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1、electronic computer电子计算机vacuum tube真空管transistor晶体管integrated circuit集成电路LSI: large-scale integrated大规模集成电路VLSI：very large-scale integrated超大规模集成电路microcomputer微型计算机palmtop掌上电脑laptop笔记本电脑desktop台式机workstation工作站minicomputer小型机mainframe大型机supercomputer巨型机five elements:memory存储器，内存input输入设备output输出设备C
2、PU中央处理器bus总线microminiaturization微小型化superconductivity超导性artificial intelligence人工智能AIparallel-processing并行处理nervous神经系统的input hardware:joystick游戏柄function key功能键trackball轨迹球scanner扫描仪microphone麦克风output hardware:video display (screen)视频显示器printer打印机storage hadware存储硬件:disk drive磁盘驱动器memory存储器bus:add
3、ress bus地址总线data bus数据总线low-level language低级语言machine language机器语言high-level language高级语言intermediate language中级语言assembly language汇编语言executable program可执行程序complier编译器procedure-oriented面向过程functional函数式object-oriented面向对象logic language逻辑语言mathematical function数学函数program construction程序构造variable变量
4、inherit继承functional structure功能结构basic instruction基本指令macro宏data declaration数据声明pointer指针expression表达式assignment statement赋值语句conditional statement条件语句function statement函数语句two major classes:application program应用程序operation system操作系统text editor文本编辑器programming language程序设计语言program source file程序源文件
5、source code源代码object code目标代码translate program:complier编译程序interpreter解释程序assembler汇编程序linker链接器debug调试program element:function函数procedure过程library routine库程序device driver设备驱动software process:scratch in从零开始extending&modifying扩展和修改software process model:process paradigm过程范例waterfall model瀑布模型evolutio
6、nary development演化开发component-based software engineering基于组件的软件工程the waterfall model:requiements analysis and definition需求分析和定义system and software design系统和软件设计implementation and unit testing实现与单元测试integration and system testing集成与系统测试operation and maintenance运行与维护component-based software engineerin
7、g:component analysis组件分析requirments modification需求修改system design with reuse带复用的系统设计development and integration开发与集成DBMS数据库管理系统5项组成database management systemshardware硬件software软件data数据users用户procedures过程database architecture数据库组成:internal level内层conceptual level概念层external level外层database model数据库模型
8、：hierachical database model层次数据库模型network database model网络数据库模型relational database model关系数据库模型distributed database model分布式数据库模型object-oriented database model面向对象数据库模型network classification网络分类：LAN：local area network局域网MAN:metropolitan area network城域网WAN：wide area network广域网bus topology线状拓扑(结构)ring
9、 topology环状拓扑star topology星状拓扑protocols协议：token ring protocol令牌环协议bus topology networks总线拓扑网络ethernet protocol collection以太网协议集interprocess comminication进程间通信client/server model客户机/服务器模型P2P model（peer to peer model）对等模型domain域gateway网关dia-up connections拨号上网DSL数字用户线路television lines电视线路satallite link
10、s卫星链路ethernet bus networks以太网总线网络wireless无线hotspots热点Internet addressing网络寻址：addressing system编址系统IP addressIP地址host address主机地址domain name域名name server域名服务器DNS:domain name system域名系统e-mail电子邮件eletronic system电子系统guidelines指南basic features of e-mail电子邮件基本特点：header标题message area信息区域signature签名attachm
11、ent附件e-commerce电子商务e-business电子企业e-commerce categories电子商务分类：B2C:business to consumer企业对消费者B2B：business to business企业对企业business processes商业过程C2C:consumer to consumer消费者对消费者B2G:business to government企业对政府international technologies互联网技术：RFID:radio-frequency identification射频识别smart cards智能卡fingerprint
12、 reader指纹读取器retina scanners视网膜扫描仪computer criminals网络罪犯：hacker黑客craker非法入侵者computer crime网络犯罪分类：damage破坏theft盗窃manipulation使用控制other hazards其他危险：natural hazards自然危险civil strife and terrorism民间冲突和恐怖主义technological failures技术失误human errors人为错误measures to protect computer security 保护计算机安全:encrypting me
13、ssage加密消息restricting access限制访问anticipating disasters灾难预测backing up data数据备份security for microcomputers微机安全LSI: large-scale integrated大规模集成电路VLSI：very large-scale integrated超大规模集成电路LAN：local area network局域网MAN: metropolitan area network城域网WAN：wide area network广域网AI : Artificial Intelligence人工智能BIOS : Basic Input/Output system基本输入/输出系统OS : Operating system操作系统DBMS : Database Management system数据库管理系统B2C:business to consumer企业对消费者B2B：business to business企业对企业C2C:consumer to consumer消费者对消费者B2G:business to government企业对政府CPU: central processing unit中央处理器DNS: domain name system域名
