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1、英 语语法（Grammar）I、词类（Part of Speech）词类英 语 名 称意 义例 词名词Noun(n.)表示人或事物的名称。boy,pencil,book,backpack冠词Article(art.)用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物。a(an),the代词Pronoun(pron.)用来代替名词、形容词和数词。we,that,his,what形容词Adjective(adi.)用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征。old,red,fine,good数词Numeral(num.)表示数量和顺序。one,thirteen,first动词Verb(v.)表示动作或状态。look,go
2、,be(am,is,are)副词Adverb(adv.)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。not,too,here,often介词Preposition(prep.)表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系。in,on,of,to,under连词Conjunction(conj.)用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句。and,or,but感叹词Interjection(interj.)表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。oh,hello,hiII、名词（Nouns）1、总的说来，名词分为专有名词和普通名词两类。专有名词是个别的人、事物、地点等专有的名称，如：Gina，China。专有名词的第一个字母要大写。2、名
3、词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词（Countable Nouns）有复数形式，如：an apple two apples a bag some bags不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）一般没有复数形式，如：broccoli还有一些词既可以充当可数名词，也可以充当不可数名词，如：ice cream , salad , chicken 3、可数名词有单数（Singular Form）和复数（Plural Form）两种形式。名词的复数形式（The plural Form of Nouns）的部分规则如下：情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s清辅音后读/s/浊
4、辅音和元音后读/z/book books/boks/desk desks/desks/bag bags/bgz/game games/gemz/key keys /ki:z/boy boys /b iz/以o结尾的词加-es读/Z/tomato tomatoes/t/以s，sh，ch，x等结尾的词加-es读/IZ/bus buses /b siz/watch watches/ /wa:t iz/以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s读/IZ/price prices / /praisiz/case cases / /keisiz /orange oranges / /orind iz
5、/以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i，再加-es读/Z/comedy comedies / /ka:m diz /,/ /kom diz /family families / /f m dliz /strawberry strawberry /str :beriz/,/str :b riz /party parties /pa:(t)tiz/注：1、少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，如manmen,womanwomen等。 2、表示民族的名词，有的在词尾加-s，如an American-three Americans；有的单、复数形式相同，如a Chinese four Chinese。 4、名词的所
6、有格（The Possessive Case of Nouns）情况构成方法读音例词单数名词加s清辅音后读/s/浊辅音和元音后读/z/Mikes/maiks/fatherJeffs/d efs/baseballJims/ d imz/classMy fathers/ /fa: (r)z/nameMarys/ /m riz /apple以s结尾的词加读音不变the teachers roomIII、代词（Pronouns）1、人物代词（Personal Pronouns）人 称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hesheithimheritth
7、eythem2、物主代词（Possessive Pronouns）数人称类别单 数复 数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheis中文我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他（她，它）们的3、指示代词（Demonstrative Pronouns）表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词叫指示代词。指示代词用法例句This(these)一般用来指时间或空间上较的的事物Is this your pencil?These are m
8、y friends .That(those)常用来指时间或空间上较远的事物Is that his book?Those are my brothers .IV数词（Numerals）1、基数词（Cardinal Numerals）1 one2 two3 three4 four5 five6 six7 seven8 eight9 nine10 ten11 eleven12 twelve13 thirteen14 fourteen15 fifteen16 sixteen17 seventeen18 eighteen19 nineteen20 twenty21 twenty-one22 twenty
9、-two30 thirty40 forty50 fifty60 sixty70 seventy80 eighty90 ninety100 one hundred101 one hundred and one200 two hundred2、序数词（Ordinal Numbers）序数词表示事物的顺序，往往与定冠词the连用。firstsecondthirdfourthfifthsixthseventheighthninthtentheleventhtwelfth1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10th11th12thtwentiethtwenty-firstthistie
10、ththirty-ninthfortiethfiftiethsixtiethseventietheightiethninetiethhundredthone hunfred and first20th21st30th39th40th50th60th70th80th90th100th101thV、动词（Verbs） 一般现在时（The Present Simple Tense） 一般现在时表示现在的状态，如：He is twelve . She is at home . 表示经常的或习惯性的动作，如：I go to school at 7:30 every day . 表示主语具备的性格和能力等
11、，如：She likes apples.They know English .1、动词be（Verb to be）I am You are He / She / It is We / You / They are I am notYou are notHe / She / It is notWe / You / They are not疑问式和简略答语Am I ？ Yes, you are . No,you are not .Are we？ Yes, we / you are . No, we / you are not .Are you ？ Yes, I am . No, I am not
12、.Are you？ Yes, we are . No, we are not .Is he(she , it)？ Yes, he / she /it is . No, he /she / it is not .Are they？ Yes, they are . No, they are not .在口语中经常使用的缩略形式肯定式否定式其他I am Imyou are yourehe ishesshe isshesit isitswe are werethey are theyreI am not Im notyou are not you arenthe is nothe isntshe is
13、 notshe isntit is notit isntwe are not we arentthey are not they arentthat is thatswhat is whatswho is whoswhere is wheresMy name is My names2、动词do（Verb to do）肯定式否定式I like oranges .You like oranges .He / She likes oranges .We / You / They like oranges .I do not(dont) like oranges .You do not(dont)like oranges .He /She does not(doesnt) like oranges .We / You ? They do not(dont) like oranges .疑问式和简略答语Do I like oranges?
