉及现在是否记住)I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。I have read that book.我读过那本书了。I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。4. 一般将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句1will/s
37、hall+ 动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year.2be going to+ 动词原形含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事It s going to clear up.We re going to have a party tonight.3be + doing 进行时表示将来go, come, start, move, leave, arrive 等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 4be abou
38、t to + 动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.5be to + 动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We re to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at five o clock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.II. 动词的被动语态
39、：常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/are asked6过去进行时was/were being asked2一般过去时was/were asked7现在完成时have/has been asked3一般将来时shall/will be asked8过去完成时had been asked4过去将来时should/would be asked9将来完成时will/would have been asked5现在进行时am/is/are being asked10含有情态动词的can/must/may be asked注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not
40、，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构 be going to, used to, have to, had better 变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed thatIt is generally considered t
41、hatIt is said that It is well known thatIt must be pointed out thatIt is supposed thatIt is reported thatIt must be admitted thatIt is hoped that下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice.The door won t shut. / The play won t act.The clothes washes wel
42、l. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose he
43、art等等七、情态动词I. 情态动词基本用法：情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力（体力，智力，技能）、允许或许可（口语中常用）、可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）can not / cannot /can t doCan do?Yes, can. No, can t.couldcouldn t domay可以（问句中表示请求）may not do May do ? Yes, may.No, mustn t/can t.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 10 页might可能，或许（表推测）、祝愿（用于倒装句中）m
44、ight not doMight do ? Yes, mightNo, might not.must必须，应该（表主观要求）、肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）must not/mustn t doMust do ? Yes, must.No, needn t/don t have to.have to只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化）don t have to doDo have to do?Yes, do.No, don t.ought to应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用shouldought not to/oughtn t to doOught to do ?Yes, ought. N
45、o, oughtn t.shall将要，会、用于一三人称征求对方意见、用于二三人称表示许诺命令警告威胁等shall not/shan t doShall do?Yes, shall.No, shan t.should应当，应该（表义务责任）、本该（含有责备意味）should not/shouldn t doShould do?will意愿，决心、请求，建议，用在问句中would 比较委婉will not/won t doWill do?Yes, will.No, won t.wouldwould not/wouldn t dodare敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）dare not/daren t
46、 doDare do?Yes, dare. No, daren t.need需要、必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）need not/needn t doNeed do?Yes, must. No, needn t.used to过去常常（现在已不再）used not/usedn t/usen t to dodidn t use to doUsed to do ?Yes, used. No, use(d)n t.Did use to do?Yes, did.No, didn t.II. 情态动词 must, may, might, could, can表示推测：以 must 为例。 must +
47、do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done 是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1. must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may 和 might “也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may not be at home. / They might have finis
48、hed their task. 3. can 和 could“可能”， could 表示可疑的可能性，不及cant语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so near. （推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）Can he be in the of fice now? No, he can t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)III. 情态动词
49、注意点：1. can 和 be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to 可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。2. used to 和 would: used to 表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would 只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。3. need 和 dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：neednt/daren t do；Need/daredo?做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare
50、(dares/dared) to do, don t(doesn t/didn t) need/dare to do八、非谓语动词I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式to doto be doing to have doneto be doneto have been done在非谓语前加notfor sb. to do sth.具有名词，副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语分词现在分词doinghaving donebeing donehaving been done具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词don
51、e动名词doinghaving donebeing donehaving been donesb s doing具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较：情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 10 页的动词determine, promise, happen只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mind,
52、 miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercan t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be
53、 tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to两者都可以意义基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue （接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）意义相反stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regret t
54、o do （指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regret doing （指动作已经发生）go on to do（接着做另外一件事）go on doing（接着做同一件事）try to do （设法，努力去做，尽力）try doing （试试去做，看有何结果）mean to do（打算做，企图做）mean doing （意识是，意味着）can t help to do（不能帮忙做）can t help doing（忍不住要做）III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, w
55、ant, wish, encourage主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make现在分词notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.过去分词动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态We found the village greatly changed.IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别：区别举
56、例不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.动名词通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系Shall we go to the swimming pool?现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生the boiling water / the boiled waterthe developing country/the developed countrythe falling le
57、aves / the fallen leaves过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别：区别举例不定式多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what 来提问主语或表语。My dream is to become a teacher.To obey the law is important. (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task 做主语时常用)动名词与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接
58、近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it 做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。It is no use saying that again and again.Teaching is my job.分词无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。现在分词多含有“令人”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到”之意，主语多是人。The situation is encouraging.The book is
59、well written.(常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing 及其 -ed 形式)九、定语从句I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系who人主语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, wh
60、ich 和精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 10 页代词whom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.that 在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is
61、 my deskmate. that人，物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主语，宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as
62、 I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略关系副词when时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用 on whichwhere地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用 in whichwhy原因原因状语I can t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用 for whichII. that与 which, who, whom 的用法区别：情况用法说明例句只用 that的情况1先行词为all, everyt
63、hing, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。2先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few 等修饰时3先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4先行词既指人又指物时5先行词被the only, the very 修饰时6句中已经有who 或 which 时，为了避免重复时1.He told me everything that he knows.2.All the books that you offered has been given out.3.This is the best fil
64、m that I have ever read.4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5.He is the only man that I want to see.6.Who is the man that is making a speech?只用 which, who, whom的情况1在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which 指代物，用 who/whom 指人2在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用 which 指物， whom 指人。3先行词本身是that 时，关系词用 which, 先行词为th
65、ose, one, he时多用 who。He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.III. as与 which 的区别：定语从句区别例句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和 the same修饰时， 关系代词用as,不能用 whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Don t read su
66、ch books as you can t understand. 非限制性定语从句中as和 which 都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而 which 引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadn t expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：类别语法意义及
67、特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。The accident happened at the time when I left.非限制性定语从句对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用 that 引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.十、名词性从句种类作用常用关联词例句主语从句在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用it 作形式主
68、语，主语从句放主句之后that, whether, if, as if, as though, who, whose, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, Whether he will come or not doesn t matter much.Whoever comes here will be welcome.表语从句在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后It looks as if it is going to snow.宾语从句在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词He asked me which team
69、could win the game.同位语从句放在名词之后(news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, factYou have no idea how worried we are.The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 10 页等) 表明其具体内容wherever十一、状语从句种类连接词注意点时间状语when, whenever, while, as, bef
70、ore, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly when, no sooner than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while 引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。地点状语where, wherever原因状语because, as, since, now thatbecause语气最强， since 较弱，表示大家都明了的原因， as
71、又次之。条件状语if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替目的状语so that, in order that, for fear thatso that和 in order that 后常接 may, should, could, would 等情态动词结果状语so that, such that比较状语than, as as, not so/as as, the more the more方式状语as if, as though, asas if 和 as though 引导的从
72、句一般用虚拟语气。让步状语though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, wheneveras 在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和 though 用正常语序，可和yet 连用，但不可和 but 连用十二、倒装句种类倒装条件例句完全倒装here, there, up, down, in, out, off, a
73、way 等副词开头的句子表示强调Out rushed the children.表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡Present at the meeting were 1,000 students.部分倒装never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首Hardly did I know what had happened.only 和修饰的状语放于句首Only then d
74、id he realized the importance of English.not only but also连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it.neither nor 连接并列的句子，前后都倒装Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.so that, such that中的 so 或 such 及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday.as引导的让步状
75、语Child as he is, he has learned a lot.so, neither 或 nor 表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。He can play the piano. So can i.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中May you be in good health!省略 if 的虚拟条件Were I you, I would not do it in this way.十三、虚拟语气类别用法例句If 引导的条件从句与现在事实相反从句动词：过去式（be 用 were）主句动词： should/would/could/might+ 动词原形If he were here, he
76、would help us.与过去事实相反从句动词： had+过去分词主句动词： should/would/could/might+have+ 过去分词If I had been free, I would have visited you.与将来事实相反从句动词： 过去式/ should+动词原形/ were+不定式主句动词： should/would/could/might+ 动词原形If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.其它状语从句as if 引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式They are talking as
77、if they had been friends for years.in order that / so that 引导的状语从句中动词用can / could / may / might / would 等+动词原形Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.宾语从句demand, suggest, order, insist 后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形He suggested that we not change our mind.wish 后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+ 动词原形表示与现在
78、，过去和将来情况相反I wish I could be a pop singer.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 10 页主语从句在 It is necessary / important / strange that, It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that 等从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形It is strange that such a person should be our friends.其它句型中It is time that句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形It s high time that we left.would rather 所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式I would rather you stayed at home now.If only 句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望If only our dream had come true!精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 10 页
