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1、Chapter I Introduction III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.D IV. Define the following terms: 41.Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 4
2、2.Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 43.Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. . 44.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. 45.Psycholinguistics: Th
3、e study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 46.Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 47.Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 48.Morphology: The stud
4、y of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 49.Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. 50.Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. 51.Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied lin
5、guistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of spe
6、ech ability. 52.Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53.Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 54.Dis
7、placement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker
8、 55.Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 56.Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal sys
9、tem of communication 57.Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language, 58.Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication. 59.langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shar
10、ed by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventi
11、ons and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examplesfor illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for h
12、uman communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a system, because elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different language
13、s have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal
14、 because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writing systems are. The term human in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term commun
15、ication means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative needs.62.What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 1) Arbitrariness As mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no l
16、ogical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbi
