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1、Domain Name AllocationA New Set of Rulesfor A Global SystemAlan NashOctober 1999 applicants operating in a particular field, but in practice the .com, .org and .net gTLDs have become equivalent in terms of availability (indeed, if a desired .com name is taken NSIs website will recommend the correspo
2、nding .org or .net name, if those are available).2.3 Obtaining and maintaining a domain nameDomain names need to be allocated to those seeking to establish a presence on the Internet. This occurs by application to a registrar who operates a registry of a particular category of domain name. The regis
3、trar may or may not charge an annual fee for this service, and may or may not impose restrictions on the domain name for which an application can be made. The holder of a domain name is described as a registrant.A person seeking a domain name must make two decisions. First, they must determine wheth
4、er they will seek a domain name ending in a gTLD or a ccTLD. This decision may be based on the intended sphere of operation of the associated site, or the restrictions (or lack of) associated with the allocation of that category of domain name. Second, the applicant must also specify the desired 2LD
5、. Apart from restrictions imposed by the registrar, a 2LD can be a maximum of 26 characters long, and must be comprised of alphanumeric characters and/or hyphens.The DNS system is designed so that the registrant who obtains, say, the domain name actually obtains a licence for all domain names endin
6、g in that combination of words. That is, it is up to the user to add further subdomains to that ending. Although most users simply add wwzv. to indicate that the site is available on the world wide web (e.g. ), the domain names or are equally available.A registrant may also build upon the end of the
7、ir domain name, by using the separator So, the registrant of is free to create domain names such as company.coin/services or company, coin/articles/1999.In effect the DNS permits each registrant to become a registry, and the user can even sub-license its domain name to othersThis is precisely what
8、the Australian company NetRegistry - the registrant of the domain name - has done; it licenses domain names with that ending, offering an alternative to those who for some reason cannot obtain the equivalent .com.au domain name. In short, a domain name registration gives the registrant the ability
9、to generate and exploit an infinite number of domain names.2.4 Proposed changes to the DNS systemAs noted earlier, the Internet address space is now administered by ICANN. The management of the IP numbers rests with three independent IP registries - APNIC, RIPE and ARIN - which have been allocated t
10、he management of blocks of the IP number space based on geography.The management of the DNS is further delegated to DNS registries, and again this has been split on the basis of geography. So for example, in Australia the administration of domain names ending in .an was entrusted to an individual na
11、med Robert Elz (although he has delegated the management of the .coin.au domain space to Internet Names Australia, or INA).As foreshadowed above, this situation is set to change. At a minimum, the traditional monopoly over the most popular gTLDs enjoyed by NSI is about to be challenged by additional
12、 accredited registrars.It has also been recommended that neio gTLDs be created, to alleviate the pressure on the .coin, .org and .net gTLDs. This proposal, while almost universally welcomed by commentators, is likely to be delayed pending resolution of the competing interests of intellectual propert
13、y right holders and domain name holders.Another problem with the existing DNS, and one which is the stimulus of this discussion, is that there is no uniform set of rules for the allocation of domain names - each domain name registry sets its own. It is contended that the disparity in policies, and i
14、n particular the absence of strict rules for the allocation of domain names, is the cause of many abuses of the DNS and subsequent disputes.The remainder of this discussion is designed to improve the stability of the Internet by providing a set of rules to govern the allocation of any domain names,
15、including those associated with existing gTLDs and any new gTLDs. These are designed to lessen the likelihood of abusive domain name registrations, while at the same time providing greater certainty for those registering a domain name in good faith.PART THREE - EXPLODING THE MYTHS OF THE DOMAIN NAME
16、 DEBATEEverybody should be able to get any domain name they wantIf the purpose of the DNS was to allocate domain names which identified precisely the operator of the associated site, the contention that all comers are entitled to dictate their domain name may have some merit. In reality, domain names are intended to provide a more user-friendly link to the Internet, and can achieve this function without the need for
