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1、第一讲 动词的时态和语态英语谓语动词主动语态的十六种时态英语中谓语动词按照其4种不同的动作状态，放入4种不同的时段，就构成16种时态：一般式do进行式be doing完成式have done完成进行式have been doing现在时do / doesam / is / are doingHave/ has donehave / has been doing过去时didwas / were doinghad donehad been doing+将来时shall/ will doshall/ will be doingshall/ will have doneshall / will hav
2、e been doing过将去来时should/ would doshould/ would be doingshould / would have doneshould / would have been doing般现在时表示经常性动作或状态；表示真理或可观事实；表示主语的特征或状态；用于时间和 条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态。如下列例句所示：Families in the United States usually eat dinner about six oclock in theevening. 美国的家庭通常在晚上 6 点钟左右吃晚饭。The teacher told them
3、 since light travels faster than sound, lightning appearsto go before thunder. 老师告诉他们，由于光传播得比声音快，所以闪电好像发生在雷声之前Muscles move bones by pulling on tendons. 肌肉是通过拉动腱而使骨头活动的。If she doesnt tell him the truth now, hell simply keep on asking her until she does. 如果她现在不告诉他实情，他会没完没了地问她，直到她这样做了为止。一般过去时与表示或暗含过去的时
4、间状语连用；用于叙述逝者的情况；在时间和条件状 语从句中代替过去将来时。如下列例句所示：After Peter grew a beard, even his close friends did not recognize him at firstsight. 彼得蓄须之后，即使他的亲密朋友一眼也认不出他来。The last half of the nineteenth century witnessed the steady improvement ofthe means of travel. 19 世纪后半期，旅行的工具不断改进。Emma Lazarus, a poet and essayi
5、st, wrote the sonnet inscribed on the pedestalof the Statue of Liberty.诗人兼散文作家埃玛拉扎勒斯写了这首被镌刻在自由女神像基座上的十四行诗。“Whendidhedobeforeheretired?” “He drove a city bus for over twenty-fiveyears. ” “他在退休之前做什么？” “他开了 25 多年的城市公共汽车。”I decided to go to the library as soon as I finished what I was doing. 我 决定一结束手头的事
6、就到图书馆去。一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态，将来时有多种表示方法：“shall/will+动词原形” “be going +不定式” “beabout+不定式”（表示正要，刚要）“be +不定式”（表 示按期将要发生的动作）“be doing”表示马上要发生的动作，常用于come, go, start, begin, leave, retire 等动词。Whilepeoplemayrefertotelevisionfornews,itisnotlikelythattelevisionwill replace the newspaper completely. 虽然人们可能通过看电视来了解新闻
7、，但电视完全取代报纸是不可能的。School is about to start. 学校即将开学。A test is to be held in the tenth week. 在第十周将有考试。Mr. Li is retiring tomorrow. 李先生明天将退休。现在进行时表示正在进行的动作；经常或反复发生的动作；暂时的情况。如下列例句所示：Listen, your brother is singing in his room. 听，你的哥哥在房间里唱歌。All things consist of atoms or molecules, which are constantly mov
8、ing. 切物质都是由原子或分子组成的，原子和分子在不停地运动。I am just being curious. 我只是好奇罢了。过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作；发生在过去将来的动作。如下列例句所示:We were driving along the river when the car ran out of petrol. 我们正沿着河行驶，突然汽车的汽油耗尽了。“SenatorMitchellhasjustarrived. ”“Really?Ididntthinkhewascoming until next week.” “米歇尔参议员刚刚到。”“真的吗？我原以为他下个星期才来。”将来进
9、行时表示预计即将出现或势必出现的情况。如下列例句所示:The car will be going at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at 8tonight. 这辆轿车在今晚 8 点到达山脚前，将一直以现在地速度行驶。过去将来时表示过去某时之后将出现的情况，常用在宾语从句中。如下列例句所示:He refused to tell us whether he would undertake the job. 他拒绝告诉我们 是否愿意承担这项工作。Some U.S. forecasting firms pred
10、icted a few months ago that inflatiownould be back down into a single digit in 2003.几个月前，美国的一些预测公司预言，通货膨胀 将于 2003 年回落至一位数。现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态；通常与由since或for引导的时间状 语连用；表示过去发生对现在有影响的动作（通常和一些不确定的时间状语连用，如： once, before, recently, ever, never, already, yet 等）；用于时间和条件状语从 句中表示将来完成的动作。如下列例句所示：Ever since Pi
11、cassos paintings went on exhibit, there have been large crowdsat the museum every day. 自从毕加索的绘画展出以来，博物馆每天都有很多人参观。SincetheJohnsonsmovedherelastyear,theyhaveenjoyedbetterhealth. 自从参军以来，他的身体好多了。We cant give you a room now unless you have made reservations. 如果你没 有预定，我们现在无法给你一个房间。We shall wait till you h
12、ave made up your mind. 我们将一直等到你拿定主意。过去完成时表示过去某时之前结束的动作或状态（“过去某时之前”既可以用短语或从 句来表示，又可通过上下文来烘托）；表示持续到过去某时之前的动作或状态；过去完 成时表示未实现的愿望（作这种用法的动词有expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, think, want等）。如下列例句所示：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door. 我们刚吃完早饭，一个老年男人就来到了门口。When walking down the roa
13、d, I met Henry, whom I had not seen for years. 我在路上遇到了亨利，我多年没见到他了。I had intended to come, but I was too busy. 我本想来的，但是我太忙了。将来完成时表示将来某时已经结束的动作或状态；表示持续到将来某时的动作或状态。 如下列例句所示：Pick me up at 8. I will have had my bath by then. 8 点钟来接我，那时我就洗完澡了。By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe
14、 for two weeks. 到你抵达伦敦的时候，我们已经在欧洲待了两个星期了。现在完成进行时表示开始于过去而持续到现在的动作；表示从过去到现在的重复性动 作。现在完成进行时多用于延续性动词，如lie, live, sit, study, work, wait等； 现在完成进行时的时间状语除了与现在完成时相同的since或for引导的从句或短语之 外,还有一些强调动作持续进行的时间状语，女如all the time, all morning/afternoon 等；现在完成进行时常常和现在完成时换用，只是现在完成进行时更强调动作的持续进 行。如下列例句所示：Intheexperiment,t
15、heyarewakenedseveraltimesduringthenight,andaskedtoreportwhattheyhavejustbeendreaming. 在这个实验中，他们在夜间被叫醒了好几次，并要求报告自己刚刚所梦见的东西。The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet. 公司好长时间以来一直许诺要增加工资，可是至今什么动静都没有。过去完成进行时表示持续到过去某时之前的动作。如下列例句所示:Aftersearchingforhalfanhour,sherealizedthatherglasseshadbeenlying on the table all the time. 寻找了半个小时之后，她意识到自己的眼镜一直在桌子上。ExerciseFill in the blank of the each sentence with the given verbs in its proper tense:1. Hell go to see a film the moment he _ (finish) the project.2. Y
