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1、What is Animal Welfare?IntroductionHuman understanding of animals - especially their sentience, needs and natures - is developing all the physical states of poor welfare are more readily accessible and understandable(particularly for veterinarians,who undertook much of the early work on welfare).But
2、 new research leads naturally to greater understanding of mental states and needs and is particularly true of ethological research,includingpreference testing where animals preferences are measured and may be why earlier definitions of welfare centred on physical states,whereas the latest definition
3、s have reflected the complex, multi-faceted nature of animal welfare. 人类对动物的理解一一尤其是它们的感知、需要和本性一一一直在发 展。身体状况不佳的福利更容易获得，也更容易理解 （特别是对兽医 来说，他们承担了很多早期的福利工作）。但新的研究自然会让人们 对心理状态、需求和本质有更深入的了解。动物行为学研究尤其如此， 包括“偏好测试”，即测量和评估动物的偏好。这也许就是为什么早 期的福利定义以物质状态为中心，而最新的定义反映了动物福利的复 杂性和多面性。Welfare v RightsIn brief,The differ
4、ence between animal welfare and animal rights can be explained as below:Animal welfare denotes the desire to prevent unnecessary animal suffering(that is,whilst not categorically opposed to the use of animals,wanting to ensure a good quality of life and humane death).动物福利指的是希望避免不必要的动物痛苦(即，虽然没有明 确反对使
5、用动物，但希望确保良好的生活质量和人道的死亡)。Animal rights denotes the philosophical belief that animals should have rights,includingthe right to live their lives freeof human intervention(andultimatedeath at the hands ofhumans).Animal rightists are philosophically opposed to the use of animals by humans (although some
6、accept symbiotic relationships,such as companion animal ownership).动物权禾时旨的是一种哲学信仰，即动物应该拥有权利，包括不受人类干涉(以及最终死于人类之手)地生活的权利。动物右翼分子在哲学上反对人类 使用动物(尽管有些人接受“共生”关系，比如伴侣动物所有权 )。Welfare v Conservation福禾U v 保护The key difference between conservation and animal welfare is that conservation cares about species(and e
7、xtinction)whereas animal welfare cares about the individual animal (and its suffering).Animal welfarists belief that each individual animal has an intrinsic value,and should be respected andrecognise that animals have biologicallydeterminedinstincts,interests and natures,and can experience pain and
8、suffer,and believe that they should therefore be permitted to live their lives free from avoidable suffering at the hands of humans. It is not difficultto see whythe conservation movementhas attracted support more readily than the animal welfare welfare requires greater altruism and empathy than con
9、servation. Care for conservation can be generated by human-centred objectives, such as not wanting species to become extinct because of the loss for future generations（of humans）. Although many people now recognise that animals feel pain and suffer,this comes lower down on their list of priorities f
10、or action and mayindeed challenge their ownlifestyle and habits. 保护和动物福利的关键区别在于， 保护关心的是物种 （ 和灭绝 ） ， 而动 物福利关心的是单个动物 （ 和它的痛苦） 。 动物福利主义者相信每一只动物都有其内在价值，应该得到尊重和保护。他们认识到，动物具有 由生物学决定的本能、兴趣和天性，能够经历痛苦和痛苦，因此，他 们认为， 动物应该被允许在生活中免受人类可以避免的痛苦。 不难看 出为什么自然保护运动比动物福利运动更容易得到支持。 动物福利需 要比保护动物更大的利他主义和同情心。保护可以通过以人为中心的目标来产生
11、， 例如不希望物种因为 （ 人类 ） 后代的损失而灭绝。 尽管许 多人现在认识到动物会感到痛苦和痛苦，但这在他们的优先行动清单上排名靠后，可能确实会挑战他们自己的生活方式和习惯。Welfare DefinedWelfare is not just absence of cruelty or unnecessary suffering .It is muchmore includes the following different states：福利不仅仅是没有残酷或“不必要的痛苦”。它要复杂得多。 它包括以下不同的状态：Physical State : traditionally defini
12、tions centred on the physical state ofanimals. However, it is a simplistic view that welfare is only poor when survival or reproduction is impaired by a physical problem.传统上，动物的生理状态是定义的中心。然而，有一种过于简单的观点认为，只有当生存或生殖受到 生理问题的损害时，福利才会低下。Mental State: Mental states play an important role in states are beco
13、ming increasingly understood and explored,including by scientists.精神状态在福利中起着重要作用。这些状态正在被越来越多的人理解和探索，包括科学家。Naturalness: The third state naturalness refers to the ability ofthe animal to fulfil its natural needs and frustration of these harms its third dimension has been recently recognised and added.
14、 自然:第三种状态自然是指动物满足其自然需要和欲望的能力。这些挫折损害了它的福利。这第三个维度最近得到了承认和补充。The definition ofanimal welfare is often ,these three states,which are given in the definition given by WSPA in itsConcepts of Animal Welfare veterinary training resource,provide the most comprehensive to date.动物福禾 U 的定义经常引起争论。然而，WSPAE其兽医培训资源
15、的“动物福利概念” 中对这三个国家的定义是迄今为止最全面的。Five FreedomsThe five freedoms ,which were originally developed by the UK s Farm Animal Welfare Council(FAWC),provide valuable guidance on animal are now internationally recognised,and have been adapted slightly since their current form is:最初由英国农场动物福利委员会(FAWC制定的“五项自由”为动
16、物福利提供了宝贵的 指导。它们现在已得到国际承认，自其提法以来已略有调整。目前的 形式是：Freedom from hunger and thirst - ready access to water and a diet to maintain health and vigour远离饥饿和干渴，获得水和饮食，以保持健康和活力Freedom from discomfort by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area 通过提供一个适当的环境，包括住所和一个舒适的休息区域，从不安中解脱出来Freedomfrom pain,injury and disease by prevention or rapiddiagnosis and treatment通过
