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1、附录1Design of Machine ToolDesigning starts with a need real. Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display
2、the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which
3、 finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability wi
4、th minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by a
5、nalysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization or friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of flu
6、id mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or un a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done fo
7、rmally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers foll
8、ow the similar process to solve the problems.Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) dont understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information , (b) f
9、ailed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision)
10、, (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials. Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain
11、these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility laws
12、uit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method ha
13、ve comprehensive and the basic understanding. Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufactur
14、e and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for Design In this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important imp
15、rovements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical, and durable products. To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst. 1. A creative use of
16、 need of physical properties and control process. 2. Recognize functional loads and their significance. 3. Anticipate unintentional loads. 4. Devise more favorable loading conditions. 5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weigh. 6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions. 7. Choose materials for a combination of properties. 8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.
