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1、高考英语语法复习关系代词和关系副词知识讲解一、关系代词和关系副词的区别选用关系代词还是关系副词,归根结底要看定语从句缺什么成分。如果缺的是主语、宾语或定语,就用关系代词;如果缺状语,则用关系副词。1.先行词是地点。如:The mountain village where I stayed for a night last year has taken on a new look.我去年住过一晚的那个山村的面貌焕然一新了。(从句缺状语,故用where)The mountain village (which/that) I visited last year has taken on a new
2、look.我去年参观过的那个山村的面貌焕然一新了。(从句缺宾语,故用which/that或省略)2.先行词是时间。如:I will never forget the days when I lived in the countryside with the farmers.我永远不会忘记我和农民们住在农村的日子。(从句缺状语,故用when)I will never forget the days (which/that) I spent in the countryside with the farmers.我永远不会忘记我在农村和农民们度过的日子。(从句缺宾语,故用which/that或省略
3、)3.先行词是原因。如:The reason why/for which you failed, I think, was that you had not followed your mothers advice.我认为你失败的原因是你没有听你母亲的建议。(从句缺状语,故用why/for which)The reason (which/that) he explained for his being late was that he had missed the early bus.他解释的迟到的原因是他错过了早班公共汽车。(从句缺宾语,故用which/that或省略)二、引导限制性定语从句
4、的关系代词指代对象指代人指代物主语who, that, aswhich, that, as宾语who, whom, thatwhich, that定语whosewhose如:The man who / that is talking with my father is a teacher.正和我父亲说话的那个男人是一位教师。Guilin is a city which / that has a very long history.桂林是一座历史非常悠久的城市。The man (who / whom) you met just now is my father.你刚刚遇到的那个人是我父亲。Nob
5、ody wants the house whose roof has fallen down.没有人想要这个屋顶已经坍塌的房子。注意(1)关系代词that既可指人也可指物,有时可与关系代词which / who / whom互换,但是当which, whom放在介词的后面作宾语时, that不能与其互换。(2)在从句中作宾语或表语时who与whom一般可互换,但是当紧跟在介词后面作宾语时只可用whom。whom在从句中不能作主语。(3)关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略。(4)关系代词在从句中作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词。(5)whose引导定语从句时,可与“the+n.+of whic
6、h / whom”及“of which / whom+the+n.”互换。(6)as引导定语从句,可构成“the sameas, suchas”结构。温馨提示关系词只用that而不用which的情况:1.当先行词为all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much等不定代词以及先行词被这些词修饰时。如:All that can be done has been done.一切能做的都已经做了。2.当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。如:This is the largest ship that I have ever seen.这是我曾经见过的最
7、大的船。3.当先行词被the only, the very, the last修饰时。如:This is the very book that I am looking for.这正是我要找的那本书。4.当先行词中既有人又有物时。如:We often talk about the persons and things that we remember.我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。5.当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时,为避免重复用that。如:Who is the boy that shook hands with you just now?刚才和你握手的男孩是谁?6.当先行词在
8、从句中作表语时。如:Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海已不再是过去的那个城市了。三、引导限制性定语从句的关系副词关系副词先行词功能when表示时间的名词时间状语where表示地点的名词地点状语whyreason原因状语如:We will never forget the days when we stayed at that beautiful countryside.我们永远不会忘记在那个美丽乡村待着的那些日子。Can you explain the reason why you dont help him?你能解释一下你
9、不帮助他的原因吗?This is the factory where (=in which) the explosion happened.这就是发生爆炸的那家工厂。注意(1)当先行词分别为表示时间、地点或原因的名词,且从句中需要相应的时间、地点或原因作状语时,则用关系副词。(2)why引导定语从句时,先行词一般为reason。温馨提示1.“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句:在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,关系代词只能用which或whom。先行词指物时,用which;先行词指人时,用whom。在这个结构中,介词的使用原则是:(1)根据从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯。如:This i
10、s the book这是我花10元买的那本书。(2)根据先行词的搭配习惯。如:The company in which Peter is working is very famous.彼得就职的那家公司非常有名。(3)根据从句中形容词的搭配习惯。如:The student with whom she is strict has made great progress.她要求很严的那位学生取得了很大进步。(4)表“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时,用of。如:The old woman has two sons,both of whom are doctors.这位老太太有两个儿子,他们两个都是
11、医生。2.抽象的地点名词与定语从句:像situation, case(情况,实例),point, stage(阶段),activity, position, scene等表示抽象“地点”的名词作先行词时,若定语从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语,应用关系代词which或that来引导;若定语从句中缺少地点状语,应用关系副词where来引导。如:Have you met with the case where you are misunderstood by others?你遇到过被人误解的情形吗?Have you met with the case which/that is similar to this one?你遇到过和这种情况相似的情形吗?3
