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1、2013届高考语法复习（十一） 名词和冠词名词篇1.名词的分类 1) 专有名词：指某人，某地，某机构等专有的名称，其首字母要大写。如HongKong, China,Bill Clinton,Red Cross 2) 普通名词： 可数名词：个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如 student,book 集体名词：表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family,school, group, people 不可数名词： 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：cotton,air,tea 抽象名词：表示抽象概念，如 :work，happiness,news 2名词的复数 可数名词有单、复数形式，其复数的
2、构成规则如下：1）绝大多数在词尾加s。如： book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces. 2）以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的名词加es。如： watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes; 下列以o结尾的词加s构成复数：piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo 3）以辅音字母y结尾的名词，将y改为i，再加es。例如：baby,babies;family,families; 以元音字母y结尾的名词，直接加s。例如：boy,boys;key,keys 4） 以f或
3、fe结尾的名词，先将f或fe改为v，再加es构成复数形式，如：leaf,leaves; wife,wives.但有些以f结尾的名词，是在f后加s构成复数，常见的有： roof,chief,belief,gulf等。个别的两种方式都可以，如： handkerchief,s,handkerchieves 5）少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，要一一背记： manmen; womanwomen; EnglishmanEnglishmen;footfeet; toothteeth; childchildren; mousemice 少数名词的单、复数形式相同，如：Chinese,Japanese,shee
4、p,deer,fish,means(注： fishes表不同种类的鱼)6）复合名词：A.含man或woman的复合名词，两部分都变为复数形式。如：two men teachers, four women doctors B.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式，如： lookers-on旁观者，editors-in-chief总编辑, passers-by过路人C.如果没有主体名词，就在词尾后加s。如： grown-ups 成年人，go-betweens 中间人7）以复数形式出现的名词：trousers,glasses眼镜，scales天平，savings储蓄， findings 调查结果， d
5、oings行为，surroundings环境，arms武器，fireworks 烟火，remains残余，thanks感谢，riches财富，ashes灰烬 ，stairs 楼梯 8）有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式。例如： take pains下功夫,made preparations作准备，give regards to 问候3.名词的所有格1）名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词。其构成多在词尾加上“s”,如：Toms bike, Marxs works 以s结尾的专有名词，在词尾后加“”或“s”。如：Engels/Engelss works 以s结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加“”。如：stu
6、dents homework,a workers nightschool 一所工人夜校，不以s结尾的复数名词，仍在词尾加“s”。如：mens clothes男士衣服 childrens books 儿童读物2）如果一个事物为两个人共有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“s”。例如：Tom and Mikes room汤姆和迈克合住的房间 Toms and Mikes rooms汤姆、迈克各自的房间3）表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。 如：the tailors 裁缝店，the barbers理发店，go to the
7、 doctors上诊所， 4）表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，可以在词尾加“s”或“”来表示 所有格。如：todays newspaper, half an hours rest, two weeks work, ten minuteswalk ,Chinas population ,Shanghais industry5）表示无生命的名词一般用of短语表示所有关系。如：the students of their school, the teachers of Grade 26）表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词，常用“of所有格”来表示所属关系。例如：He is an
8、 old friend of my fathers. This is a picture of Marys.强化练习1._from Beijing to London!A How long way it is B .What a long way is itC How long way is it D. What a long way it is 2.Weve worked out the plan ,and now we must put it into_. A fact B .practice C .reality D deed 3.Electrcity , like other form
9、s of _ ,has greatly increased in price. A .pressure B .force C .strength D energy4That fellow is clever ; he has _. A. brain B. a brain C .the brain D .brains5.Julie went to the _ to buy a pair of shoes. A .shoes store B .shoes store C .shoe store D shoes store 6.Those _ took lots of _ in the Summer
10、 Palace. A Germen; photoes B .Germen; photos C Germans; photos D .Germans; photoes7.All possible means _ to save the hero. A .has tried B .have tried C has been tried D .have been tried8.Whose car is it ? Its_. A. Tom and Mary B Toms and Marys C .Toms and Mary D. Tom and Marys9.There are 5_ in th fi
11、elds. A heads of cattles B .heads of cattle C .head of cattles D .head of cattle 10.He is the very thief the police _ looking for . A.is B.are C.has D.have11.All but Jack _ here just now . A.is B.are C.was D.were 12.He knows almost everything .So we say he is a man of many _. A.knowleges B.presents
12、C.gifts D.rewards13.Carelessness is the usual _ of fire. A.way B.excuse C.cause D.reason14.The girl is quite _to her mother now . A.a help B.helps C.help D.helpness15._is coming to give us a lecture . A.A manager and an expert B.A manager and expert C.Manager and expert D.Manager and an expert16.Mos
13、t of the bridges over the river are made of _. A.stone B.the stone C.a stone D.the stones17.If you hurt her _ ,you should apologize. A.feelings B.feel C.feels D.feeling18.Ill go and call at _ right after school. A.the doctor B.the Smiths C.Smith D.my uncles19.The shop will be closed during_. A.repairs B.a repair C.repair D.repairing20.The_
