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1、Unit 1 How do you study for a test?语法复习：现在完成时态1、基本结构 ：主语+have/has（助动词）+ done （过去分词）变否定在助动词have/has后加not，变一般问句把助动词have/has提前，且用什么动词问就什么动词回答，特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句+其他？I have spent all of my money.I havent spent all of my money 。Have you spent all of your money?Yes,I have.No,I havent.What have you spent ?2、用法
2、和意义：过去的动作对现在的影响。 I have spent all of my money.（I have no money） Jane has cleaned the blackboard.(The blackboard is clean)现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的动作,持续到现在有可能继续下去，常与“for+时间 段”,“since+时间点或过去时的句子”连用.提问用How long. e.g:Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since1998. I have lived here since I came her
3、e注：for+时间 段”,“since+时间点或过去时的句子”以及含有How long的句子不能和结束性动词（buy,die,join,losecome/arrive/reach/get to）连用，要表示这种意思就要换成意思相同或相近的延续性动词I have bought the bike for four months. (buy结束性动词，要把bought变成 had )3、现在完成时态和一般过去时态的区别 现在完成时态强调过去的动作对现在的影响，表示现在的状态，是现在时态。而一般过去时态强调过去某一时间发生某动作；属于过去时态，有具体的表示过去的时间状语，如yesterdayin 19
4、98,two years ago等。 I have had/bought a new bike . I bought it last week.4现在完成时态的时间状语：recently,lately,since.,for. ,in the past few years 等。 5动词过去分词的构成：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。 (1)、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 Workworkedworked ,visitvisited-visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 livelivedlived , (3)、以“辅音字母
5、+ y ”结尾的动词，将 y 变为 i ，再加“ ed ”。 studystudied-studied ,crycriedcried (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stopstoppedstopped , dropdroppeddropped 现在完成时态练习:1.He has never surfed, _ _?（改为反意疑问句）2They have been here since2000.(对划线部分提问)_ _have they been here?3.The old man_last year.He _ _for a year.(用
6、die的正确形式填空)4.Miss Gao left an hour ago.(同义句转换)Miss Gao_ _ _ _ an hour ago5.Her mother has been a Party member for three years (同义句转换)Her mother_the Party three years_汉译英：1他这些天到哪儿去了？_2他昨天收到一封信。_3我父亲以前到过长城。_4她还没有看过那部电影。_5他去过上海。_知识要点：一、征求意见的表达方式：What aboutHow about?用来询问消息或征求意见，后接名词、代词或动名词。What/How abou
7、t going out for a walk?出去散步怎么样呢？ Lets+do sth. Lets play basketball.我们去打篮球吧。 Why not+do sth?(=Why dont you+do sth?)Why not go there a litter earlier?=Why dont you go there a litter earlier? Shall I/we+ do sth?Shall we go to the park on foot?二、.aloud,loud 和loudly aloud 强调发出的声音能被听见，意思为“出声地”或“大声地”，常和rea
8、d ， call 等动词连用。 Please read the text aloud. 请朗读一下课文。 loud 意为“响亮地”或“高声地”，侧重发出的音量大，传得远，一般多用来修饰 speak ， talk ， laugh 等动词。 loud 还可用作形容词。例如： Speak louder, please, or no one will hear you. 请大声些，否则没人能听见。 loudly 意为“响亮地”，其基本意义与 loud 相同，常与 ring ， knock 等动词连用。 loudly 放在动词前后均可，含有“喧闹”或“嘈杂”的意味。例如： Suddenly the be
9、ll on the wall rang loudly. 突然，墙上的铃大声地响起来。 Dont talk so loud (loudly)-youll wake the whole street. 别那么大声说话，你快把左邻右舍都吵醒了。 Someone knocked loudly (loud) at the door. 有人在大声敲门。三、.tooto,sothat和enough to当that引导的从句为否定时，从句主语与主句主语相同时，sothat可以转换为tooto结构。若从句主语与主句主语不相同时，sothat可转换toofor sb to结构。enough to的句型为否定时，e
10、nough to可以转换为tooto，但转换后的tooto结构中的形容词（副词）要用其相应的反义词。四、do sth by doing sth“通过做某事去做某事”How do you study English? I study English by making flashcards.短语；by the way随便问一下五、v.-ing形式和v.-ed动词的v.-ing形式和v.ed形式都可以做形容词，v.-ing常用来修饰物，v.-ed常用来修饰人。I am very interested in the interesting story.六、Its+adj+(for sb.+)to d
11、o sth句型：“（对某人来说）做某事是的”It是形式主语，后面to do才是真正的主语。Its too difficult (for me) to study English well.意思是：To study English well is too difficult for me.It也可以做形式宾语。I find it(形式宾语) difficult to study English well. (真正宾语)注意句型:Its+adj+ of sb. + to do sth. Its very nice of you to wait for me.七、unless的用法；unless连词
12、，是if的反义，相当于ifnot,和if一样引导条件状语从句。You will pass the exam if you work hard.You will fail unless you work hard.= You will fail if you dont work hard八、Have difficult/fun/trouble(in)doing sth.在做某时时有困难/乐趣/问题She had trouble making complete sentences.十、spoken和speakingspoken“口语的，口头的”spoken English 英语口语speaking
13、 “讲话的，说语言的”常和语言名词一起构成形容词，如：an English speaking country,一个讲英语的国家十一、deal with 和do with“对付，处理”deal with与how连用，do with与what连用What did you do with the broken bike?He doesnt know how to deal with the boy十二、see sb do sth“.看到某人做某事”强调“看见动作的全过程”I saw him cross the road.See sb doing sth强调“看见某人正在做某事” I saw the
14、boys playing on the river.这种动词叫感官动词还有: see/hear/feel/notice/watch sb.do sth.watch接不带to的动词不定式做宾补强调动作的结果或经常性“干过或经常干某事”,see/hear/feel/notice/watch sb.doing sth.watch后接动名词做宾补强调动发生的过程“正在做某事”，.考例1.Its a good habit_breakfast every day.A.had B.have C.has D.to have2.-Wheres Mr Yu,dont you know? -Well,its hard to say,but I saw him_a football game just now.A.was watching B.watching C.had wa
