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1、1. All industrial activities impact on the natural and human environment .the creation of a motor car starts with the search for raw materials. although iron ,from which steel is made ,is one of the most common elements ,its quarrying or mining causes environmental problems .the same is true for all
2、 the other materials used in a car ,from bauxite for aluminum to oil and gas for plastics. fortunately iron, steel and aluminum are easily recycled at the end of a cars life and this eases the environmental burden somewhat. 所有工业活动影响的自然和人类环境，汽车的创造开始了对原材料的研究。尽管由钢制成的铁是一种最常见的元素之一，但其开采还是引起了环境问题。这同样适用于所有在
3、汽车中使用的其它材料，从铝土矿中的铝到石油和天然气制塑料。幸运的是铁，钢和铝在汽车报废后很容易回收利用，这减轻了一些环境负担。2. Nevertheless, steel production, aluminum smelting, production of plastics, glass and the other materials used to make up a car cause pollution to varying degrees and used energy ,often in the form of fossil fuels. one example is the e
4、lectronics industry ,which traditionally has used large quantities of CFCs to clean printed circuit boards, many of which find their way into the modern car and truck. 然而，钢铁生产，铝冶炼，生产塑料，玻璃和用于弥补汽车造成污染程度不同的其他材料和能源使用，往往在化石燃料的形式。一个例子是电子行业，传统上使用了大量的氟氯化碳清洗印刷电路板，其中许多找到自己的方式融入到现代的汽车和卡车3. The use of motor veh
5、icles can produce a number of other types of pollution. evaporative emissions of hydrocarbons result from evaporation of fuel from cars, depots, tankers and fuel stations. soil pollution may result from oil leaks from vehicles ,fuel stations and garages ,as well as the illegal-though widespread-disp
6、osal of used lubricants .infrastructure related to vehicle use ,such as roads ,cars parks , fuel stations and garages, should also be included when assessing the total environmental impact of motor vehicles. 机动车辆的使用可以产生许多其他类型的污染的。碳氢化合物蒸发排放导致从汽车，油库，油罐车和加油站蒸发的燃料。土壤污染可能由漏油车辆，加油站和车库，以及非法 - 尽管普遍处置使用润滑剂导致
7、。基础设施与车辆的使用，如公路，停车场，加油站，车库，也应在评估汽车的总的环境影响时包括在内。4. Vehicles disposal is becoming increasingly problematic, especially in the more densely motorized parts of the world, such as Western Europe .with a rapidly rising vehicle parc and an average car life span of around 10 to 12 years, the burden on the e
8、xisting vehicle-dismantling infrastructure is increasing and adding to the general waste burden of industrialized societies. 车辆处置正变得越来越问题化了，尤其在汽车越来越密集的世界部分地区，例如西欧。与迅速崛起的汽车保有量及汽车的平均寿命达到10 12年，目前汽车分解设施的压力与日俱增，而且增加了工业化社会的一般废弃物负担。 5. USA standards ,or standards based on them ,have also been introduced i
9、n other countries ,including Australia and South Korea and a number of EFTA (European Free Trade Association) countries ,who adopted them in the late of 1980s .this move was partly an expression of frustration with the lack of progress in emissions legislation in the Europe ,especially by the EC (Eu
10、ropean Community). 美国标准，或基于这些美国的标准，也已被其他国家，包括澳大利亚和韩国等多家EFTA （欧洲自由贸易协会）国家所引进，这些国家在20世纪80年代后期通过了这些标准。此举在一定程度上是一个在欧洲排放法规的缺乏进展挫折的表达，特别是通过欧共体（欧洲共同体）6. Forthcoming legislation in most countries involves further tightening of the limits on exists pollutants according to existing frameworks ,but there are t
11、wo developments that move beyond this .first of all there is the commitment by the Commission of the European Community (CEC) to the introduction of some form of carbon tax in order to combat CO2 emissions and thus global warming .This development has suffered some set-backs ,but the commitment rema
12、ins and a number of individual Member States have put in place specific measures to reach particular standards by a set date ,in line with EC agreements. 在大多数国家即将出台的法规包括进一步收紧对根据现有框架存在污染物的限制，但有两个发展是超越这一点。首先出现的是欧洲共同体委员会（CEC )为了打击二氧化碳排放量和因此引起的全球变暖而引入某种形式的碳税。这一发展遭受了一些挫折，但承诺仍然存在而且一些个别会员国已经在某个时间出台了具体措施，以达
13、到特定与欧盟的协议一致的标准。7. Other raw materials used by the industry include glass （made for sands），which is used in large quantities in widow ，lights，etc . plastics are becoming more and more important and create a demand on the chemical industry. They are used in seat，fascias，instrument panels，type，etc. cou
14、ntless other raw materials are also usedsuch as china clay used in paints，slates，wood，cloth，etc. 工业使用的其他原材料包括玻璃（用砂制造） ，用于大批量的窗户，灯等。塑料正变得越来越重要，并在化工厂创造一个的需求。它们用在座位上，安全带，仪表板，类型等等。无数的其他原料也用 - 如瓷土用在油漆，石板，木板，布等。8. The environment damage caused by a mining operation will depend on the form of mining being
15、undertaken .minerals can be mined by open-cast，open-pit or underground methods. Open-pit and open-cast mines involve the extraction of minerals by the stripping away of soil and waste rock from the ground surface to expose valuable materials. 采矿作业引起环境的破坏将取决于正在进行开采的形式。矿石可以通过露天矿山，露天矿坑或地下方式开采。露天矿坑和露天矿山
16、采矿包括矿物提取，通过从地面剥离土壤和废石的来暴露有价值的材料的方式。9. Underground mining involves extracting ores from the ground surface without actually stripping away the ground cover. Open-cast and open-pit mines tend to cause aesthetic damage owing to the open nature of the mine. The damage caused is usually transient, as more open-cast operations do not remain in operation for longer then 1015地下开采涉及到提取地表矿石没有实际上剥离了地面覆盖。露天矿山和露天矿坑往往会由于矿山的开放性引起审美的伤害。造成的损害通常是短暂的，因为大多的露天矿山在开采1
