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1、一周强化一、过去分词 过去分词一般表示被动和完成意义，可在句子中作定语、状语、宾语补足语、表语。不及物动词的过去分词则表示主动和完成意义。1过去分词作定语的几种情况（1）过去分词作定语，通常与所修饰的名词存在动宾关系，意义上相当于使用被动语态的定语从句。例：The injured man was taken to hospital.那个受伤的人被送到了医院。（the injured man=the man who were injured）The letter posted yesterday will probably reach him the day after tomorrow.昨天寄
2、出的信他也许后天才能收到。（the letter posted=the letter that was posted）（2）少数不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示完成意义，不表示被动意义。例：The ground was covered with fallen leaves.地上铺满落叶。（fallen表示“已落下）My father is a retired teacher.我父亲是一位退休教师。（retired表示“已退休”）You can see the risen sun there.你在那里可以看到升起了的太阳。（risen指“已升起了的”）（3）过去分词、现在分词被动式、不定式的被
3、动式作定语均表达被动意义，但时间概念不一样。过去分词作定语表示完成。现在分词被动式作定语表示现在（或当时）正在进行。不定式被动式作定语表示将来。例：This is the material tested yesterday.这是昨天试验的材料。（the material tested= the material which/ that was tested）This is the material being tested now.这是现在正在试验的材料。（the material being tested= the material which/ that is being tested）T
4、his is the material to be tested tomorrow.这是明天将要试验的材料。2可接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词过去分词作宾补，分词与宾语具有动宾关系，即宾语是分词动作的承受者。（1）see, hear, feel, think, find, notice, watch, observe, listen to等表示感觉或心理状态的动词宾语之后，接过去分词作宾补。一般说来，以上这些动词后面可以接动词原形、现在分词和过去分词作宾补，如果动词后面的宾语与作宾语补足语的动词为主动关系，即主动关系则用动词原形和现在分词，动词原形强调结果，现在分词指过程，强调当时的情景。反过来
5、，如果动词后面的宾语与作宾语补足语的动词为动宾关系（即被动关系），则使用过去分词作宾语补足语。例如：We saw the thief steal the womans money.我们看见那小偷偷了这个妇女的钱。（see sb do sth强调结果，steal与the thief为主动关系）We saw the thief stealing the womans money.我们看见那小偷正偷这个妇女的钱。（see sb doing sth强调过程的进行，steal与the thief为主动关系）We saw the thief arrested.我们看见那个小偷被逮住了。（see sb do
6、ne, arrest与the thief为被动关系）Everyone thought the battle lost.每个人都认为战争失败了。（battle与lose为被动关系）When he got home, he found his house broken into.当他回到家里，发现已经有人破门而入了。（house与break into为被动关系）（2）在have, make, get, keep, leave等表示“致使”的动词后面，接过去分词作宾补。例如：He is going to have his coat made.他打算让人做件外套。（have sth. done）We
7、have made our views known to all of them.我们已使他们都知道我们的观点。（make sth. done）Jane got her bad tooth pulled out.简让人把她的一颗虫牙拔了出来。（get sth. done）（3）在表示“愿望、要求、命令”的want, like, wish, order, expect等动词之后接过去分词作宾补。例如：The teacher expected the students well prepared for the exam.老师希望学生们好好准备考试。I wanted the house white
8、washed before we move in.我想在搬进去之前把房子粉刷好。He ordered the work started at once.他吩咐立即开始工作。注意：这些词后面接的过去分词作宾语补足语的前面，可以加上to be，例如以上例句可写为：The teacher expected the students to be well prepared for the exam.I wanted the house to be whitewashed before we moved in.He ordered the work to be started at once.3过去分词
9、作表语的几种情况（1）过去分词作表语，大多来自及物动词，表示被动含义，即主语是分词动作的承受者。Many rivers became polluted.许多河流遭到污染。Dont get caught in the rain.别碰上暴雨。The children looked puzzled. 孩子们像是迷惑不解。（2）过去分词作表语，说明主语所处的状态。例如：He was determined to fulfill the task.他决心完成这项任务。（be determined to do sth.）They were prepared for the worst.他们已经准备应付最坏的
10、情况。（be prepared for sth.）They have been married for twenty years.他们已结婚二十年。（have been married）（3）少数表示位置移动的不及物动词的过去分词如：gone, come, fallen, arrived, returned, risen, set等作表语，只表示完成意义，没有被动意义。例如：The sun is set.太阳下山了。He is returned.他已归来。4过去分词作状语，可以用来表示时间、原因、条件，伴随状况、让步等，分词与句子主语构成动宾关系，即句子主语是分词动作的承受者，即句子主语与分词
11、存在被动关系。（1）Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful.从山上往下看，小城显得很美丽。（表示条件）（相当于If the town is seen from the hill, ）（2）Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.由于在沉思，他差点和他前面的车子相撞。（表示原因）（相当于Because he was lost in thought, ）（3）Given enough time, he could do it better.如果给他充足的时间，他可以做得
12、更好。（表示条件）（相当于If he was given enough time,）（4）He went into the house, followed by some children.他走进屋后，后面跟着一些孩子。（表示伴随状态）（相当于, and he was followed by some children.）5怎样使用过去分词独立结构作状语如果过去分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，分词就须带上自己的逻辑主语。过去分词独立结构由“名（代）词过去分词”构成。过去分词独立结构作状语，分词的逻辑主语是分词动作的承受者。过去分词独立结构可作时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随状语等。例：（1）Her
13、 arm badly hurt, she had to be sent to hospital.她的胳膊伤得很重，必须送她到医院。（相当于Because her arm was badly hurt, 指原因）（2）All things considered, her paper is better than yours.各方面考虑起来，她的论文比你的好。（相当于If all things are considered, 指条件）（3）The job done, we went home.工作做完后，我们回家了。（相当于After the job was done, 指时间）（4）His ey
14、es fixed on the fire, hed did some serious thinking.他目不转睛地盯着炉火，陷入了严肃的思考。（相当于His eyes were fixed on the fire, 指伴随）分词独立结构前加介词with（with可省），常用来作伴随状语。例：（1）The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.杀人犯双手绑在背后被带了进来。（withn.done）（2）He stood there for an instant, with his hand raised.他在那
15、里站了一会儿，一只手举了起来。（withn.done）6过去分词独立成分作状语过去分词独立成分一般已形成固定结构，表示说话人对说话内容所持的态度或看问题的角度。例：（1）Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.鉴于他的健康状况，他从手术中恢复过来需要一段时间。（2）Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong.总的来看，没有什么毛病。二、动词不定式动词不定式的基本形式是由“to动词原形”构成，其否定形式是not to do,不定式可以带有自己的宾语或状语，构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化，不定式的逻辑主语用“for名词或宾格代词”构成。不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语。1不定式的时态和语态（1）不定式的时态不定式所表达的动作与谓语动词同时发生或是在谓语动词之后发生时，不定式用一般式。例：He seems to be ver
