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1、颐和园简介颐和园主景区由万寿山、昆明湖组成，全园占地2.9平方公里，水面约占四分之三。园内现存各式宫殿、园林古建7万平方米，并以珍贵的文物藏品闻名于世，是第一批全国重点文物保护单位。颐和园前身为清漪园，始建于清朝乾隆十五年(1750)，咸丰十年(1860)被英法联军烧毁。光绪十二年(1886)，清廷挪用海军经费等款项开始重建，并于两年后取用今名，作为慈禧太后的颐养之所。一九零零年又遭八国联军破坏，一九零二年修复。中华人民共和国成立后，几经修缮，颐和园陆续复建了四大部洲、苏州街、景明楼、澹宁堂、文昌院、耕织图等重要景区。颐和园集传统造园艺术之大成，借景周围的山水环境，既有皇家园林恢弘富丽的气势，
2、又充满了自然之趣，高度体现了中国园林“虽由人作，宛自天开”的造园准则。一九九八年十二月，颐和园被联合国教科文组织列入世界遗产名录，并予以如下评价：1)北京的颐和园是对中国风景园林造园艺术的一种杰出的展现，将人造景观与大自然和谐地融为一体；2)颐和园是中国的造园思想和实践的集中体现，而这种思想和实践对整个东方园林艺术文化形式的发展起了关键性的作用；3)以颐和园为代表的中国皇家园林是世界几大文明之一的有力象征。TheSummerPalaceinBriefTheSummerPalace,dominatedmainlybyLongevityHillandKunmingLake,coversanarea
3、of2.9squarekilometers,threequartersofwhichisunderwater.Its70,000squaremetersofbuildingspacefeaturesavarietyofpalaces,gardensandotherancient-stylearchitecturalstructures.Wellknownforitslargeandpricelesscollectionofculturalrelics,itwasamongthefirstgroupofhistoricalandculturalheritagesitesinChinatobepl
4、acedunderspecialstateprotection.TheSummerPalace,originallynamedQingyiYuanortheGardenofClearRipples,wasfirstconstructedin1750.ItwasrazedtothegroundbytheAnglo-FrenchAlliedForcesin1860.TheGovernmentoftheQingDynastystartedtorebuilditin1886withfundsthatithadmisappropriatedfromtheImperialNavyandothersourc
5、es.RenamedtwoyearslaterasYiheYuanortheGardenofHealthandHarmony,itwassupposedtoserveasasummerresortfortheEmpressDowagerCixi.KnownalsoastheSummerPalace,itwasravagedbytheAlliedForcesoftheEightPowersthatinvadedChinain1900.Thedamagewasrepairedin1902.SincethefoundingofthePeoplesRepublicofChina,theSummerPa
6、lacehasundergoneseveralmajorrenovations.ItsmajorattractionssuchastheFourGreatRegions,SuzhouStreet,thePavilionofBrightScenery,theHallofSerenity,theWenchangGalleriesandthePlowingandWeavingSceneryAreahavebeensuccessivelyrestored.TheSummerPalaceisamonumenttoclassicalChinesearchitecture,intermsofbothgard
7、endesignandconstruction.Borrowingscenesfromsurroundinglandscapes,itradiatesnotonlythegrandeurofanimperialgardenbutalsothebeautyofnatureinaseamlesscombinationthatbestillustratestheguidingprincipleoftraditionalChinesegardendesign:“TheworksofmenshouldmatchtheworksofHeaven”.InDecember1998,UNESCOincluded
8、theSummerPalaceonitsWorldHeritageListwiththefollowingcomments:1)TheSummerPalaceinBeijingisanoutstandingexpressionofthecreativeartofChineselandscapegardendesign,incorporatingtheworksofhumankindandnatureinaharmoniouswhole;2)TheSummerPalaceepitomizesthephilosophyandpracticeofChinesegardendesign,whichpl
9、ayedakeyroleinthedevelopmentofthisculturalformthroughouttheeast;3)TheimperialChinesegarden,illustratedbytheSummerPalace,isapotentsymbolofoneofthemajorworldcivilizations.苏州街原称买卖街，乾隆时仿江南水乡而建，是专供清代帝后逛市游览的的一条水街，一八六零被英法联军焚毁，一九九零年在遗址上复建。街全长三百余米，以水当街，以岸作市，沿岸设有茶馆、酒楼、药房、钱庄、帽店、手饰铺、点心铺等六十多个铺面，集中展现了十八世纪中国江南的商业文
10、化氛围。SuzhouJie(SuzhouStreet)OriginallycalledMerchantsStreet,itwasbuiltinthestyleofSouthChinatownsduringEmperorQianlongsreign(1736-1795).ItwasastreetwhereemperorsandempressescouldpretendtogoshoppingasordinarypeopleanditwasburnedtothegroundbytheAnglo-FrenchAlliedForcesin1860andrestoredin1990.The300-met
11、erstreetisbuiltoverwaterwithshopsandstandsonthebank.Morethan60businesses,includingateahouse,arestaurant,apharmacy,abank,ahatstore,ajewelrystoreandagrocerystore,operateonthebank,presentingaconcentratedillustrationofthecommercialisminSouthChinatownsinthe18thcentury.德和园兴建于清光绪十七年(1891)，历时五年建成，是专供慈禧太后看戏的
12、地方。园内的三层戏台是中国规模最大、保存最完好的木结构古戏台，其建筑设计精巧、气势宏伟，极富科学和艺术价值；清代著名京剧表演艺术家杨小楼，谭鑫培等都曾在此为慈禧太后献艺，被誉为“京剧的摇篮”；慈禧太后也曾赏赐一些王公大臣在此看戏。游客在园中可以直观地感受慈禧当年看戏的场景，并可目睹到大量珍贵的帝后生活用品及外国馈赠清室的礼物。GardenofVirtueandHarmony(DeheYuan)ThisgardenwasbuiltasatheaterfortheEmpressDowager.Itsconstructionbeganinthe17thyearofEmperorGuangxusrei
13、gn(1891)andlastedforfiveyears.Thethree-storeytheaterstageisthebiggestandbest-preservedwoodenstageofdelicatedesignandmagnificentstructure,andisthereforeofmuchscientificandartisticvalue.FamousBeijingOperaactorsoftheQingDynastysuchasYangXiaolouandTanXinpeiwouldcomeheretoperformfortheEmpressDowagerandth
14、estagewasregardedasthe“CradleofBeijingOpera”.TheEmpressDowageralsograntedspecialpermissionforsomeoftheprinces,dukesandcabinetministerstowatchBeijingoperahere.VisitorscanimaginethescenewhentheEmpressDowagerwatchedoperainthisgarden.Alargenumberofpreciousarticlesusedbyemperorsandempresses,aswellassomeo
15、fthegiftspresentedtotheQingcourtbyforeignstates,areondisplayhere长廊始建于乾隆十五年(1750)，后被英法联军烧毁，光绪十二年(1886)重建。长廊东起邀月门，西至石丈亭，共二百七十三间，全长七百二十八米，枋梁上还绘有人物、山水、花鸟等各种彩画八千多幅，是中国古典园林中最长的游廊。长廊中间建有留佳、寄澜、秋水、清遥四座八角重檐的亭子，依山临水，以排云殿为中心，向东西两边对称地展开，将分布在万寿山前的建筑连成一气。LongCorridor(ChangLang)TheLongCorridorwasoriginallybuiltinth
16、e15thyearofEmperorQianlongsreign(1750)andthenrebuiltinthe12thyearofEmperorGuangxusreign(1886)becausetheAnglo-FrenchAlliedForcesburneditdownin1860.ItstartsfromInvitingtheMoonGateintheeastandendsatShizhangPavilioninthewest,coveringadistanceof728meterswithits273sections.OfallthecorridorsinChineseclassicalgardens,theLongCorridoristhelongest.Onthebeamsaremorethan8,000colorfulpaintingsdepictingstoriesfromChineseclassicalnovels,folktales,landscapesaswell
