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1、 同等学力英语辅导：复合从句名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的关联词有： 单纯连接词：that, whether, if (此类连接词在从句中不充当句法成分)。 疑问代词：who, whoever, whichever, what, whatever (此类词在名词性从句中充当肯定的句法成分)。疑问副词：when, where, why, how (此类副词在句中充当句法成分)。 二、重点考点 1. 名词性从句 名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括：附属连词that 、if、whether ;连接代词who
2、 、whoever 、whom 、whomever 、which 、whichever 、what 、whatever 、whose ;连接副词where 、when 、why 、how 。其中，附属连词只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句法成分，而连接代词和连接副词则既起连接作用，又在从句中充当肯定的成分。例如： That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising. The fact is that he didnt go to the dinner party. I dont know if he will at
3、tend the meeting. Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom? A. 在含有主语从句的复合句中，为保持句子平衡，常用it 作形式主语，而将真正的主语从句放在句末。例如：Its well-known that water is indispensable to life. B. 为保持句子平衡，that 引导的宾语从句也常用it 代替，而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这经常消失在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的状况下。例如： He made it quite clear that he preferred to
4、 live here. C. 附属连词whether 和if 都作“是否”解，但if 不行引导主语从句和表语从句。 whether 可与or (not) 连用，而if 不行以。例如： I dont know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference. D. that 和what 引导名词性从句的区分：that 在从句中不充当成分，而what 在从句 中充当肯定的成分，如主语、表语、宾语等。that 可省略，what 则不行省。例如： He always means what he says
5、. She suggested (that) he do it at once. E. 同位语从句大多由附属连词that 引导，常跟在以下名词后面，如fact、idea 、opinion 、news 、hope 、belief 等。同位语从句一般用来解释说明这些名词的详细含义和内容。that 不行省略。例如： We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms. The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging. 2. 定语从句 引导定
6、语从句的关联词包括：(1) 关系代词：that, which, whose, who, whom, as; (2) 关系副词：when, where, why 。关系代词和关系副词在定语中都充当肯定的句法成分，关系代词在从句中充当动词的宾语时，一般可省去。 关系代词的选用比拟简单，它受以下条件的制约：(1) 先行词是指人还是指物;(2) 关系代词在从句中的句法功能;(3) 定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的。关系代词的选用状况见下表： 例如： I know that he is a man who (that) means what he says. The gentleman whom (th
7、at) she met addressed her with courtesy ( 礼貌)。 The watch which (that) was lost has been found. Here is the material which (that) you need. Youre the only one whose advice he might listen to. 关系副词的选用相对来说比拟简洁。如先行词为表示时间的名词，如time 、day 等，则用when ，如先行词为表示地点的名词，如place 、house 、area 等，则用where ;如先行词为reason，则用w
8、hy 。例如： Ill never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood. A. 领先行词是all、something, nothing 等不定代词时;或先行词前有first、last 、only、few、much 、some 、any、no 等词修饰时;或先行词前有形容词级修饰时，一般只用that 而不用which 来引导定语从句。例如： I dont know the reason why (for which) he did that. Ive explained everything (tha
9、t) I can to you. This is the most beautiful campus (that) Ive ever been to. B. 定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，限定性定语从句与主句关系严密，是句中不行缺少局部，如去掉，主句意思不完整。非限定性定语从句与主句关系松散，如去掉，主句内容仍完整。在书面语中，非限定性定语从句一般被逗号隔开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that 引导。引导非限定性定语从句的关系词不行省略。例如： His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on. The generals daugh
10、ter, whose name is Ann, gave me a sweet smile. C. 先行词也可以是整个句子。这时，一般用which 或as 来引导定语从句。which 在从句中可充当主语、宾语等，as 在从句中一般只充当主语。which 与as 引导此类定语从句的区分在于：which 只能置于句中或句末，而as 的位置比拟敏捷，可置于句中、句末，又可置于句首。例如： Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all. He was awarded a gold medal, which the w
11、hole family considered a great honor. As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon (十项全能) at that Olympic Games. D. 关系代词在定语从句中有时也充当介词的宾语。假如介词被置于关系代词前，一般只用介词 + which 或介词 + whom ，而不用介词 + that 来引导定语从句。假如介词被置于从句句末，则可用that 代替which 或whom ，且that 这时可省去。例如： This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars. One of my colleagues whom (that) you are familiar with come today.
