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1、2013届高考语法复习(十一) 名词和冠词名词篇1.名词的分类 1) 专有名词:指某人,某地,某机构等专有的名称,其首字母要大写。如HongKong, China,Bill Clinton,Red Cross 2) 普通名词: 可数名词:个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如 student,book 集体名词:表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:family,school, group, people 不可数名词: 物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:cotton,air,tea 抽象名词:表示抽象概念,如 :work,happiness,news 2名词的复数 可数名词有单、复数形式,其复数的
2、构成规则如下:1)绝大多数在词尾加s。如: book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces. 2)以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的名词加es。如: watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes; 下列以o结尾的词加s构成复数:piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo 3)以辅音字母y结尾的名词,将y改为i,再加es。例如:baby,babies;family,families; 以元音字母y结尾的名词,直接加s。例如:boy,boys;key,keys 4) 以f或
3、fe结尾的名词,先将f或fe改为v,再加es构成复数形式,如:leaf,leaves; wife,wives.但有些以f结尾的名词,是在f后加s构成复数,常见的有: roof,chief,belief,gulf等。个别的两种方式都可以,如: handkerchief,s,handkerchieves 5)少数名词的复数形式是不规则的,要一一背记: manmen; womanwomen; EnglishmanEnglishmen;footfeet; toothteeth; childchildren; mousemice 少数名词的单、复数形式相同,如:Chinese,Japanese,shee
4、p,deer,fish,means(注: fishes表不同种类的鱼)6)复合名词:A.含man或woman的复合名词,两部分都变为复数形式。如:two men teachers, four women doctors B.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式,如: lookers-on旁观者,editors-in-chief总编辑, passers-by过路人C.如果没有主体名词,就在词尾后加s。如: grown-ups 成年人,go-betweens 中间人7)以复数形式出现的名词:trousers,glasses眼镜,scales天平,savings储蓄, findings 调查结果, d
5、oings行为,surroundings环境,arms武器,fireworks 烟火,remains残余,thanks感谢,riches财富,ashes灰烬 ,stairs 楼梯 8)有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式。例如: take pains下功夫,made preparations作准备,give regards to 问候3.名词的所有格1)名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词。其构成多在词尾加上“s”,如:Toms bike, Marxs works 以s结尾的专有名词,在词尾后加“”或“s”。如:Engels/Engelss works 以s结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加“”。如:stu
6、dents homework,a workers nightschool 一所工人夜校,不以s结尾的复数名词,仍在词尾加“s”。如:mens clothes男士衣服 childrens books 儿童读物2)如果一个事物为两个人共有,只在后一个名词的词尾加“s”,如果不是共有,就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“s”。例如:Tom and Mikes room汤姆和迈克合住的房间 Toms and Mikes rooms汤姆、迈克各自的房间3)表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。 如:the tailors 裁缝店,the barbers理发店,go to the
7、 doctors上诊所, 4)表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,可以在词尾加“s”或“”来表示 所有格。如:todays newspaper, half an hours rest, two weeks work, ten minuteswalk ,Chinas population ,Shanghais industry5)表示无生命的名词一般用of短语表示所有关系。如:the students of their school, the teachers of Grade 26)表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词,常用“of所有格”来表示所属关系。例如:He is an
8、 old friend of my fathers. This is a picture of Marys.强化练习1._from Beijing to London!A How long way it is B .What a long way is itC How long way is it D. What a long way it is 2.Weve worked out the plan ,and now we must put it into_. A fact B .practice C .reality D deed 3.Electrcity , like other form
9、s of _ ,has greatly increased in price. A .pressure B .force C .strength D energy4That fellow is clever ; he has _. A. brain B. a brain C .the brain D .brains5.Julie went to the _ to buy a pair of shoes. A .shoes store B .shoes store C .shoe store D shoes store 6.Those _ took lots of _ in the Summer
10、 Palace. A Germen; photoes B .Germen; photos C Germans; photos D .Germans; photoes7.All possible means _ to save the hero. A .has tried B .have tried C has been tried D .have been tried8.Whose car is it ? Its_. A. Tom and Mary B Toms and Marys C .Toms and Mary D. Tom and Marys9.There are 5_ in th fi
11、elds. A heads of cattles B .heads of cattle C .head of cattles D .head of cattle 10.He is the very thief the police _ looking for . A.is B.are C.has D.have11.All but Jack _ here just now . A.is B.are C.was D.were 12.He knows almost everything .So we say he is a man of many _. A.knowleges B.presents
12、C.gifts D.rewards13.Carelessness is the usual _ of fire. A.way B.excuse C.cause D.reason14.The girl is quite _to her mother now . A.a help B.helps C.help D.helpness15._is coming to give us a lecture . A.A manager and an expert B.A manager and expert C.Manager and expert D.Manager and an expert16.Mos
13、t of the bridges over the river are made of _. A.stone B.the stone C.a stone D.the stones17.If you hurt her _ ,you should apologize. A.feelings B.feel C.feels D.feeling18.Ill go and call at _ right after school. A.the doctor B.the Smiths C.Smith D.my uncles19.The shop will be closed during_. A.repairs B.a repair C.repair D.repairing20.The_