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1、宾语从句一、宾语从句概说宾语从句是在复合句中起宾语作用的从句。在谓语动词，介词和某些形容词等后面都可以接宾 语从句。同学们要掌握好宾语从句，主要应该注意以下三个关键： 1连接词：根据从句类型而定。2语序：用述句语序。 3时态：根据主句中谓语动词的时态而定。（自然、科学规律及真理可以除外）二、宾语从句的连接词：1 thatthat 引导述意义的宾语从句，无实际意思，在从句中也不充当任何成分。在口语和非正式文体 中 that 常被省略。She said that she missed us very much.她说她非常想念我们。I think she is right我认为她是对的（that被省
2、略）2 whether, if：whether与if引导选择意义的宾语从句，意思为是否。I wonder whether/ if she still lives here after so many years. 这不知道经过这么之年她是否还住在这里。Have you found out whether/if he is in London?你弄清楚他是否在伦敦了吗？3 what, who, whom, which 这是一组连接代词，引导疑问意义的宾语从句。Can you tell me what bread is made from?你能告诉我面包是由什么制造的吗？I cant rememb
3、er who has e to my office .我不记得谁来过我的办公室了。Tom asked me whom/who they were talking about.汤姆问我他们在谈论谁。I want to know which is better.我想知道哪一个更好些。whom引导宾语从句时一般可由who替换，但如果宾语从句的介词提前，则只能用whom，不 能用 who。I wonder with who she is angry.（ x）I wonder with whom she is angry.我不知道她在跟谁生气。4 when, where, why, how这是一组连接副
4、词，引导疑问意义的宾语从句。Im not sure when he will be back.我不能肯定他何时回来。I cant tell you where he lives .我不能告诉你他住在哪儿。We dont know why he broke the window.我们不知道他为何打破窗户。Would you please tell me how I can get to the nearest bus stop?请告诉我如何才能到达最近的公共汽车站好吗？5某些形容词如 afraid, sure, glad, happy 等后也可以带宾语从句（也有人认为是状语从句）。Im afra
5、id （that） we cant get there on time.恐怕我们不能准时到达那里了。Hes not sure whether he can find h e r .他不能肯定他是否能够找到她。三、宾语从句的时态：宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态保持一致。1 如果主句是现在时态（包括一般现在时，现在进行时和现在完成时），宾语从句可以是实 际需要的任何时态。I am wondering whether he has e or n ot .我不知道他是否已经来了。 （现在完成时）Please tell me when well have the m e et i n g .请告诉我
6、什么时候开会。 （一般将来时）I dont know who they are talking about .我不知道他们正在谈论谁。 （现在进行时）I have heard the window was broken by Jo h n .我已经听说窗户是被约翰打破的。2 如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），宾语从句必须选用过去的某一 时态（即一般过去时，过去将来时，过去进行时或过去完成时等）He said he would kill her.他说他会杀了她。（过去将来时）She told us Lucy had returned h o m e .她告诉我们露茜已经回家去了
7、。 （过去完成时）Mary was wondering who could answer the question.玛丽想知道谁能回答这一问题。（一般过去时）I didnt tell them where you were having the meeting.我没有告诉他们你们正在哪儿开会。（过去进行时）3 如果宾语从句表示的是科学其理、客观事实或格言警句等，则不管这句是何种时态，从句 一律用一般现在时。Granny told me that the earth moves around the s u n .奶奶告诉我地球围绕太阳转。She said a friend in need is
8、 a friend i n d e e d .她说患难朋友才是真正的朋友。四、宾语从句的语序：宾语从句的语序一律使用述语序。1. 当宾语从句原为述句时，用that引导，语序不变。（注意时态的一致）Tom isnt a good student. （The teacher told us）The teacher told us Tom wasnt a good student.老师告诉我们汤姆不是一个好学生。He has given up smoking. （She said）She said he had given up smoking.她说他已经戒烟了。2. 当宾语从句原为一般疑问句时，用
9、whethe或if连接，语序变为述语序。Is Jim a doctor? （I wonder）I wonder whether Jim is a doctor.我想知道吉姆是否是个医生。Does she dance well? (Can you tell me)Can you tell me if she dances well? 你能告诉我她舞跳的是否好吗？3 当宾语从句原为特殊疑问句时，特殊疑问词即为连接词，语序变为述语序。Where are you going? (She asked me)She asked me where you were going.她问我你去哪里。What do
10、es he want to do. (She wondered)She wondered what he wanted to do.她不知道他想干什么。五、直接引语与间接引语在学习宾语从句的过程中，有一个重要的知识就是：如何将直接引语变为间接引语。在直接引 语变间接引语时，同 学们要注意以下事项：1人称代词和物主代词要做相应的调整。He said, Im glad to meet you.- He said that he was glad to meet me.但如果说话者转述自己的话，则不用变人称。I said to them, Ill leave a massage on his des
11、k.- I said to them that Ill leave a message on his desk.2在一些情况下，如果人称代词所指代的名词容易发生混淆，则最好将人称代词改为它所指 代的名词。My father thought, Maybe he is right.- My father thought that maybe the man was right.3当直接引语中出现whe n, while, since等词引导的表示过去的时间状语时，在变间接引语时, 只改变主句的时态，不改变该从句的时态。Our teacher told us, Jim has made great
12、progress in Chinese since he came to China.- Our teacher told us that Jim had made great progress in Chinese since he came to China.4直接引语变间接引语时，如果报告动词用say,则不必加间接宾语。如果要加的话，say后 就一定要加介词 to.The old man said, Its going to rain.- The old man said that it was going to rain.- The old man said to us that it
13、 was going to rain.5直接引语的报告动词是say to sb时，在变间接引语时，常改成tell sb.The policeman said to the woman, You should turn right at the first crossing.- The policeman told the woman that she should turn right at the first crossing.6如果报告动词在句末，在变为直接引语时，应该把它移到句首。 Is it the right address? he wondered.- He wondered wh
14、ether it was the right address.7在疑问句变为直接引语时，应该注意原来的直接引语中的问号要变成句号，疑问语序要变成述语序，直接引语中的助动词do等要去掉，动词做相应的变化。The girl asked me, How did you finish the work so well?- The girl asked me that how I finished the work so well.8如果直接引语是祈使句，我们经常不提出说话的对象；但是在变间接引语时，说话的对象 必须出现。The angry man said, Shut up! The angry ma
15、n ordered us to shut up.9. 如果是以Lets开头的祈使句来变间接引语，我们通常用Suggest +动名词（或从句）结构。The twins said happily, Lets go scuba diving this afternoon.- The twins suggested happily that they can go scuba diving that afternoon.10. 如果直接引语是两个或两个以上不同类型的句子，可分别将各部分转换为间接引语，并用 and 连接。The manager said, You did a very nice job. What are you thinking about now?- The manager said to the young man that he did a very nice job and asked him what he was thinking about at that time.11. 如果直接引语是反意疑问句或是选择疑问句，变间接引语时与一般疑问句一样，在从句前 加连词
