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1、ISSUE:Recentlythereisadebateoverwhether.Somepeopleassert that.,whileotherpeoplebelievethatAsamatteroffact,the issueofwhether.isacomplexandcontroversialone.Different peopleholddifferentviewsduetotheirdistinctbackgrounds.Therefore,thereisnotauniversalanswertothisquestion,andwhetheronechoicetakespreced
2、enceovertheothermayquitedependonthespecificsituation.Thedecision,nevertheless,isnotaneasyonetomake.Actually,thefinaljudgmentshouldrelyonacase-by-caseanalysis.AsfarasIamconcerned,however,Iagreethat.,anddonotagreethat.Myviewcanbegreatly substantiatedbythefollowingdiscussions.Thefirstargumentthatcanbep
3、resentedtodevelopmypositionisthatAgoodexamplemaybefoundinthecasethatUnderthis circumstance,itisobviousthat. Inaddition,thereisanotherreasonformetochoosethisstatement.Thereasonisnotfartoseek.Toillustrate,letus considerthatHence,anotherequallyimportantaspectisthat. Admittedly,itmaybetruethat.insomecon
4、ditions.However,this alonedoesnotconstituteasufficientsupporttoclaimthat.,Actually,thesecasesarerareandthereforearetoospecificand tooweaktostrengthentheviewthatWhentheadvantagesand disadvantagesofxandyarecarefullyexamined,themoststrikingconclusionisobviousthat Tosumup,duetotheabovementionedreasons,w
5、hichsometimescorrelatewitheachothertogenerateanintegratewholeandthusbecomemoreconvincingthananysingleoneofthem,wemaybecomfortabletosaythat.,because. ARGUMENTInthisargument,theauthorconcludesthatTosupporthis conclusion,theauthorpointsoutthat.Inaddition,theauthor reasonsthatFurthermore,healsoassumesth
6、at.Atfirst glance,theauthorsargumentappearstobesomehowappealing,while acloseexaminationwillrevealhowgroundlessitis.Wedonothavetolookveryfartoseetheinvalidityofthisargument.Thisargumentisproblematicforthefollowingreasons.Inthefirstplace,thisargumentrestsonagratuitousassumptionthat.Theauthorunfairlyas
7、sumesthat.However,theassumption isquestionablebecausetheauthorprovidesnoevidencetosupportthisargument.Thearguerfailstotakeintoaccountotherfactsthatmightcontributetotheresultthat.Itislikelythat, .;itisalsolikelythatAnyofthese scenarios,iftrue,wouldshowthat.(72) Therefore,thisargumentisunwarrantedwith
8、outrulingoutsuchpossibility.Inthesecondplace,theargumentcommitsalogicfallacyof“after thisandthereforebecauseofthis”.Innocasecanthemerefact thatbecitedasevidencetosupporttheassumptionthatthereisa causal-effectrelationshipbetweenAandB.Moreover,thatjustbecauseBcanbestatisticallycorrelatedwithAdoesnotne
9、cessarilymeanthatAisthecauseofB.Infact,theauthorhasobviouslyneglectedthepossibilityofotheralternativefactssuchas,ormaycontributetoacertainextenttoB.Itmaybeonlya coincidencethat.Unlesstheauthorcanruleoutotherfactors relevantto,thisassumptioninquestioncannotbeaccepted. Inthethirdplace,theevidencethatt
10、heauthorprovidesisinsufficienttosupporttheconclusiondrawnfromit.Oneexampleisrarelysufficienttoestablishageneralconclusion.UnlessthearguercanshowthatA1isrepresentativeofallA,theconclusionthatBiscompletelyunwarranted.Infact,infaceofsuchlimited evidence,itisfallacioustodrawanyconclusionatall.Inthefourt
11、hplace,theargumenthasalsocommittedafalseanalogyfallacy.TheargumentrestsontheassumptionthatAisanalogoustoBinallrespects,andtheauthorassumeswithoutjustificationthatallthingsareequal,andthatthebackgroundconditionshaveremainedthesameatdifferenttimesoratdifferentlocations.Thereis,however,noguaranteethatt
12、hisisthecase.Nordoestheauthorciteanyevidencetosupportthisassumption.Lackingthisassumption,theconclusionthatisentirelyunfounded.Infact,it ishighlydoubtfulthatthefactsdrawnfromBareapplicabletoA.DifferencesbetweenAandBclearlyoutweightthesimilarities,thusmakingtheanalogyhighlylessthanvalid.Forexample,A.
13、,however,B.Thus,itislikelymuchmoredifficultforBtodo.Inaddition,theconclusionunjustifiablyreliesonthepollwhilethevalidityofthesurveyitselfisdoubtful.Thepollcitedbytheauthoristoovaguetobeinformative.Theclaimdoesnotindicatewho,when,howandbywhomthesurveyisconducted,neitherdoesitmentionwhatisthesamplesize,orhowthesamplesareselected.Un
