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1、【专题二】冠词和代词【考情分析】(1)冠词在高考中的考查重点:冠词是历年高考的必考知识点,主要出现在单项选择和短文改错题中. 虽说只有两类,共三个(不定冠词a, an和定冠词the),但其使用规则很复杂,考生对此语法束手无策。纵观历年高考试题,冠词考点主要集中在以下几点:1.考查不定冠词a/an表示个别或泛指的用法2.考查定冠词the特指某一个人或事物的用法3.考查不定冠词和定冠词在固定搭配中的用法4.考查零冠词(即省略冠词)表示泛指及其习惯搭配用法5.考查冠词在表示类别名词前的用法6.考查不定冠词在具体化抽象名词前的用法7.考查冠词在比较级前的用法8.考查冠词在其他特殊结构中的用法9.考查有
2、无冠词而迥异短语(2)数词在高考中的考查重点:1.数词表示确切数目和不确切数目的区别;2.数词复数的特殊用法;3.基数词和序数词的用法4.dozen和score 的特殊用法5.倍数表达法【知识归纳】冠词考点一:不定冠词的基本用法1泛指一个。如:There is a book on the table.2指人或事物的某一种类。如:His father is a driver. Longjing is a wonderful tea.3指某一个人或事物,但不具体说明。如:My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire.4用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位
3、前,表示“每一”。如:We have meals three times a day.5表示同样的。如:They are of an age.(他们是同岁。)6表数量,相当于one,但语意较弱。如:There is a pen and two books on the desk. 7使抽象名词具体化。如:The little girl is a help to her mother. (a hand译为“帮手”)8固定搭配。如:as a matter of fact , in a hurry, in a word 考点二:定冠词的基本用法1表示上文提到过的人或事物。如:I have bough
4、t a book. The book is very useful.2用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如:Close the window, please.3用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如:the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。4用于表示方位的名词之前。如:the east, the right。5用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如:the first, the tallest。6用于形容词之前,使其名词化。如:the sick, the wounded。7用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如:the United States, the
5、 United Nation。8用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如:the Changjiang River, the East Lake。9用于复数姓氏之前,表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如:The Smiths。10用于乐器的名词前。如:play the piano; play the violin。 11发明物。如:The compass was invented in China. 12年代名词前。如:He lived in the countryside in the 1970s. 13固定词组中。如:in the morning(afternoon, evening
6、), on the other hand , at the same time考点三:零冠词的基本用法1表示总称的复数名词之前。如:Children love cartoons.(儿童喜欢卡通影片。)2不含普通名词的专有名词前。如:We are studying English.3名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如:I like this picture; I do not have any money; As time went on, Einsteins theory proved to be correct.4官职、季节、月份、星期等名词前,一般不用冠词。如:Sh
7、e likes spring most.5呼语前不用冠词。如:What shall I do next, Mother?6三餐饭前不用冠词。如:What did you have for lunch?7节假日前不用冠词。如:People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.8球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如:She is fond of playing basketball.9在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如:arm in arm(手挽手); hand in hand(手牵手); side by side(肩并肩); day and day(
8、日日夜夜); young and old(老老少少); from door to door(挨门挨户); from beginning to end(从头到尾); from morning till night(从早到晚)等。10.与by连用表示交通方式的名词前;以and连接的两个相对的名词连用时;数词考点一: hundred, thousand和million的用法若hundred, thousand, million, billion等词的前面有基数词或several修饰时,hundred, thousand, million, billion等只能用单数形式;注意hundred, tho
9、usand, million, billion等词前不能用many,若表示不确定数目的数百、数千、数百万等时,要用它们的复数形式,还要加上of。考点二:dozen与score的用法(1)dozen (一打,十二),score (二十)与具体数词或与many, several 等连用时,后不加s,所修饰的名词前常省去of。如:two dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋,many dozen pencils好多打铅笔;dozen, score的复数形式后接of时,表示许多,是概数。如:dozens of eggs几十个鸡蛋,scores of pencils几十支铅笔。(2)当所修饰的名词之前有限定词
10、these, those, my, your等或是修饰人称代词宾格them, us, you时,这时需要加of。如:two dozen of these pens, three score of them。考点三: 分数的表达法:分子用基数词,分母用序数词,若分子大于1,则分母用复数。如:one-fourth (a quarter) 1/4 two-fifths 2/5考点四:年龄表达法表示某人的确切年龄,用基数词years old或基数词of age或者at the age of基数词,也可直接用基数词;表示某人几十多岁时,用in ones + 逢十的基数词的复数(如tens, twenti
11、es, thirties等)来表达。He is in his late twenties. 他快30了。The old lady died in her early seventies beside a church in New York. 那位老太太70来岁就死在了纽约的一个教堂附近。考点五:年代表达法表示几十年代时,在阿拉伯数字后加s或s。in the 1990s考点六:倍数的表达方式(1)倍数形容词(或副词)的比较级than。如:This rope is twice longer than that one.这根绳的长度是那根绳的三倍。(比那根绳长二倍)This hall is fiv
12、e times bigger than our classroom.这个大厅比我们的教室大五倍。(是我们教室的六倍)(2)倍数as形容词(或 much)或副词as。如:This big stone is three times as heavy as that one.这块大石头的重量是那一块的三倍。(这块石头比那块重二倍)The plane flew ten times as high as the kite.那架飞机飞行高度是那个风筝的十倍。(高出九倍)(3)倍数the size(length,height.)of。如:This street is four times the lengt
13、h of that street.这条街是那条街的四倍长。This hill is four times the height of that small one.这座山的高度是那座小山的四倍。(比那座小山高三倍)也可用:The height of this hill is four times that of that small one.【考点例析】【高考真题】1The Smiths dont usually stay at_ hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by _ sea. 【2012
14、江西卷】A/; aBthe; theC/; theDthe; a1C考查冠词。hotel为复数,前不会用定冠词the来修饰;江,河,湖,海前要加定冠词2.The development of industry has been_ gradual process throughout _ human existence, from stone tools to modern technology. 【2012浙江卷】A. 不填, theB. the; aC. a; 不填D. a; a2. C 考查冠词。第一空process是可数名词,第一次出现一般用不定冠词,且此次表示“一个”的概念;第二空ex
15、istence是不可数名词,其此处表示抽象概念,故用零冠词。3. Carl is studying _food science at college and hopes to open up _meat processing factory of his own one day. 【2012安徽卷】A. / ; a B. / ;the C. the ; a D. the ; the 3.A 本题考查冠词。science是不可数名词,用零冠词,后面的factory是一个可数名词,用a 表示泛指。4. Sam has been appointed _ manager of the engineering department to take _ place of George. 【2012重庆卷】 A. /,/ B. the,/ C the the D./, the4. D 考查冠词用法。句意:Sam被任命为工程部经理取代了George。